INVESTIGATION OF THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY APPENDIX TO HEARINGS BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON ASSASSINATIONS OF THB U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTAT M NINETY-l'IFTH CONGRESS ^ SECOND SESSION '' VOLUME XII CONSPIRACY WITNESSES IN DEALEY PLAZA OSWALD-TIPPIT ASSOCIATES GEORGE deMOHRENSCHILDT DEPOSITIONS OF MARINA OSWALD PORTER THE DEFECTOR STUDY OSWALD IN THE SOVIET UNION: AN INVESTIGATION OF YURI NOSENKO MARCH 1979 Printed for the use of the Select Committee on Assassinations ^ BOSTOISI PUBLIC UBRARY m INVESTIGATION OF THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY APPENDIX TO HEARINGS BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON ASSASSINATIONS OF THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NINETY-FIFTH CONGKESS SECOND SESSION VOLUME XII CONSPIRACY WITNESSES IN DEALEY PLAZA OSWALD-TIPPIT ASSOCIATES GEORGE DE MOHRENSCHILDT DEPOSITIONS OF MARINA OSWALD PORTER THE DEFECTOR STUDY OSWALD IN THE SOVIET UNION: AN INVESTIGATION OF YURI NOSENKO MARCH 1979 Printed for the use of the Select Committee on Assassinations U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 43-792 WASHINGTON : 1979 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 052-070-04983-9 SELECT COMMITTEE ON ASSASSINATIONS LOUIS STOKES, Ohio, Chairman KICHARDSON PREYER, North Carolina SAMUEL L. DEVINE, Ohio WALTER E. FAUNTROY, STEWART B. McKINNEY, Connecticut District of Columbia CHARLES THONE, Nebraska YVONNE BRATHWAITE BURKE, HAROLD S. SAWYER, Michigan California CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, Connecticut HAROLD E. FORD, Tennessee FLOYD J. FITHIAN, Indiana ROBERT W. EDGAR, Pennsylvania Suhcommittee on the Subcommittee on the Assassination of Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. John F. Kennedy WALTER E. FAUNTROY, Chairman RICHARDSON PREYER, Chairman HAROLD B. FORD YVONNE BRATHWAITE BURKB FLOYD J. FITHIAN CHRISTOPHER J. DODD ROBERT W. EDGAR CHARLES THONE STEWART B. MCKINNEY HAROLD S. SAWYER LOUIS STOKES, ex officio LOUIS STOKES, ex officio SAMUEL L. DEVINE, ex offlcio SAMUEL L. DEVINE, ex officio Staff G. Robert Blakey, Chief Counsel and Staff Director Gary T. CoRnwell, Deputy Chief Counsel (11) V CONTENTS Page Conspiracy Witnesses in Dealey Plaza 1 Oswald-Tippit Associates 33 George de Mohrenschildt 47 Depositions of Marina Oswald Porter 317 The Defector Study 435 Oswald in the Soviet Union: An Investigation of Yuri Nosenko 475 (III) DEALEY PLAZA CONSPIKACY WITNESSES Staff Eeport of the Select Committee on Assassinations U.S. House of Kepresentatives Ninety-fifth Congress Second Session March 1979 (1) CONTENTS Paragraph Foreword (1) I. Presence of two men in the upper floor windows of the Texas School Book Depository (3) II. Presence of possible gunman on grassy knoll (24) III. Accounts of persons fleeing from Texas School Book Depository (34) IV'. v. Accounts Accounts ofof persons fleeing Plaza bullets hitting Dealey area Plaza (44) (109) VI. Accounts of smoke in Dealey Plaza at the time of the shots (126) (2) Foreword (1)* In addition to the information from witnesses regarding what tlioy heard in Dealev Plaza at the time the shots were fired at the Presi- dential motorcade, the committee examined the statements of witnesses in the Plaza, who provided infonnation about the possibility that other individuals were present in the area who may have been involved in the assassination. The committee attempted to locate each of those per- ; sons the search was hampered, however, to a great extent since the last knoAvn information on their addresses and whereabouts often dated hack to 1963 or 1964. Nevertheless, each witness who was located was asked to read all prior statements he had made towith the Warren Commis- sion or law enforcement officials in connection the assassination and then to indicate in an affidavit prepared by the committee whether those statements were a complete and accurate record of the informa- tion related by the witness. Each witness was given the opportunity to either refute, correct or delete inaccurate information contained in the statements and testimony. (2) In the case of those witnesses who could not be located, the com- mittee still examined their existing statements to form an opinion about the nature of the information provided as it related to what had been verified by other witnesses. I. Presexce of Two INIex in the Upper Floor Windows of the Texas School Book Depository (3) Three witnesses gave statements to law enforcement agencies after the assassination that they saw two men at the sixth floor win- dow of the Texas Scliool Book Depository (TSBD) from which they l)plieved the assassin had fired. (4) In an FBI interview on December 5, 1963, Mrs. Euby Henderson related that at the time of the motorcade, she was standing on the east side of Elm Street "just north of Houston Street." (7) She said that right after an ambulance left the area with a man who had suf- fered an epileptic seizure, she looked up at the Texas School Book Depository; she saw two men in the window on one of the upper floors. (2) She could not recall exactly which floor they were on, but stated that she did not recall seeing any other persons on any floors above the two men. (5). (5) Mrs. Henderson described one man as being dark-complexioned, possibly either Mexican or Negro. (4^) That man had dark hair and a white shirt. (5) The other man was taller and was wearing a dark shi7't.(^) According to the FBI report, she also said that "she could * Arabic nnmerals in parentheses at the be^innine of paragraphs indicate the paragraph number for purposes of citation and referencing: italic numerals in parentheses in the middle or at the end of sentences indicate references which can be found at the end of each report or section. (3) 4 not definitely state that one of the men * * * was not a Negro." (7) Mrs. Henderson said she only saw the men from the waist up and therefore could not further describe their attire. (5) They were stand- ing back from the window, but looking out toward the motorcade. (5) (6) Mrs. Henderson said she saw the two men in the window before the motorcade reached the corner of Elm and Houston Streets, but did not know how much before it reached the corner that she saw the men. (7) Mrs. Henderson was not called to testify before the Warren Commission. (8) Mrs. Carolyn Walther was interviewed by the FBI on Decem- ber 4, 1963, and stated that at the time of the motorcade, she was standing on the east side of Houston Street, about 50 or 60 feet south of the south curb of Elm Street. (^^i) After the ambulance left with the epileptic, Mrs. Walther looked up at the windows of the Texas School Book Depository and saw a man in the southeast corner win- dow of the fourth or fifth floor; according to the FBI report, Mrs. Walther was "positive" the window was not as high as the sixth floor, (ii) She described the window as being the "most easterly" on the south side of the building, (i^) (9) Mrs. Walther said the man was holding a rifle in his hands; the barrel of the rifle was pointing downward and the man was look- ing toward Plouston Street. (i«?) Both his hands were extended across the window ledge. (7^) She described the man as having light brown or blond hair and wearing a white shirt. (15) She described the rifle as having a short barrel and being possibly a machine gun. She noticed no other features of the rifle. (i(?) (10) Mrs. Walther said also that she saw at the same time a second man standing in the same window to the left of the man with the rifle. (77) This man was wearing a brown suit coat; she could only see his body from the waist to the shoulders and his head was hidden by part of the window. (75) (11) Mrs. Walther told the FBI that almost immediately after she saw the second man in the window, the presidential motorcade ap- proached on Houston Street. (7P) (12) Mrs. Walther was not called to testify before the Warren Commission. (13) Arnold Louis Rowland testified before the Warren Commis- sion that he and liis wife standing near the corner of Houston and Main Streets at the time of the motorcade. (^^) Rowland said that at about 12 :15 p.m. he looked up at the Texas Book Depository and saw a man in a sixth floor window in the west comer of the building holding a rifle. (21) The man was standing back from the window. (22) Rowland described the rifle as a "fairly high-powered rifle" with a scope. (,^J) He thought it might have been a .30 size six rifle. (^4) RoAvland said he noted also that two windows were open where he saw the man standing. (^5) According to Rowland, the man was hold- ing the rifle in a "port arms" military position, with the barrel at a 4.'5° angle downward across his body. (26) (14) Rowland described the man as being "tall and slender in build in proportion with his width." (,^7) He also said the man could have weighed 140 to 150 pounds. (^5) He appeared to be light-complexioned with dark hair, possibly "light Latin" or Caucasian, and his hair was closely cut. {29) Kowland said the man was wearing a very light- colored shirt with an open collar and a T-shirt beneath, and he had on either dark slacks or jeans. (^6') The man appeared to be in his thirties. (Ji) Rowland said that he mentioned to his wife that he had seen a man in the window, but the man was gone when they looked back. {32) Rowland estimated the man was standing 3 to 5 feet back from the window. () He was holding it at his side and looking out the window in a southerly direction. (^4) Craig said Rowland's wife said she had not seen the men. (^5) Craig also said that at the time he talked to Rowland, there had not yet been a report that the shots had come from the depository. (^^) In fact, Craig testified that he had at first assisted officers searchinof in the area of the railroad tracks before he returned to the area of the depository bniklinir to talk to witnesses. (67) (23) RowlniKl also gave a report to the sheriff's department on No- vember 22, 19G3. xVccording to that report, Rowland said that at about 12:15 p.m. he snw a man with a rifle in a window on the second floor from the top of the depository. (^5) The man was about 15 feet back from the window and wns holding tho rifle at a "parade rest" posi- tion. (^,'?) He dpscribed the rifle as hi^jh powered because it had a scope on \f.(70) He described the man as white, wearing a light- colorpfl shirt which was open at the neck; he said the man appeared to be of slander build with dnrk hair. (77) There is no mention in that report that Rowland described a second man on the sixth floor before the shots. II. Presence of Possible Gunman on the Grassy Knoll (24) The committee also examined information about the presence of a man near the concrete structure on the grassy knoll near the area where some witnesses said they believed gunfire had origmated. (25) The photographic evidence panel examined photographs made by Phillip Willis of the area of the grassy knoll and concluded that a photograph taken bv Willis did show a person standing behmd the concrete wall on the knoll. (7^) The panel determined that that photo- graph was taken at approximately frame 202 of the Zapruder film, which was after President Kennedy received the neck wound but be- fore the fatal head shot. (75) According to the results of the panel's photographic enhancement and analysis, the figure in the Willis pho-6 tograph was consistent with that of an adult approximately 5 feet inches to 6 feet in height (74) and wearing dark clothing. (7.5) The panel also noted that in another photograph by Willis, which was taken after the Presidential limousine had left Dealey Plaza, the figure standing behind the concrete wall had disappeared. (7^) The panel concluded that that movement by the object was consistent with the presence of a human being. (77) C26) The photographic evidence panel also noted that in the first Willis pilot ograph, which shows the person standing behind the con- crete wall, there 'is visible, near the region of the hands of the person at the wall, "a very distinct straight-line feature," which extends from lower right to upper right. (78) Nevertheless, because of the blur of the object in the photograph, the panel was not able to determine the actual length of the object and could not conclude whether it was or was not a weapon. (79) (27) The committee interviewed Willis' daughter. Rose :Mary Willis, on November 8, 1978, at her home in Dallas. Ms. Willis stated that she was present with her father and a sister in the area of the grass section of the plaza at the time of the Presidential motorcade on November 22, 1963.ran(80) Ms. Willis ex])lained that as the President's car approached, she alongside the limousine almost to the triple underpass. (5i) (28 ) ]Ms. Willis stated that during that time, she noticed two persons who looked "conspicuous." (^5) One was a man near the curb holding an umbrella, who appeared to be more concerned with opening or clos- ing the umbrella than dropping to the ground like everyone else at the time of the shots. (5-5) The other was a person who was standing just behind the concrete wall near the triple underpass. (<*?4) That person appeared to "disappear the next instant." (55) Ms. Willis further de- scribed the location of this person as the corner section of the white concrete wall between the area of photographer Abraham Zapruder's risfht side and the top of the concrete stairway leading up to the center of the grassy knoll. (86) (29) ]\[s. Willis said she was aware of three shots being fired. (57) She gave no information on the direction or location of the shots, but stated that her father became upset when the policemen in the area appeared to run away from where he thought the shots came from; that is. they were running away from the grassy Imoll. (88)^ C80) Committee investigators also interviewed Ms. Willis' sister, Mrs. Linda Pites, on November 7, 1978, in Dallas. Mrs. Pites explained 8 that she was also present in the plaza at the time of the shots. (89) The only information she provided relevant to the shots was that she had a distinct impression that the head wound to President Kennedy was the result of a front-to-rear shot. (90) She also heard three shots and saw the President's head "blow up." (91) (31) Mrs, Pites testified before the Warren Commission on July 22, 1964. (92) During her testimony, she said that she heard three shots and that she saw the President grab his throat after the first shot. (93) She was not asked by the Commission about any other activity she may have seen in the plaza at the time of the shots. (32) Phillip Willis also testified before the Warren Commission on July 22, 1964. He had positioned himself on the curb in front of the Texas School Book Depository at the time the President's motorcade passed. (94) Willis stated that he took 12 pictures of the motorcade, including one of President Kennedy when he was first hit. (95) Willis said he was certain that three shots were fired and that they came from the direction of the depository. (96) (33) During his testimony, Willis was asked if at the time of the shots he looked in the direction of the railroad tracks which go across the triple underpass. (97) Willis stated that he saw police- men and spectators there, but that he saw no evidence of shots com- ing from that area. (98) Yv'^illis was not asked during the testimony about his film, which shows a figure behind the concrete wall on the knoll. III. AccoTjXTS OF Persons Feeeixo From tiie Texas School Boos Depository (34) Richard Enndolph Carr stated to the FBI on January 4, 1964, that he saw a man looking out of a window on the top floor of the depository a few minutes before Carr heard shots. (99) He described the man as white, wearing a hat, tan sportcoat and glasses. (100) He said that at the time of the motorcade, he was standing on about the sixth floor of the new courthouse which was under construction at Houston and Commerce Streets. (101) Carr said that from that spot he conld only see the top floor and roof of the depository build- ing, (10£) It was from that location that he observed the man in the depository window. (103) Carr said that after the shots he was going toward the direction of the triple underpass; when he got to the intersection of Houston and Commerce Streets, he saw a man whom he believed to be the same individual he had seen in the window of the depository. (10^) (3,5) Carr was not called to testify before the Warren Commission. He did testify on February 19, 1969, in the Parish County Criminal District Court in New Orleans in /^fafe of Louisiana v. Clay L. Shavy^ a case involving charges of conspiring to assassinate President Ken- nedy. According to the transcript of his testimony, Carr stated that he saw the man in the fifth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository, f /^5) He said he later saw the man going down Houston Street; turning at Commerce Street, (7(9^) Carr also described the hat worn by the man as felt and said his glasses were heavy-rimmed with heavy ear pieces, (Z^'^) He had on a tie and a tan sportcoat, (7^5) 9 As the mean ran, he was continually looking over his shoulder as though he was being followed. (i(9i?) (36) During his testimony at the Clay Shaw trial, Carr also reported seeing men in Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination who were not mentioned in the report of his FBI interview in January 1964. Carr was asked during the Shaw trial if he noticed any movement after the shots which seemed "unusual." (iit*) Carr then said that he saw a Rambler station wagon with a rack on top parked on the wrong side of the street, heading north and facing in the direction of the railroad tracks, next to the depository, (iii) (37) Carr said that immediately after the shots he saw three men emerge from behind the depository and enter the station wagon, (ii^) He gave a description of one of them : he was "real dark-complected" and appeared to be Spanish or Cuban ; he drove the car away, going north on Houston Street, (ii^) (38) During the Shaw trial testimony, Carr said he had reported this information to law enforcement officers and that someone had told him not to repeat this information, (ii^) At that point, defense counsel objected to hearsay by Carr, and no further details were elic- ited about the reported coercion of Carr, other than his statement that he did what the FBI told him to do, "I shut my mouth." (i75) (39) Committee investigators did not locate Richard Carr to dis- cuss this information with him. (40) James Richard Worrell also reported to the FBI on Novem- ber 23, 1963, that he saw a man leaving the TSBD and running from the area after the shots. Worrell told the FBI that he saw the man leave the depository building and run in the opposite direction; at the time, Worrell said that he was running from Elm to Pacific Street along Houston. (77(^) He described the man as white, 5 feet 8 inches to 5 feet 10 inches in height, with dark hair and wearing some type of jacket and dark clothing. {117) According to the FBI report, when Worrell later saw Lee Harvey Oswald on television that night, Wor- rell believed Oswald was the person he had seen running from the depository. (/7<9) (41) In an affidavit for the Dallas Police Department on Novem- ber 23, 1963, Worrell also related seeing the man run from the de]iository in the opposite direction from Worrell. At that time, he said the man was wearing a dark shirt or jacket which was open down the front and that he did not have anything in his hands. {119) C42) "^^Hien Worrell testified before the Warren Commission on INIarch 10, 1964, he said he was runnins" along Houston Street when he saw the man "come bustling out of the door" of tlie depository. {120) At that time, Worrell described the man as 5 feet 7 inches to 5 feet 10 inches in height, weighing 155 to 165 pounds, in his early thirties, with brunette hnir. {121) He was wearing a dark sports jacket, which was open, and lierht pants. {122) Worrell said the man came out of the "back entrance" of the depositorv building. {123) (43) Richard Worrell died on November 5, 1966, in Dallas from severe head injuries sustained when his motorcycle went out of control. {12If.) 10 IV. Accounts of Persons Fleeing Dealey Plaza (44) After the assassination on November 22, 1963, Mrs. Jean Lollis Hill of Dallas gave a notarized statement to the sheriff's department regarding what she had seen in Dealey Plaza at the time the shots were fired at the motorcade. ISlrs. Hill said that she was standing at the curb on the south side of Elm Street halfway to the triple under- pass during the parade. (125) After the last shot was heard and the Presidential limousine sped away, !Mrs. Hill looked up the hill of the grassy knoll and saw a man running toward the monument. (126) She said she began running toward the man ; she was turned back by l^olicemen who had arrived on the knoll when she got up to the rail- road tracks. (127) In the sheriff's statement, there is no description or further details of the man seen by Mrs. Hill. (4.5) An interview report dated November 23, 1963, by the FBI gave only this account for its total report on Mrs. Hill : —Jean Hill, 9402 Bluff Creek, telephone EV 1-7419, stated that she on November 22, 1963, was standing on Elm Street in the vicinity of Texas School Book Depository observing the Presidential party composed of the President of the United States, his wife and Governor Connally of Texas, pass, and accompanying her was Mary Moorman, residing 2832 Ripplewood, telephone DA 1-9390, who with a camera took pictures of the Presidential party passing down the street. — Jean Hill advised she heard something like a rifle shot and observed President Kennedj^ crumple in his seat in the automobile. She was standing nearby, as the vehicle was pass- ing the spot where she stood at the time. (128) (46) The FBI reinterviewed Mrs. Hill on March 13, 1964. In that report, Mrs. Hill was quoted as saying that after the shots she noticed a white man in a brown raincoat and a hat running west away from the depository in the direction of the railroad tracks. (129) The report states that Mrs. Hill said she was stopped by a motorcycle policeman and lost sight of the man. (130) It also states that she did not get a good look at the man, but that she described him as being of average heijjht and heavy build. (131) (47) According to that report, Mrs. Hill said that men who were either FBI or Secret Service agents were present later that afternoon when she was being questioned in the sheriff's office. (132) INIrs. Hill related that one of the men referred to a bullet hitting the ground near her feet; she told him she did not recall such an incident. (133) Wlien she told the men that she had heard four to six shots, one of them said : "There were three shots, three bullets, that's enough for now." (134) The report states that despite that remark, Mrs. Hill said no law enforcement officers attempted to force opinions or statements from her. (135) (48) Mrs. Hill testified lief ore the Warren Commission 11 days after that FBI interview, on March 24, 1964. At that time, Mrs. Hill re- counted again the events in Dealey Plaza at the time of the shots. As she discussed the reaction of the crowd to the shots, she volunteered that she saw a man "running, getting away or walking away or some- 11 tiiiiiii- — I would say he was running/' {130) She said the man was at the top of the slope near the west end of the depository building. She repeated that the man was wearing a brown raincoat. [137) She said her attention was drawn toward him because he was the only thing moving after the shots rang out. {138) Mrs. Hill also said that at the time she thought, "that's the man that did it" and began running to- ward him. {139) She did not recollect seeing his hands and did not see a weapon. {IJiO) (49) I^Irs. Hill testified that she ran up the hill toward the railroad tracks after the man. {IJfl) She said when she got in the area of the railroad tracks, she lost sight of him. {lJf2) At that point she thought she heard someone say : "It looks like he got away," or words to that effect ; she said that was consistent with the thought in her own mind that the man she saw running was involved in the assassination. {llfS) (50) When Mrs. Hill was first asked during her Warren Commis- sion testimony by Counsel Specter if she could give a description of the man she saw running, Mrs. Hill said she did not want to. She was con- cerned because she had earlier given statements that the man looked like Jack Ruby in build and thought this would be viewed as "using a figure and converting it to [her] story." {IJfJi) Later in her testi- mony, Mrs. Hill said she had been bothered and laughed at because of the information she provided, specifically because she had once said she saw a dog on the seat in the limousine between President and Mrs. President {lI{o) Nevertheless, she continued to say that the man was about Jack Ruliy's height and wasn't any bigger than Jack Euby in weight. {llfS) She said also at that time that the man had been wearing a brown hat. {lJt7) She estimated that he was middle- aged, approximately 40 years old, and Caucasian. {1^8) When asked by Counsel Specter if she thought the man was in fact Jack Ruby, Mrs. Hill replied that she didn't know. {1I^9) (51) Mts. Hill explained in her testimony that when she mentioned to the law enforcement officers at the sheriff's ofRce that she had heard four to six shots, one of the men responded that he had also heard more than three shots, but that they had three wounds and three bullets, so they were not willing to say that more than three shots had been fired. {150) She repeated also at that time that a Secret Service man asked her about a bullet hitting the ground near her feet, but she had not seen a bullet hit the ground. {151) She said she w^as not coerced into any statements by the law enforcement officials. {152) (52) Mrs. Hill said she had been contacted by Attorney Mark Lane a few weeks before her Warren Commission testimony. {153) Among the things she related to Lane was that she had been told by a man from the FBI or Secret Service not to mention the man she saw running in the area of the depository. {15Ji) At that point in her testimony, Mrs. Hill also said that a reporter named Featherstone from the Dallas Times Herald had told her she was wrong about seeing a man running up the hill from the depository, and not to mention it on the air. {155) It was not further clarified in her Warren Commission testimony whether it was in fact law enforcement officers or the reporter, or both, who advised her not to mention again seeing the man running. (53) Mrs. Hill said in her testimony that she had been reinterviewed by the FBI on about INIarch 16 or 17, 1964 because of statements Mark 12 Lane had made about lier when he testified before the Commission. {153) Mrs. Hill said she had talked to Lane about 4 or 5 weeks before : she said he took down correctly what she said, but that it was reported out of context because his account did not reflect his questions. {157) (54) Mark Lane had testified before the Commission on March 7, 1964. Lane gave this account in his testimony of information he had been given by Mrs. Hill of the events in Dealey Plaza : — She said further that after the last shot was fired, she saw a man run from behind the general area of a concrete facade on that grassy knoll, and that he ran on to the triple overpass. {158) (55 ) !Mrs. Hill was not located by the committee. (56) In another voluntary statement to the sheriff's department dated November 22, 1963, Jesse C. Price of Dallas was quoted as say- ing he also saw a man fleeing from the plaza after the assassination. Price said in his notarized statement that at approximately 12:35 p.m. on November 22, 1963, he was on the roof of the Terminal Annex Building and saw the Presidential motorcade proceeding west on Elm Street until it was a short distance from the overpass. (i55) After hearing the volley of shots. Price saw a man run toward the passenger cars at the railroad siding. {160) In the sheriff's state- ment. Price described the man as about 25 years of n^o, with long, dark \\?dv.{lGl) He was wearing a white dress shirt with no tie and khaki-colored trousers, (i^^) Price said the man was carrying some- thing in his hand and that it may have been a "head piece."(-?(?.5) (57) Price was interviewed by the FBI in Dallas on November 24^ 1963. However, that report quotes Price only as saying he looked in the direction of the overpass at the time of the shots, but "saw nothing pei-tinent."(i/?4) (58) The ccmmittee learned that Jesse C. Price was deceased. (59) Lee E. Bowers, Jr., reported to the FBI after the assassina- tion on November 22, 1963, that he hnd observed three cars parked in the lot west of the depository building before the assassination. He said the first arrived at about 11:55 a.m.; it was a 1959 Oldsmo- bile station wagon, blue over white, with an out-of-State license plate consisting of six black numbers on a white background. (i(5'5) He noted that the car was extremely dirty. (ii5^) There was one white male in it, who Bowers said could have been middle aged. (76"/) The second car arrived at about 12 :15 p.m. (7^5) It was a 1957 Ford Tudor, black with a gold stripe on the sides, and hnd a Texas license plate. (-/6'^) Bowers said he thought the man in that second car was a police officer because he was talking into a radio telephone or radio transmitter in the g?it.(170) Bowers described him as white, about 30 years old.(/7-7) The third car was a 1961 or 1962 white Chevrolet Impala four-door and it arrived at approximately 12:22 p.m.(/7^) Bowers said the license on the third car was like the out-of-State license on the first, with six black numbers on a white baclc- ground.(-?75) That car, too, was very dirty. (174) The man in it was a white male about 30 years old, with long, dirty blond hair, wearing a plaid sports shirt. (17o) (60) Bowers told the FBI that after the shooting he did not see any of these cars in the parking lot. {176) 13 (Gl) Lee Bowers, Jr., testified before the Warren Commission on April 2, 1964, and gave the same account and descriptions of the three cars. {177) Nevertheless, in his Warren Commission testimony. Bowers also stated that the first car first drove in front of the depository, cir- cled the area of the tower in the railroad yard "as if he were searching for a way out, or was checking the area," and then left at the Elm Street outlet. (i76') Bowers stated also that he noticed the car had a "Goldwater" sticker on its bumper. (i7P) About 15 minutes later, Bowers noted the second car; it drove in front of the depository, cruised around the area for 3 or 4 minutes, and then \Q,ii.{180) The third car appeared about 8 minutes before the President's motorcade; it circled the area and probed in the area of the tower, and then slowly cruised back in front of the depository, at which point Bowers lost sight of it. (i5i) (62) Bowers testified that at the time of the motorcade on November 22, he was located in the Union Terminal Tower in the railroad yard.(i6'^) When asked what people he noticed standing between the tower and Elm Street at the underpass on the high ground. Bowers stated that he saw two men standing within 10 or 15 feet of each ot\\Qv. {183) One of them was middle aged, heavy set, and was wearing a white shirt and dark trousers. (75-4) The other man was in his mid- twenties, wearing either a plaid shirt or a plaid jacket. (755) Bowers said those two men were directly in his line of vision toward the mouth of the underpass and appeare'd to be watching the progress of the motorcade. (756') Bowers said he saw the man in the white shirt standing there at the time of the shots, but that he could not see the younger man in the plaid clothing because of the trees, which made iiim harder to distinguish. {187) (63) Bowers said that at that point a motorcycle officer ran up the incline toward the trees in the general area of w4iere the two men were standing; Bowers said there was some kind of commotion at that place, but that he did not know what had happened. {188) (64) The committee was told on November 11, 1978,^ by Bowers' parents that he died from injuries sustained in a car accident 3 years ago. (755) Mr. and Mrs. Bowers, events Sr., were unable to provide any ad- ditional information about the reported by their son; they mentioned that he was reticent by nature and told them practically nothing of what he had observed on November 22, 1963. {190) (65) In a sheriff's department notarized statement dated Novem- ber 23, 1963, Malcolm Summers of Dallas reported that he saw a car speeding from the area of the plaza immediately after the shots. (757) Summers stated that he was located on the terrace of the small park on Elm Street when the Presidential motorcade passed in front of \\\m.{192) After the shots and the President's car had sped away, Summers went to the area of the railroad tracks because he "Imew that thev had somebody trapped up there." (75^) (66) After about 20 minutes, Summers returned to his truck, which was parked on Houston Street. (754) As he began to pull away from the curb, an automobile traveling in what Summers described as a "burst of speed" passed his truck on the right, which Summers thought was dan£rerous.(755) Summers said the car then slowed when it got in front of' him, "as though realizing they would be conspicuous in speeding." {196) 43-792—79 2 14 (67) Summers said there were three men in the car; he described them as of slender build, (A97) He said they appeared to be "excited'' and were motioning to each other. {19S) He described the car as a 1961 or 1962 Chevrolet sedan, which was maroon in color, (i.95) The car went across the Houston Street viaduct, turned off on JMarsalis Street, and continued in the direction of Zan<2:s Boulevard. (,?^^) Summers said he did not believe he could identify the men again, but that he would recognize the car. (201) (68) Summers was not called to testify before the Warren Com- mission. No FBI files concerning this information have been located. Summers was contacted by the committee on October 30, 1978. At that time, he confirmed the substance of the information provided to the sheriff's department and signed a statement indicating that the infor- mation was accurate and complete, (k?^^) (69) The Dallas County Sheriff's Department had also received another report of a car speeding from the direction of Dealey Plaza on the afternoon of November 22, 1963. In a report dated Novem- ber 22, Deputy Sheriff Jack Watson reported that he had received information through the sheriff's office radio about the car. Watson reported that the Carrollton, Tex., Police Department called in that they had received a citizen's report that a car had been parked near the Harry Hines Circle for several days before November 9,2. (£03) According to the information from the Carrollton police, "very shortly after the shooting" that car w^as seen traveling north on Harry Hines Boulevard "at a very high rate of speed." (^{?4) The Carrollton police described the car as a red 1963 Chevrolet Impala with Georgia license tion on plate 62 Jwas that car lOoS.broadcast (205) Watson's report north. to all stations stated (£06) that the informa- (70) The committee was unable to locate Jack Watson to get further details of the car report received by the Dallas County Sherift"s Department. (71) According to an FBI report on the car with the Georgia license plate, the Dallas (^ounty Sheriff's OfHce had received the call on the radio bet.Aveen 1 :54 and 2:11 p.m., and it reflected that the car had been spotted speeding along Harry Hines Boulevard just prior to t\\Rt.(£07) The FBI was advised on March 27, 1964, by its Atlanta office that the 1963 Georgia license 52J1033 was listed to J. C. Bradley of Twin Citv, Ga.(£08) That license was issued for a four-door 1960 Chevrolet. (£09) (72) The owner of the car and license, James Cecil Bradley, was in- terviewed byspecial agents of the FBI on May 14, 1964. At that time Bradley informed the FBI that he owned a 1960 Belair Chevro- let, (.^i^*) The color of the car was not given, but Bradley stated that he has never owned a red 1963 Chevrolet Impala. (^ii) Bradley said that in August or September 1963 his 1963 license plate was stolen from his car as it was parked overnight with a flat tire on Highway 80 be- tween Swainsboro and Twin City, Gii.(£l£) Bradley said that he re- ported the theft to law officers in Twin City and Swainsboro. (213) (73) The FBI interviewed the friend who was with Bradley when Bradley returned to his car to repair the flat and noticed that the li- cense })late wns missing. That fi-iend confirmed that the plate was in fact missing from the car and lliat he had advised Bradley to report it stolen. (,^/4) 15 (74) Official records also confirmed the report by Bradley. Charles Oglesby, he recalled the Bradley chief of j^olice in Twin reporting City, Ga., the stolen statedtagto some license the' FBI timethat in 1963. (^i5) According to records of the Georgia State Motor Vehicle Registration Bureau, the original 1963 license, 52J1033, was issued to Bradley on March 28, 1963, for a 1960 Chevrolet with the vehicle iden- tification number 1619A154729.(^i6') A duplicate or replacement tag was issued to Bradley on September 10, 1963, for use on the same vehicle. {217) (75) The committee has been unable to locate any further identifica- tion of the persons or car with whom that license was reported in Dallas on November 22, 1963. (76) In an interview in Dallas with committee investigators on Au- gust 23, 1978, Tom Tilson reported that he saw a man running from the plaza immediately after the shots. Tilson stated that on Novem- ber 22, 1963, he was oil' duty from his job as a Dallas Police Department patrolman. (,2i5) At the time of the motorcade, he was driving east from Commerce Street and was approaching the triple underpass. {219) He had already heard the report on his police radio that there had been shooting at the motorcade and had seen the Presidential limousine travel at high speed from the underpass. (^£^) As he was in the area of the triple underpass, Tilson saw a man "slipping and sliding" down the embankment on the north side of Elm Street west of the under- pass, (^^i) Tilson said the man appeared conspicuous because he was the only one running away from the plaza immediately after the s\\oi^.{222) Tilson said that because of his speed, the man rammed against the side of a "dark" car which was parked there. (^,^5) Tilson said he then saw the man do something at the rear door portion of the car, like "throw something inside, then jump behind the wheel and take off very fast." (^^4) (77) Tilson told the investigators that his 17 years of experience as a policeman, combined with the radio broadcast of the shooting and this conspicuous man, caused liim to "give chase" to the man speeding away from the direction of the plaza. {225) He then saw the same "dark car" going south on Industrial Boulevard, and he followed it. {226) As the car approached a toll road toward Ft. Worth, Tilson was within 100 feet and called out the license number, make, and model to his daughter, Dinah, who was riding with him. She wrote it down on a slip of paper. {227) (78) Tilson described the man as white, 38 to 40 years old, 5 feet 8 inches to 5 feet 9 inches in heiglit, with a round face. {228) Tilson said he had dark hair and was wearing: dark clothing. {220) Tilson said he knew Jack Euby, and the man looked enough like Jack Ruby to be his "twin." {230) That impression was so strong in Tilson's mind that he noted that Ruby showed a lot of "resourcefulness" in arranging to be identified in a newspaper office at the time of the assassination with a lot of influential witnesses. {231) (79) Tilson said he called the homicide office of the police depart- ment and reported the information on the car tliat afternoon. {232) He said he never heard any more from iho Dallas police homicide S(ji]ad about his report. {233) Tilson said he kept the slip of paper witli fhe information his daughter had written. {23J^) Nevertheless. 16 Tilson believes he threw it out about 31/2 years ao;o when h.e discarded; many items in his home upon the death of his wife. (235) Tilson explained that he never followed up on the report with the homicide squad because of his perception that the homicide office was run as a kind of "elite," which resented any encroachment on its authority. (236) (80) The committee also examined the allec:ation that other men were in Dealey Plaza before the shots were fired at the motorcade, which was related by Julia Ann Mercer. Ms. Mercer gave statements- concerning the men, including one who was carrying a gun case, to law officers right after the assassination. Ms. Mercer's report continued to receive much attention by writers, but has never been resolved. This committee has been unable to locate Ms. ISIercer for further examina- tion of the reports. (81) In a sheriff's department notarized statement dated Novem- ber 22, 1963, Ms. Mercer is quoted as saying that on November 22' she was driving in the area of the plaza going toward the over- pass. (^57) When she got to a point just east of the overhead sign for the right entrance road to the overpass, she noticed a truck parked on the riglit-hand side of the street with its hood up. (SSS) The truck was described as a green Ford pickup with a Texas license. (,^05) According to the sheriff's report, Ms. Mercer said the truck had a sign on the driver's side in black letters which said "Air conditioning." mo) (82) In the report, Ms. Mercer was quoted further as saying that a white male, approximately 40 years of age, was "slouched" over the steering wheel. (^4^) He was described as heavy set, with light brown- hair, and wearing a green jacket. (242) (83) The statement also describes another man who was standing at the rear of the truck; he was reaching over the tailgate into the truck and took out what appeared to Mrs. Mercer to be a grm case. {243) She described the gun case as about 8 inches wide at its base, 3I/2 to 4 feet long, and 4 or 5 inches thick; it was brown. (^44) The man walked up "the grassy hill which forms part of the overpass." and that was tlie last Mrs. Mercer saw of him. (245) As he Avalkcd np the hill with the gun case, the case appeared to become stuck momentarily in the gYSiSs.(246) She described the man as a white male, 20 to 30 years old. wearing a gray jacket, brown pants, and plaid shirt. (247) He had a wool stocking cap with a tassel on it. (2A8) (84) In the statement, no time is given for the incident_ observed by Ms. Mercer. Nevertheless, she noted also that at that time three policemen were standing near a motorcycle on the overpass bridge. (^4.9) (85) In a letter to committee staff dated July 15. 1977. former New Orleans Histrirt Attorney Jim Garrison stated that he had inter- viewed Julia Mercer and transcribed corrections made by her to the purported notarized sheriff's statement. (^5^) According to the cor- rections on Garrison's copy of the stntement, Ms. !Mercer claimed she never said in the sheriff's statement that the truck hod "air condi- tioning" written on its side, and the signature at the bottom of the statement was not hers. (^5/) Further, she never said that she did 17 not see the driver's face too clearly. (^5,^) According to the correc- tions, Ms. Mercer said that she looked right in the man's face. (^55) She also said that "this is why I was able to recognize him when I later saw him shoot Oswald on TV." {254) Garrison's copy included Ms. Mercer's signature at the bottom of the corrections. (^55) The corrections were dated January 18, 1968. (256) (86) In an FBI report dated November 23, 1963, Ms. Mercer was again quoted as giving the account of the truck parked near the knoll and of the two men she had described in the sheriff's report, including the same information of their physical descriptions and the gun case. {257) That report also stated that Ms. Mercer said the truck had the words "air conditioning" printed on the side. (^55) The time given for the incident in the FBI report is 10:50 a.m. on November 22, 1963.(555') (87) The copy of that FBI report provided to the committee by Jim Garrison also included corrections dated January 15, 1968, and the signature Julia Ann Mercer. (5^^) In the corrections, Ms. Mercer was quoted by Garrison as saying that she did not tell the FBI that there was writing on the truck ; she stated that she told them in each interview thatthisthere tions contain was no: writing on the truck. {261) Her correc- statement — Furthermore, even before Ruby shot Oswald, when the FBI tureagents showed me pictures I selected Jack Ruby's pic- as one of those which appeared to be the driver. When over I saw "Jack Ruby" one on the of back. (^55) turned the picture the agents On that statement, in the margin in the same handwriting as the Julia Ann Mercer signature, it says that it was on November 23, 1963, wlien she selected the photograph of Jack Ruby. (^^-5) (88) In another FBI report dated November 28, 1963, Ms. Mercer is said to have been shown a group of photographs in an FBI inter- view on November 27, 1963.(5^4) According to that report. Jack Ruby's photograph was among those viewed by Ms. Mercer. (5^5) The report states that Ms. Mercer could not identify any of those photo- gra]>hs as being the picture of the man she had reported seeing at the driver's wheel of the truck. (5^6") Regarding the picture of Jack Ruby, Ms. IMercer is quoted in the report as saying that the driver had a round face similar to Ruby's, but that she could not identify Ruby as that person. (5^7) The report also states that Ms. Mercer was shown a photograph of Lee Harvey Oswald, and that she said the second man she had seen at the truck with the gun case was the same general build, size and age as Oswald, but that she could not identify OsAvald as that mRT\.{268) (89) In the corrections taken by Garrison, with a Julia Ann Mercer signature dated January 15, 1968, Ms. Mercer is quoted as repeating that she had selected four photographs of the driver of the truck and that one of the photographs was a picture of Jack Huhy. {269) She stated again that she selected the picture of Ruby on November 23, 1963, the day before Ruby's murder of Oswald was shown on tele- vision. (576)) (90) Dallas Deputy Sheriff Roger Craig reported on November 23, 1963, that after the shots, he saw a man run down the grassy knoll and 18 get into a light-colored Rambler station wagon with a luggage rack on its roof. (^77) Craig said in the report that his attention had been drawn to the man because he heard a shrill whistle. (^7^) The station wagon pulled up to the curb. Craig described the driver as a dark- complected white male.(^7J) There was no description of the man Craig reportedly saw running down the hill. (^74^) Craig said he tried to stop the car and talk with the two men, but was unable to reach it because of heavy traffic. (275) (91) Craig said he immediately reported it to a Secret Service agent in the area. (£?76') Later that afternoon, Craig was told to come to city hall ; he said that when he arrived at city hall he identified the "subject" they had in custody as the same person he saw running down the hill and entering the Rambler station wagon. (^77) (92) When Roger Craig testified before the Warren Commission on April 1, 1964, he repeated his account about the running man. Craig said that the man was in line with the southwest corner of the deposi- tory building, and he started t-o run toward Elm where it curves under the overpass. (^75) Craig said the station wagon was driving "real slow" on Elm Street and that the driver was leaning to his right look- ino- up the hill at the running man. ('270) (93) During his testimony, Craig described the man running down the hill as a white male in his twenties. 5 foot 8 inches to 5 foot 9 inches in height, with medium brown, sandy hair. (280) He was wearing medium blue trousers and a lijrht tan shirt. (281) (94) Craig described the driver of the car as very dark complected, with real short dark hair, Craig thought at first that he was Negro. (^<§^) He was wearing a thin-looking white jacket like a wind- breaker. (283) Craig said he did not get a ffood look at the driver. (28^) (9.5) Craig: said also that the car looked white and appeared to have a Texas license. (285) (96) Roger Craig reportedly committed suicide on May 15, 1975. (286) (97) Another person also reported seeing a Rambler station wagon in Dealey Plaza immediately after the shots. In an FBI interview on November 23, 1963, Marvin Robinson said that he was traveling west on Elm Street toward Houston Street after the assassination. (^57) Just as he crossed the intersection of Elm and Houston and was in front of the depository, a light-colored Nash station wagon appeared before h\ra.(288) He said the station wagon stopped, and he saw a white male come down the grassy hill between the building and the street and enter the station wagon. (,'?<5'5) The car then headed toward the Oak Cliff section of Dallas. (i?5(9) Robinson said he would not be able to furnish a description or identify the man who entered the sta- tion wsiii:on.(291) (98) Robinson did not testify before the Warren Commission, and he has not been located by the committee. (90) The committee also attempted to pin down information about cars which were parked in the area of the depository at the time of the Presidential motorcade for any further identification of cars reported fleeing from Dealev Plaza. (100) Earle V. Brown was a Dallas Police Department patrolman at the time of the assassination who was assigned to stay on the railroad overpass over the Stemmons Freeway and to prevent any unauthorized 19 persons from standing on the overpass at the time of the Brown motor- cade. (^P^) In his testimony before the Warren Commission, stated that he and Officer James Lomax had been ordered after the assassination to return to the area of the depository and list the license number of all cars parked in the vicinity. {293) Brown was not asked during his testimony whether any further investigation resulted from the list of the license number or what had happened to the list. (101) Brown was interviewed by thethecommittee in Dallas on Octo- ber 26, 1978. At that time, he recalled assignment to get the license plate numbers about an hour after the assassination. (^5*^) He said that about four to five officers were involved. {295) He believed he turned the list in to Sergeant Howard, who was his supervisor. (£9(>) He gave no further details concerning the list or the cars parked near the Texas School Book Depository. (102) During the interview with the committee, Brown also added that soon after the Presidential motorcade passed, after the last shot was heard. Brown saw a man run down the stairs on the west side of the depository and then turn north away from the front of the build- ing. {297) Brown estimated that this occurred approximately 15 min- utes after the shots. {298) He said he was not able to follow the path taken bv the man because of an obstructed view. {299) {103 ) Brown described the man to the committee as young, of medium size, fair complexion, and not having dark hair. {300) He said the man was dressed in light blue work pants and a shirt which was simi- lar. {301 ) He did not see anything in the man's hands. {302) (104) Brown was shown a picture of Dealey Plaza and the deposi- tory during the committee's interview. {303) At that time, he noted that his" view of the west door would have been obscured by an add-on shed section of the building. {30/:) Investigation by the committee indicated that the section was added to the building prior to 1956. (.5^5) There is a door there at the west side of the building, but the door is hidden by uncut bushes and trees: no determination was made of the age of the bushes and trees. {306) The doorway does face the trestle on_ which Brown was standing at the time of the assassination ; the estimated distance to the trestle is approximately 500 yards. {307) (105) Brown told the investigators that he had not mentioned seeing the man leaving the building whenasked he testified before the Warren Com- mission because he had not been by the Commission counsel, and also because he was not able to identify the man as Lee Harvey Oswald, although the man was about Oswald's size.(.?^<§) Brown said he thought he had mentioned the incident to his wife and to his partner at the time. Officer Lomax. (-m9) (106) Brown also mentioned that he had experienced an extrasensory^ perception premonition before the nssassination about the President being shot by a rifle barrel protruding from a window in a brick wall. (5//?^ (107) The committee interviewed James Lomax in Dallas on Octo- ber 27. 1978. Lomax had never been inter^dewed by any law enforce- ment officers or the Warren Commission about events in Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination. Durinc: his iiiterview, Lomax gave no information about the assignment to list the license numbers of cars 20 parked in the area of the depository after the asassination, Lomax had no other information to report about persons fleeing from the deposi- tory or Dealey Plaza. When asked by committee investigators about Earle Brown's report of a man leaving the depository, Lomax stated that Brown never mentioned it to him and that he did not observ^e the reported incident. {311 ) (108) The committee was unable to locate a list by the Dallas Police Department of cars parked near the depository or any other reports relating to cars leaving the area. V. Accounts of Bullets Hitting in the Plaza Area (109) In view of the acoustics analysis that points to more than three shots being fired at the Presidential motorcade, the committee undertook to examine evidence that other l^ullets did in fact strike in tlie plaza at the time of the fatal shots. The most useful analysis of this evidence would have, of course, included a trajectory analysis to determine the path of those "bullets" and, most significantly, the point from which they were fired, in order to determine the presence of other assassins. Nevertheless, based on the reports of tliose witnesses made soon after the assassination, insufficient data remained to conduct such a trajectory analysis. The experts engaged by the committee to determine the path of missiles in Dealey Plaza have explained that the minimal data required would include the path of the missile, as well as its point of impact. (,?7^) In none of the information collected on the presence of other missiles in Dealey Plaza was that information com- plete. The committee, therefore, attempted to set the information out as completely as possible, even though it was not possible to conclude on the basis of the scant information remaining what those reports meant in reference to the presence of other gunmen in Dealey Plaza. (110) In an FBI interview on November 24, 1963, Mrs. Virgie Baker (nee Rackley) reported that at the time she heard the first shot, she looked in the direction of the triple underpass and saw what she pre- sumed to be a bullet bouncing off the pavement. (5^^) Mrs. Baker was located immediately across the street from the depository when she heard the shots. (57^) She thought they came from the direction of the triple underpass. (-57-5) In the FBI report, no further details or infoTOiation were given by Mrs. Baker about the location or direction of the obioct she believed to be a bullet. (111 ) Mrs. Baker testified before the Warren Commission on July 12, 1964. At that time, she stated that the object she believed to be a bullet hit the pnvement in the street at the point of the Stemmons Freeway sign on Elm Street. {316) She said it hit in the middle of the lane on the other side of the street, which would have been the left-hand lane going in the direction of the triple underpass. {317) At first Mrs. Baker said the bullet hit behind the President's car. Then she said she could not remember whether it hit to either side or behind the President's car. (-5/^9) Mrs. Baker said she was sure she saw the object hit before she heard the second shot. {319) (112) Committee investigators were unable to locate Mrs. Baker. (113) In a sheriff's department notarized statement dated Novem- ber 22, 1963, Royce Skelton stated that he also saw a bullet hit the 21 pavement in the left or middle lane, to the rear of the President's car. (320) Skelton gave this account of the sequence of events: — ^We saw the motorcade come around the corner and I heard something which I thought was fireworks. I saw something hit the pavement at the left rear of the car, then the car got in the right hand lane and I heard two more shots. I heard a woman said "Oh no" or something and grab a man inside the car. I then heard another shot and saw the bullet hit the pavement. The pavement was knocked to the south away from the car. {3£1) (114) In his Warren Commission testimony on April 8, 1964, Skel- ton said that he saw smoke rise from the pavement when the bullet liit. (322) Skelton said also that the sound of the gunfire came from the area of the President's car. (333) Skelton said he was located on the overpass directly over Elm Street at the time of the motorcade. {334-) He said the sound of the shots definitely did not come from where he was. (325) Skelton also offered that the smoke he saw rising from the cement when the bullet hit "spread" in a direction away from the de- positorh© y ; said the "spray" of flying cement went toward the west. (3£6) Onwhere marked the photograph on the street "designated he saw the Skelton exhibit bullet and No. 1,direction in which Skelton he saw the "spray." {327) (115) Committee investigators were unable to locate Royce Skelton. (116) In testimony before the Warren Commission on July 22. 1964,. James Thomas Tague of Dallas stated that at the time of the Presi- dential motorcade, he was located near his car at the bridge abutment of the triple underpass ; Tague said the nose of his car was sticking out from underneath the underpass. {3£8) Tague said that during the shots he felt something sting him on the cheek; after the shots, a policeman noticed that Tague had blood on his cheek. (3£9) (117) On Commission exhibit No. 354, Commission Counsel Liebeler placed a "6" on the photograph to indicate the place Tague was standing; it is described in Tague's testimony as approximately 3 to 4 feet from the concrete embanlnnent of the bridge going over INIain Street. mark bullet (330) onTague said about the curb he and 12a to police officer 15 feet discovered from a "fresh" the embankment. (33 J) Tague said the police officer attempted to go in the direction the mark on the curb seemed to indicate the shot had come from ; he told Tague he had seen "something" there. (333) The letter "C" was placed on Commission exhibit No. 354 to indicate the spot the policeman had indicated as the "source" of the shot which hit the curb. (333) On the photograph, "C" is located in the area of the railroad tracks. Tague said he was not sure but that he thought he was hit on the cheek by the second or third bullet. (334-) (118) The piece of curb was examined by committee experts to de- termine if neutron activation analysis could determine the type of metal present at the scar, which might indicate what kind of bullet or missile hit the curb. Nevertheless the neutron activation analysis expert was unable to make any comparisons with the curb sample be- cause ithad previously been scraped by the FBI and the remaining- metal was too small for testing purposes. (335) Also, it was felt that 22 the metal still left on tlio curb portion would have been too contami- nated bycement material to yield any meanincrful results. (336) (119)place took "During its acoustical in Dealey reenactment Plaza on August of the 20, 1978, the committee assassination used that the location of the mark on the curb described by James Tague as one of the "targets" at which ammunition was fired from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depositoiy and the grassy knoll to determine if acoustical impulses would result during the simulation which matched the acoustical impulses on the Dallas Police Department radio tape, made contemporaneously with the shots. The curb target spot used during the reenactment was described as follows : * * * measurements used at the position were devised by measuring to the fifth curb stone slab on the south curb of Main Street. This is the slab known to have been removed by the FBI on August 5, 1964. (337) That spot was designated target 4 during the reenactment. (338) Gun- men then fired at target 4 from the Texas School Book Depository and from the grassy knoll. (339) None of the acoustical impulses that re- sulted from the shots fired at target 4 during the reenactment matched the acoustical impulses on the original Dallas Police Department radio tape that contains the sound of actual gunfire at the time of the assas- sination. (3^0) . That indicates that in all probability tlie mark on the curb was not made by a direct shot from either supposed assassin loca- tions. (120) When Richard Eandolph Carr testified in the Kennedy as- sassination conspiracy trial of Clay Shaw in New Orleans on Febru- ary 19, 1969, he stated that heard a shot and then three more shots in succession at the time of the assassination. (34-1) When asked if he could tell where the shots came from, Carr replied that "the last three" came from behind the picket fence located at tlie top of the grassy knoll, and that one of the shots "knocked a bunch of grass up" ; he could tell by the way the grass was "laiocked up" that the bullet came from that area. (M^) Tiying further to pin down the supposed location of the shots he heard, Carr stated that the sound came from the end of the cement arcade at the top of the knoll which was closest to the underpass. (34^) When asked if he could determine from the direction in which the bullet hit the ground which direction it was traveling in, Carr said that if the bullet had continued, it would liave gone from the area of the picket fence in the direction of the Criminal Courts building. (34-4-) (121) On August 13, 1978, the committee received information that a person in Dealey Plaza on November 22, 1963, had noticed a bullet fall to the ground near the motorcade at the time of the shots. Charles Rodgers of I^ake Dallas, Tex. called the committee to report that he was present in Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination with a friend, IMike Nally.fi^-'^) According to Rodgers, Nally's uncle was a motorcycle policeman riding in the motorcade. (5^(5) The uncle had apparently related to his nephew that when the shots were fired, he heard a clanging noise on the fender of his motorcycle. (-547) The policeman looked down and saw a .45 caliber slug roll off into the 23 street. (5^5) The policetnian then had to leave the area quickly as the motorcade was speeding from the plaza. {3Ii.9) (122) Rodgers said the next day Mike Nally came to him and said Nally's uncle had instructed him not to report the story and Nally passed that instruction on to Rodgers. {350) (128) Based on the data provided by Rodgers, the committee was unable to locate Nally or to identify Nally *s uncle. ( 124) On August 5, 1978, the committee received information from former Dallas policeman Starvis Ellis that Ellis had also seen a missile liit the ground in tlie area of the motorcade at the time of the assassi- nation. Ellis said he rode on a motorcycle alongside the first car in the motorcade, approximately 100 to 125 feet in front of the car carry- ing President Kennedy. (-551) Ellis said that just as he started down the liill of Ehn Street, he looked back toward President Kennedy's car and saw debris come up from the ground at a nearby curb. {352) Ellis thought it was a fragment grenade. {353) (125) Ellis said also tJiat President Kennedy turned around and looked over his shoulder. (554) The second shot then hit him, and the third shot "blew his head up." {355) VI. Accounts of Smoke ix Dealet Plaza at the Time of the Shots (126) Several witnesses have given statements that they saw "smoke" in the plaza that coincided with the gunfire. The committee considered these statements relevant to the question of whether a gunman or gunmen were located somewhere other than the depository. (127) In a Dallas County Sheriff's Department notarized statement dated November 22, 1963, Austin Lawrence Miller stated that at the time he heard three shots and saw people in the Presidential limousine react, he saw "something which I thought was smoke or steam coming from a group of trees north of Elm off the railroad tracks." {356) At that time, IMiller was standing on the bridge of the triple under- pass. (-557) Miller said he did not see anyone in the area of the railroad tracks. (.555) (128) Miller testified before the Warren Com.mission on April 8, 1964. (.55.9) At that time, Miller was not asked about his prior state- ment to the sheriff's department and did not give information about the smoke he had earlier reported. (129) The committee was unable to locate Austin Miller. (130) In an FBI inteinaew on March 17. 1964, Clemon Earl Johnson, of Dallas, stated that he saw smoke near the pavilion at the time of the shots. (5^6') According to the FBI interview report, Johnson told the FBI that he believed the smoke came from a motorcycle, which was abandoned near the spot by a Dallas policeman. (J^i) At the time of the shots, Johnson was located on the Elm Street viaduct overlooking the Presidential motorcade. (-5^^) (131)sion, andJohnson was located he was not not called to committee. by the testify before the "Warren Commis- (132) In testimony before the Warren Commission on April 8, 1964, S. M. Holland stated that he was employed by the Union Terminal Railroad at the time of the assassination and was located in the middle of the overpass at the time of the Presidential motorcade. (56'5) Hoi- 24 land stated that between the third and fourth shots^ he saw smoke rising from the trees located at the top of the knoll : There was a shot, a report, I don't know whether it was a shot. I can't say that. And a puff of smoke came out about 6 or 8 feet above the ground right out from under those trees. And at just about this location from where I was standing j^ou could see that puff of smoke, like someone had thrown a fire- cracker, or something out, and that is just the way it sounded. It wasn't loud as the previous reports or shots. {36Ii.) (133) In a report to the sheriff's department on November 22, 1963,. Holland had also reported seeing the puff of smoke at the time of the shots. Nevertheless, in that statement, Holland placed the time of the- puff of smoke as coinciding the first "noise" : * * * when they got just about to the Arcade I heard what I thought for the moment was a firecracker and he skimped over and I looked over toward the arcade and trees and saw a puff of smoke come from the trees and I heard three more shots after the first shot but that was the only puff of smoke I saw. I immediately ran around to where I could see behind the arcade and did not see anyone running from there. But the puff of smoke I saw definitely came from behind the arcade through the trees. {365) (134) James L. Simmons, of Dallas, reported to the FBI that from his location on the Commerce Street viaduct he saw "exhaust fumes or smoke" near the embankment in front of the depository building. (J^5) In the FBI interview on March 17, 1964, Simmons said that after the shots he saw a policeman jump off his motorcycle and run up the hill of the knoll toward the Memorial Arches. (^^7) It is not clear from the report if Simmons was describing the smoke as coming from the motorcycle or someplace else. (135) Nolan H. Potter was also employed by the Union Terminal Co. at the time of the assassination and was with Simmons at the time of the shots. (56?-286. (178) Id. at p. 285. (179) Ibid. (180) Id. at p. 286, (181) Ibid. (182) Id. at p. 284. (183) Id. at p. 287. (18ft) Ibid. (185) Ibid. (186) Ibid. (^87) Id. at p. 288. (188) Ibid. (J 89) Staff interview of Mr. and Mrs. Lee E. Bowers, Sr., Nov. 1, 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations (JFK Doc. No. 014354). (190) Ibid. (191) Voluntary statement of Malcolm Summers, Dallas County Sheriff's De- partment. Nov. 23, 1963, Decker exhibit 5323, 19 Warren Report Hearings, p. 500. (192) Ibid. (193) Ibid. (194) Ibid. (195) Ibid. (196) Ibid. (197) Ibid. (198) Ibid. (199) Ibid. (200) Ibid. (201) Ibid. (202) Statement of Malcolm Summers, Oct 80, 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations (JFK Doc. No. 014277). (203) Supplementary investigation report, Dallas County Sheriff's Depart- ment. DeHcer exhibit No. 52.32, 19 Warren Report Hearings, p. 523. (204) Ibid. (205) Tiid. (206) Ibid. 29 i201 FBI report, serial No. 105-82555-4354x, p. 185. {208 Id. at p. 186. {209 Ibid. Id. at p. 187. {210 Ibid. {211 Ibid. {212 Ibid. {213 {214 Id. at p. 188. {215 Ibid. {216 Id.Ibid. at p. 189. {217 {218 Staff interview of Tom G. Tilson, Jr., Aug. 26, 1978, House Select Corn- mittee on Assassinations (JKF Doc. No. 011374). Ibid. {219 {220 Id. at p. 2. Id. at p. 1. {221 Ibid. {222 {22S Ibid. {224 Ibid. {225 Id. at p. 2. Ibid. {226 Ibid. {227 {228 Id. at pp. 2-3. {229 Id. at p. 3. Ibid. {230 Ibid. {231 {232 Id. at p. 2. {23S Ibid. {234 Id. at p. 3. Ibid. {235 Ibid. {236 {237 Voluntary statement of Julia Ann Mercer, Dallas County Sheriff's De- tmenl par 38 Ibid. . Nov. 22." 1963, Decker exhibit 5323, 19 Warren Report Hearings, p. 488. {2 {239 Ibid. {240 Ibid. Ibid. {241 {242 Ibid. {243 Ibid. (244 Ibid. {245 Ibid. {246 Ibid. {247 Id. at pp. 283-284. (248 Id. at p. 284. {249 Id. at p. 283. {250 Letter from Jim Garrison to Jonathan Blackmer and enclosures, July 15, 1977 (JFKDoc. No. 002967). {251 Id. at p. 10. {252 Ibid. {253 Ibid. {254 Ibid. {255 Ibid. {256 Ibid. (257 FBI interview of Julin Ann Mercer, Nov. 23, 1963, Warren Commission Boc. No CD 205, p. 8 (JFK Doc. No. 002967) . (258 Ibid. {259 Ibid. {260 Ibid. (261 Ibid. (262 Ibid. . <263 Ibid. 43-702—79- 30 (264) FBI interview of Julia Ann Mercer, Nov. 28, 1963, p. 9, (JFK Doc, No. 002967). (265) Ibid. (266) Ibid. (267) Ibid. (268) Ibid. (269) Ibid. (270) Ibid. (271) Supplementary investigation report by Roger Craig, Dallas County Sheriff's Department, Nov. 23, 1963, Decker exhibit No. 5323, 19 Warren Report Hearings, p. 524. (272) Ibid. (273) Ibid. (274) Ibid. (275) Ibid. (276) Ibid. (277) Ibid. (278) Testimony of Roger D. Craig, Apr. 1, 1964, 6 Warren Report Hearings, p. 266. (279) Ibid. (2S0) Ibid. (281) Ibid. (282) Ibid. (283) Ibid. (284) Id. at p. 267. (285) Ibid. (286) Dallas Police Department homicide report, May 15, 1975, as quoted in "Assassination of JFK by Coincidence or Conspiracy?" Bernard Fensterwald, Jr., New York, Zebra Books, 1977, p. 449, fn. 98. (287) FBI Interview of Marvin Robinson, FBI report by SA John V. Almon and J. Calvin Rice, Nov. 23, 1963, file No. DL 89^3 (JFK Doc. No. 013840). (288) Ibid. (289) Ibid. (290) Ibid. (291) Ibid. (292) Testimony of Earle V. Brown, Apr. 7, 1964, 5 Warren Report Hearings, p. 231. (293) Id. at p. 234. (294) State interview of Earle V. Brown, Oct. 26, 1978, House Select Com- mittee on Assassinations (JFK Doc. No. 00634). (295) Ibid. (296) Ibid. (2.97) Id. at p. 2. (298) Ibid. (299) Ibid. (300) Ibid. (301) Ibid. (302) Ibid. (303) Id. at p. 3. (304) Ibid. (305) Ibid. (306) Ibid. (307) Ibid. (308) Id. at p. 2. (309) Ibid. (310) Id. at p. 3. (311) Staff interview of James A. Lomax, Nov. 17, 1979, House Select Com- mittee on Assassinations (JFK Doc. No. 014352). (3/2) See scientific report of the photographic evidence panel, trajectory analysis, par. 110. (313) FBI interview of Virgie Rackley, FBI report by SA Bardwell Odum and Joseph G. Peggs, Nov. 25, 1963, file No. DL 89-43, Warren Commission Doc. No. 5. (314) Ibid. (315) Ibid. 31 (316) Testimony of Mrs. Donald Baker, July 22, 1964, 7 Warren Report Hear- ings, p.509. (317) Id. at p. 510. (318) Ibid. (319) Id. at p. 513. (320) Voluntary statement of Royce Glenn Skelton, Dallas County SherifC'a Department, Nov. 22, 1963, Decker exhibit No. 5323, 19 Warren Report Hearings, p. 496. (321) Ibid. (322) Testimony of Royce G. Skelton, Apr. 8, 1964, 6 Warren Report Hearings, p. 237. (323) Ibid. (324) Id. at p. 236. (325) Id. at p. 237. (^26-) Id. at p. 238. (327) Id. at p. 239. (328) Testimony of James Thomas Tague, July 23, 1964, 7 Warren Report Hearings, p. 553. (329) Ibid. (330) Id. at p. .554. (331) Ibid. (332) Ibid. (333) Ibid. (334) Id. at p. 555. (335) A report to the House Select Committee on Assassinations on the sub- ject of 1977 neutron activation analysis measurements on bullet-lead specimens involved in the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy, by Dr. Vin- cent P. Guinn. Ph. D., Sept. 1978, pp. 7-9. (336) Id. at p. 9. (337) Staff memorandum re Dealey Plaza test shooting on Aug. 20, 1978, Aug. 22, 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 4 (JFK Doc. No. 013285). (338) Ibid. 1(339) Id. at p. 6. (340) Report of Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc., analysis of recorded sounds relating to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy (No. 3947), section 5.3. The acoustics experts compared the results of the test firings in Dealey Plaza on Aug. 20, 1978, with the acoustical impulses on the original Dallas Police Department radio tape to determine what correlation coeflicients exist between the two sets of impulses. From that correlation, the acoustics study determined that none of the impulses from target 4 were consistent with the known location of the Presidential limousine at the time of the shots, which would mean that the alleged assassins would not have been aiming at the limousine at all, but in the opposite direction, to have produced the acoustical impulse which would have matched that which was produced during the acoustical reenactment. (341) See ref. 105, p. 12. (3 42) Id. at pp. 12-13. (343) Id. at p. 16. (344) Id. at p. 32. (345) Telephone interview of Charles Rodgers, House Select Committee on Assassinations staff outside contact report, Aug. 13, 1978 (JFK Doc. No. 010697)'. (346) Ibid. (3^7) Ibid. (348) Ibid. (349) Ibid. (3.50) Ibid. (351) Staff investigator rough notes, of staff interview of Starvis Ellis, Aug. 5, 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations (JFK Doc. No. 013841). (352) Ibid. (353) Ibid. (354) Ibid. (355) Ibid. (356) Voluntary statement of Austin Lawrence Miller, Dallas County Sheriff's Department, Nov. 22, 1963, Warren Commission exhibit 2003 (p. 41), 24 Warren Report Hearings, p. 217. (357) Ibid. (358) Ibid. 32 (359) Testimony of Austin L. Miller, Apr. 8, 1964, 6 Warren Report Hearings, t>. 223. (360) FBI interview of Clemon Earl Johnson, FBI report by SA Thomas T. •Trettis and E. J. Robertson, Mar. 18, 1964, Warren Commission exhibit no. 1422, 22 Warren Report Hearings, p. 836. (361) Ibid. (362) Ibid. (363) Testimony of S. M. Holland, Apr. 8, 1964, 6 Warren Report Hearings, pp. 239, 242. (364) Id. at pp. 243-244. i(365) Voluntary statement of S. M. Holland, Dallas County Sheriff's Depart- ment, Nov. 22, 1963, Decker exhibit No. 5323, 19 Warren Report Hearings, p. 480. (366) FBI interview of James L. Simmons, FBI Report by SA Thomas T. Trettis and E. J. Robertson, Mar. 19, 1964, file No. DL 100-10461 (contained in JFK Doe. No. 013291). '(367) Ibid. •(368) Ibid. ■(369) FBI interview of Nolan H. Potter, FBI report by SA Thomas T. Tret- tis and E. J. Robertson, Mar. 19, 1964, file No. DL 100-10461, Warren Commission exhibt 1418 (contained in JFK Doc. No. 013291). (370) Ibid. (371) Telephone interview of Monty Lutz, Wisconsin Crime Laboratories, Dec. 12, 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations staff outside contact report (JFK Doc. No. 013637). (372) Ibid. (373) Ibid. OSWALD-TIPPIT ASSOCIATES Staff Keport of the Select Committee on Assassinations U.S. House of Representatives Ninety-fifth Congress Second Session March 1979 (33) CONTENTS Paragraph Foreword (1) I. Approach - (2) II. Marie Tippit Thomas (7) III. Murray James Jackson (8) IV. William Anglin (9) V. Morris Brumley (10) VI. Basil Robinson (11) VII. Calvin Owens (12) VIII. Mrs. Johnnie Maxie Witherspoon . (13) IX. Mary Ada Dowling (14) X. The Wise allegation (15) XI. Austin's barbeque (39) (34) Foreword (1) Even tliougli the Warren Commission indicated that no credible evidence was found proving that Lee Harvey Oswald and Dallas Police Officer J. D. Tippit knew one another prior to the assassina- tion, speculation has continued over the years about the circumstances of Tippit's murder on the afternoon of November 22, 1963. This specu- lation has grown because of the circumstances surrounding Tippit's death : Questions have persisted about why Oswald would have been in that neighborhood, including, had Tippit received enough informa- tion on the suspected assassin of President Kennedy to have been able to identify Oswald as the possible suspect, and was there anything suspicious about Tippit's location in that part of Dallas after the the assassination, when other police officers had been ordered to Dealey Plaza area or Parkland Hospital immediately after the assassmation ? I. Approach (2) Because there was little direct evidence to answer any of these questions, the committee concluded that the most effective way to learn if Oswald and Tippit knew one another would be to investigate the associates of the two men. Over the years, rumors have persisted that Oswald and Tippit were seen together at various public places. No effective way to investigate or verify those claims exists because of the passage of time and the general unreliability of such identifications. (3) On the other hand, the committee concluded that if the two men had any associates in common, the fact of that association could be more easily discerned and might shed light on the nature of the relationship, if any, between the two. (4) The committee undertook to compile the names of the asso- ciates and relatives of Lee Harvey Oswald and J. D. Tippit. Each associate interviewed was asked for the names of other persons each man was known to have associated with closely. Special attention was paid to the possibility of "overlaps" on the two lists, that is, persons who appeared to be associates of both men. After the lists were com- piled, the committee requested data on each associate from the fol- lowing Government agencies : Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) , Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Secret Service and, where appro- priate. Departments of Defense and State. (5) On the basis of the initial investigation of the associates of each man and the review of the Agency files, further investigation was con- ducted where warranted either to clarify a relationship or probe a possible association. (6) No relative or associate of J. D. Tippit had been called to testify before the Warren Commission about Tippit's associations or activi- ties. Despite the fact that confusion existed even at the time of the Warren Commission about the transcriptions (Z5) of the Dallas Police 36 Department radio dispatches that contained information about Tip- pit's location and activities on the afternoon of November 22, 1963y none of the police officers with whom Tippit worked were called to testify about the details of his assignment in Oak Cliff, (i) The com- mittee interviewed nine persons who were reported to have had close personal and working relationships with Tippit. II. IVIarie Tipprr Thomas (7) Tippit's widow, Marie Tippit Thomas, reported in an interview to the FBI in May 1964 that her husband's only associates were fellow police officers. (^) She stated that her social life with him involved the families and wives of many of those same officers. (^) Mrs. Thomas was interviewed by the committee on October 12, 1977. (^) At that time, she could provide no new information about Tippit's associates. She did mention that Tippit's closest friend had been Bill Anglin,. another Dallas police officer who lived a few houses away on Glen- cairn Street in Dallas. (J) She further stated that his other close friends were Charlie Harrison, Bud Owens, and Richard Stovall. Mrs. Thomas also repeated her earlier information that Tippit had been employed at tlie time of the assassination part-time at Austin's Bar- beque in Dallas. (^) Tippit worked as a security guard at the restau- rant on Friday and Saturday nights from 10 p.m. to 2 a.m. (7) III. Murray James Jackson (8) The committee interviewed members of the Dallas Police Force who were purported to have been personal associates of J. D. Tippit. The first of these was Murray James Jackson. Jackson was working the dispatch system on the Dallas police radio when Tippit was killed. (5) Jackson reported to the committee that he had worked with and come to know J. D. Tippit very well over a 20-year period. (,9) Jackson He stated is the officer that who they "socialized when was responsible off duty''. for having sent (10) TippitOfficer into tlie Oak Cliff area according to the transmissions from the dis- patches. (7i) IV. William Anglin (9) The committee also contacted William Anglin. Anglin indi- cated that he socialized with J. D. Tippit. (7^) He said in the inter- view that "he and J. D. had coffee or tea at 'The Old Drive-In' " about 11 :30-ll :45 on the morning of November 22. (IS) V. Morris Brumley (10) Another of Tippit's associates who was spoken to was Morris Brumley. Brumley had known Tippit since 1934 when they attended school in Fulbright, Tex.f/.^) Brumley indicated that lie had no information concerning the outside interests, associates, or attitudes of J. D. Tippit. (75) Brumley described Tippit as a good family man and conscientious in his work but not very sharp, (iiff) Brumley stated that Basil Robinson, another Dallas police officer assigned to the Oak Cliff^ section was also a good friend of Tippit's. (17) 37 VI. Basil Kobinson (11) Basil Kobinson was anotlier member of the Dallas Police De- partment who had a rather long association with J. D. Tippit. Tippit's acquaintance with Kobinson dated back to the Tippit stay at Bogata, T&x.(18) Wlien interviewed by the FBI, Kobmson mdicated that lie had been a "close personal friend" of Tippit and his family. (19) He said that Tippit had few outside interests because he was working all the time. (W) VII. Calvin Owens (12) Sergeant Calvin Owens was Tippit's immediate supervisor at the Dallas Police Department. (21) WJien questioned by the FBI, Owens indicated that Tippit was strictly a family man. He also said that he knew of no associates of Tippit's except members of the police force. (^^) VIII. Mrs. Johnnie Maxie Witherspoon (13) Committee investigators also interviewed Mrs. Johnnie Maxie Witherspoon. (^-?) Mrs. Witherspoon stated that she became ac- quainted with Officer Tippit during his employment at Austin's Bar- beque.(.^4) Mrs. Witherspoon informed the committee that she and Tippet engaged in a relationship and started dating for a couple of years. (^5) She said that the relationship ended in the summer of 1963 when her husband returned home. («?(?) She also indicated that Bill Angiin was an associate of J. I). Tippit's. (^7) IX. Mary Ada Dowling (14) One other person who was interviewed about Tippit was Mary Ada Dowling, a waitress for the Dobbs House Kestaurant on North Beckley Street. She indicated to the FBI that Tippit had a habit of coming into the Dobbs House each morning. (^5) She also indicated that on one occasion when Tippit was in the restaurant, Lee Harvey Oswald came in to be served. (^5>) She did not know if they knew each othei:{30) X. The Wise Allegation (15) The committee also learned of an allegation about the assassi- nation involving an associate and friend of J. D. Tippit's which was not reported in the Warren Commission Keport. Interviews were con- ducted by the FBI in December 1963 about that allegation, and were furnished to the Warren Commission, but the substance of those inter- views was not included in the report made public by the Commission. (16) In February 1977, the committee received information from Wes Wise, a reporter with KRLD-TV in Dallas at the time of the assassination and later mayor of Dallas, that he had received informa- tion about a car near the scene of the Tippit shooting that was traced to Carl Mather, a close friend of Tippit's. According to Wise, on De- cember 4,1963, he was giving a speech at the El Ohico Restaurant in the Oak Cliff section of Dallas. (-57) After the subject of the speech had turned to events surrounding the assassination, a man in the audi- ence named Pate approached Wise and said a mechanic who worked 38 for Pate had observed a car in the parking lot of the El Chico Eestau- rant on the afternoon of November 22 after radio reports were being broadcast about the shooting in Dealey Plaza. (^"5) (17) Wise went to Pate to discuss the story with the mechanic. (-5-5) The mechanic told Wise that after the assassination there were sirens blaring and police cars "all over the area" near the garage. (^4) He noticed a man sitting in an irregularly parked car in the restaurant parking lot; the car was slightly hidden by a billboard. (55) The man in the car appeared to be hiding, according to the mechanic. (-S^?) All of the circumstances seemed so suspicious that the mechanic went across the street to get a better look. (37) Vfhen he was about 10 or 15 yards from the car, the man turned around. (-jS) The mechanic was able then to get a good look at his face ; he saw also that the man was wearing a white T-shirt. (55) He made a note of the license number of thecar. (46>) (18) When the mechanic saw news accounts of the assassination that night on television, he saw Lee Harvey Oswald and recognized him as being the man he had seen in the car that afternoon. (4^) The me- chanic had been afraid of reporting the incident. (4^) Nevertheless, after Pate brought Wise to meet him. Wise was able to convince the mechanic that he should report the incident to the FBI. (45) The me- chanic took with him the notepaper on wdiich he had jotted the license number. (44) (19) AVise stated also that he later took employees of CBS to meet the owner of the license number. (45) Wise said that during that meet- ing, which was arranged as a dinner between the ow^qv nnd his wife and the person from CBS, the man appeared "so upset" and "agitated" that he was unable to eat. (4^) At that time, the man explained his nervousness was due to the odd "coincidence" that a car with his license plate number was noticed under the suspicious circumstances and that he was a friend of Tippit, who had been killed at almost the same time very nearby. (47) (20) Wise told the committee that he jotted down the information he received from Pate and the mechanic on a piece of paper he was carry- ing in his pocket at the time of his speech at the El Chico Restau- rant. (48) He turned that paper over to the committee. AVise also told the committee that he thought he was still in possession of the slip of paper containing the license number that had been written by the mechanic. Wise told the committee that after several attempts he has been unable to locate that slip of paper among his records at his home. (4-9) (21) The license number appearing on the paper provided by Wise from bis conversation with Pate and the mechanic was Texns license PP 4537. The car was only described on the paper as a 1957 Plymouth 4-door, with no further descrii^tion. (r50) (22) The FBI interviewed Wes Wise about this allegation on Decem- ber 4, 1063. At that time. Wise said the mechanic, whom he refused to identify for the FBI. claiming he did not want to reveal the identity of his source, told him the car he saw in the restaurant parking lot was a red 1957 Plymouth with the license PP 4537. (57) (23) In an FBI renort dated December 14. 19B3, IMilton Love of the Dallas County Tax Office advised that the 1963 Texas license PP 4537 39 was issued tor a i5i57 Plymouth automobile in the possession of Carl Amos Mather, 4309 Colgate Street, Garland, Tex. (5^) In a report dated December 14, 1963, FBI Special Agent Charles T. Brown re- ported that he observed a 1957 Plymouth with 1963 Texas license PP 4537 parked in the driveway of the house at 4309 Colgate Street. Gar- land, Tex. (53) Brown reported that that car was light blue over me- dium blue in color. (54-) (24) Mrs. Carl A. Mather was interviewed by FBI Agent Charles T. Brown on December 5. 1963, at the Mather home at 4303 Colgate Street in Garland, Tex. She identified the 1957 Plymouth with Texas license PP 4537 as belonging to her and her husband. (55) Mrs. Mather told the FBI that her hsuband was at work on November 22, 1963, at Col- lins Radio Co., in Richardson, Tex., until approximately 2 p.m., when he came by their home to take the family to the Tippit home to offer their condolences. (-5^) Mrs. Mather said the two families were friends. (57) According to Mrs. Mather, Carl Mather was with them at the Tippit home from about 3 :30 p.m. until about 5 p.m., when he took the two Mather children home. (55) Mrs. Mather did not state in the interview which car her husband was driving that day at the time of the assassination or the Tippit shooting. No FBI report of an interview or contact with Carl Mather was located. (25) On December 9, 1963, Wes Wise told FBI Special Agent Brown that he could at that time reveal the identity of the person who had provided him with the information about the car and worked license num- ber. (69) He identified the mechanic as T. F. TVliite, who at the Mack Pate Gnra^e at 114 West Seventh Street in Dallas. (z^^*) Wise advised it would be permissible for the FBI to interview Wliite to get further details of the allegation. (61) (26) T. F. Wliite was interviewed by Special Agent Browncar onm De- the cember 13, 1963. In the interview. White said he saw a red parking lot of the El Chico Restaurant at approximate ly 2 p.m. on November 22. 1963. (tf^) At the time of the interview, White said PP lie believed the car to be a red 1961 Falcon with 1963 Texas license 4537. (63) 'Wliite said he saw the man in the car from the side, and that when he saw pictures of Lee Harvey Oswald that night on television, he was identical with the man he had seen in the car that after- noon. (^4) '\^niite said that after he saw the man sit in the car for a short time, the man left in the car at a high rate of speed, going west on Davis Street. (^5) ^ -, • . wr. (27) During the interview. Special Agent Brown advised aWhite 1957 that the car to which the license number was traced was Plymouth that was light and medium blue in color. (6?^) Brown also told White that Oswald had been apprehended at approximately 2 p.m. on November 22, 1963, in the Texas Theatre. (^7) (28) According to the interview report, when confronted with those facts, White reiterated that he had correctly copied the number of the car and that after seeing the news reports of Oswald, he thought Oswald was possibly identical with the man White had seen in the car. (^5) (29) Carl Mather and his wife were interviewed by the committee on March 28, 1978. Mather stated that his family had been close friends with the Tippits since 1958 when the two families lived oc 40 ' Glenfield Street, in Dallas. ((9.9) Tlie Mather family moved away to ' Garland, Texas, in 1961.(76^) The relationship between the two fam- ilies consisted of visits together to "family-type" clubs and baby- sitting. (7i) (30) Mather said that on November 22, 1963, he worked all day at the Collins Radio Co. in Richardson. (7^) Mather said his boss at the time at Collins was J. A. Pickford.( 7-5) The Mathers said that they were familiar with the allegation about the car with their license tag parked in the restaurant parking area. (7^) Barbara Mather said she talked to FBI agents about their car twice, but that Carl IMather was never interviewed. (75) The Mathers said they attached no fur- ther particular significance to the incident since the FBI apparently dropped the issue. (7^) (31) During the committee interview, Barbara Mather stated that she and her husband never owned any kind of red car. (77) She stated that at the time of the assassination they owned a Ford station wagon, v^^hich was white over blue, in addition to the blue 1957 Plymouth which carried the license number reported by T. F, White. (75) (32) IMather described his background as including a security clear- ance for electronics work. (75) He has been employed with Collins Radio Co. for 21 years. (,) Staff interview of Marie Tippit Thomas. Dec. 8, 1977, House Select Com- mittee on Assassinations, p. 1 (JFK Doc. No. 003988). (5) Id. at p. 2. (6) Id. at p. 1. (7) Ibid. (8) See ref. 1, CE 1974. 43 Staff (9) mittee interview of Murray J. Jackson, Nov. 3, 1977, House Select Com- on Assassinations, p. 1 (JFK Doc. No. 003090). (10) Id. at p. 2. ( /i ) C.E. 1974. See ref. 8. ^, .^ (12) Staff interview of Bill Anglin, Dec. 1, 1977, House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 1 (JFK Doc. No. 003532). (13) Ibid. (U) See ref. 1, CE 2985, p. 12. (15) Ibid. (16) Ibid. (17) Id. at p. 13. (18) Ibid. (19) Ibid. (^0) Ibid. _ ^ . . ^^ . A -1 Q (21) Testimony of Calvin Bud Owens, Warren Commission Hearings. April 9, 1964, vol. VII, p. 78. (23) See ref. 1,CE 2985, p. 9. (23) Staff interview of Mrs. Johnnie Maxie Witherspoon, Sept 24, 1977, House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 1 (JFK Doc. No. 002372). (24) Id. at pp. 1-2. (25) Id. at p. 2. (26) Ibid. (27) Id. at p. 4. (28 ) See ref. 1, CE 3001, p. 2. (29) Ibid. (30) Ibid. ^ r. ^^ -.r.n'T (31) Staff memorandum to Bob Tanenbaum from Andy Purdy, Feb. 19, 1977, House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 2 (JFK Doc. No. 00837). (32) Ibid. (33) Ibid. (3.'t) Ibid. (35) Ibid. (S6) Ibid. (37) Ibid. (38) Id. at pp. 2-3. (39) Id. at p. 3. (JfO) Ibid. (J^1) Ibid. (42) Ibid. (Jt3) Ibid. (44) Ibid. (J,5) Id. at p. 4. (46) Ibid. (47) Ibid. (ii8) Staff interview of Wes Wise, May 11, 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations (JFK Doc. No. 008721). (49) Ibid. (JO) Investigative notes received from Wes Wise (JFK Doc. No. 013919). (51) FBI Interview of Wes Wise, Dec. 4, 1963, FBI Report by SA Charles T. Brown, file No. DL 89-43 (JFK Doc. No. 01.3912). (52) FBI Interview of Milton Love, Dec. 5, 1963, FBI Report by SA Charles T. Brown, Dec. 14, 1963, file No. DL 100-10461 (JFK Doc. No. 013918). (53) FBI Report by SA Charles T. Brown. Dec. 14, 1963, file No. DL 100-10461 (JFKDoc. No. 013916). (54) Ibid. (55) FBI Interview of Mrs. Carl A. Mather, Dec. 5, 196.3, FBI Report by SA Charles T. Brown, Dec. 14, 1963, file No. DL 100-10461 (JFK Doc. No. 013914). (56) Ibid. (57) Ibid. (58) Ibid. (59) FBI Interview of Wes Wise, Dec. 9, 1963, FBI Report by SA Charles T. Brown, Dec. 14, 1963, file No. DL 100-10461 (JFK Doc. No. 013915). (60) Ibid. (61) Ibid. 44 (62) Interview of T. F. White, Dec. 13. 1963, FBI Report by SA Charles T. Brown, Dec. 14, 1963, file No. 100-10461 (JFK Doc. No. 013913). (63) Ibid. (64) Ibid. (65) Ibid. (66) Ibid. (67) Ibid. (68) Ibid. (69) Staff Interview of Carl Amos Mather, Mar. 20, 1978, House Select Com- mittee on Assassinations (JFK Doc. No. 006910). (70) Ibid. (71) Ibid. (72) Id. at p. 4. (75) Ibid. (7^) Id. at p. 2. (75) Id. at 4. (76) Ibid. (77) Id. at p. 3. (78) Ibid. (79) Id. at p. 4. (80) Ibid. (SI) Ibid. (82) Id. at p. 2. (83) Ibid. (84) Id. at p. 3. (85) Staff Interview of Wes Wise, Nov. 2, 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations (JFK Doc. No. 013219). (86) Ibid. (87) Testimony of Domingo Benavides, Apr. 2, 1964, 6 Warren Report Hear- ings, p. 447. (88) Ibid. (89) Ibid. (90) Ibid. (91) Ibid. (92) Ibid. (93) Id. at p. 453. (9//) Ibid. (.95) Ibid. (96) Ibid. (97) Staff Interview of Jack R. Tatum, Feb. 1, 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations (JFK Doc. No. 6905). (98) Ibid. (99) Ibid. (100) Ibid. (101) Iliid. (102) Ibid. (103) Il>id. (104) Ibid. (105) Ibid. (106) Ibid. (107) FBI Interview of Austin Cook, IMay 15. 1964, Warren Commission Ex- hibit 2985, p. 10. 26 Warren Report Hearings, p. 488. (108) Ibid. (109) Ibid. (110) Ibid. (HI) Staff Interview of Austin Cook, Mar. 9, 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 2 (JFK Doc. No. 14231). (112) Ibid. (113) Ibid. (Ill,) Ibid. (115) Ibid. (116) Ibid. (117) Ibid. (118) Ibid. (119) Ibid. 45 {120) FBI Interview of Mrs. Bert Bowman, Nov. 24. 1963, FBI Report by SA Robert ('. Lish and David H. Barry, Nov. 15, 1963. tile No. DL 44-1639 (JIK Doc. No. 004766). {121) Ibid. {122) Ibid. (i2;J) Ibid. » {12 J,) Ibid. (i2.5) Id. at p. 2. {126) Ibid. {121) Ibid. {128) Ibid. ( 129) Staff Interview of Maebert Leolla Cook, Mar. 9, 1978, House Select Com- mittee on Assasisinations, p. 1 (JFK Doc. No. 006909) . {ISO) Id. at p. 2. 4.3-792—79- GEORGE DE MOHEENSCHILDT Staff Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations U.S. House of Representatives Ninety-fifth Congress Second Session March 1979 (47) CONTENTS Paragrapb Foreword ij) I. De Mohrenschildt's background (1) II. Allegations of de Mohrenschildt Nazi activity (10) III. Knowledge of Oswald's possession of the rifle (19) IV. Allegations of de Mohrenschildt intelligence connections (29) V. De Mohrenschildt activities in Haiti (37) VI. De Mohrenschildt military connections Page (80) Appendix : Manuscript by George de Mohrenschildt, "I am a Patsy ! I am a Patsy !" — 69 (48) I Foreword (1) The AVarren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald ticted alone in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, that he was not tied to any intelligence agency, and that none of his associates were tied to the assassination. Nevertheless, speculation continued to center about one of Oswald's associations: George de Mohrensehildt and de Mohrenschildt 's background. t : The Warren Com- mission concluded about de JNIohrenschild The Commission's investigation has developed no signs of subversive or disloyal conduct on the part of either of the de Mohrenschildts. Neither the FBI, CIA, nor any other wit- ness contacted by the Commission has provided any informa- tion linking the de Mohrenschildts to subversive or extremist organizations. Nor has there been any evidence linking them in any way with the assassination of President Kennedy, (i) (2) Despite this disclaimer of any subversive or disloyal activity on the part of de Mohrensehildt by the Warren Commission, de Mohrensehildt was rumored to have had ties with the intelligence communities of several countries. Indeed de Mohrensehildt himself admitted some involvement with French intelligence, but his ac- tual role with them was iiever fully disclosed, and he emphatically denied any other intelligence associations. He explained his travels to Haiti witii the cooperation of the Haitian Government as innocuous business deals with no political overtones. (3) Speculation also continued about Oswald's relationship to de Mohrensehildt because of the contrast between the backgroimds of the two men. De Mohrensehildt was described as sophisticated and well educated, moving easily in the social and professional circles of oil- men and the so-called '"'\A^iite Russian" community, many of whom includeavowed were rightwingers. much education or influence, he wasbackground "lowly" Oswald's and did not in fact shunned by the same Dallas Russian community that embraced de Mohrensehildt. (4) The committee undertook to probe more into the background and associations of de ]Mohrenschildt to detemiine if more light could be shed to either explain the relationship between Oswald and de Mohrensehildt or to determine if any new information contradicts that which was availalile to the Warren Commission. This probe seemed justified in view of the controversy that continues to surround the relationship, and the additional speculation that was caused by the apparent suicide of de INIohrenschildt in 1977 on the day he was contacted by both an investigator from the committee and a writer about Oswald. I. De Mohrexsciiildt's Background (5) De Mohrensehildt testified extensively before the Warren Com- mission about his childhood in Russia and Poland and his family. He (49) 50 was born on April 17, 1911, in Mozyr in Czarist Kussia. (^) . His father, Sergius Alexander von Molirenschildt, was a "marshal of nobility" in Minsk Province, and he served as director of the Nobel interests in Russia. (J) His mother, Alexandra Zopalsky, was of Russian, Polish, and Hungarian descent. (4) . (6) De ]Mohrenschildt"s family had long had ties to the United States. A descendant of the de Molirenschildt family, Baron Hilien- felt, who was a Baltic Swede, fought in the American Army of Inde- pendence, according to de Molirenschildt. (5) An uncle, Ferdinand de Mohrenschildt, was First Secretary of the last Russian Embassy in Washington under the Czarist government. ((?) De Mohrenschildt's brother, Dimitri von Molirenschildt, emigrated to the United States and became a professor at Dartmouth University. (7) (7) De JMohrenschildt's father was jailed by the Communist regime in 1920 for criticizing the Communist Government. (8) Friends of the government intervened to secure his release. (^) He was jailed again in 1921 and was banished to Siberia (i^*) for life. De Molirenschildt explained that sentence was imposed when his father maintained that the kind of government he favored for the Russian people was a con- stitutional monarchy. (11 ) (8) Sergius von Mohrenschildt escaped with his family to Poland; de Mohrenschildt's mother died soon after from typhoid ievQV which she had contracted during the escape. (7^) While living in Poland the elder de Mohrenschildt successfully fought to regain an estate he had held in Russia near the Polish border. (IS) It was money from that estate that George de Mohrenschildt brought to the United States in 1938 when he started his first business interest. (/4) The size of the estate at that time was estimated at approximately $10,000. (/5) (9) De Mohrenschildt testified that his brother Dimitri remained a "ferocious anti-Communist." (7/?) He served in the Czarist Russian Imperial 'Nnyy.( 17) After the Russian revolution, Dimitri von Moh- renschildt joined anti-Communist groups and was jailed by the Com- munists and sentenced to death. (7(§) He was released from jail in a prisoner exchange with the help of a Polisli Catholic bishop. (75) Dimitri von Mohrenschildt emigrated to the United States in August 1920. (^^) IT. Atxegattots of de Mohrenschildt Nazi AcTrviTT (10) On October 8. 1942 the U.S. Department of State placed a "refusal" or "lookout" in de Mohrenschildt's passport office file.(^/) The committee was informed liy the State Department that the effect of such a "lookout" would be that wlien the person applied for any type of passport action the file would be reviewed to determiTie if the person posed a security threat or had made false statements upon enterin.q' the United States. (22) (11) The reason given for the lookout in de Mohrenschildt's file was: "Alleged to be Nazi agent. Refer any anplication to Fraud Sec- tion." (^.?) The file was cross-referenced to the file of Lilia P. Larin.C^O (12)^ De 31ohrenschildt entered the United States in 19P>S.(2-5) Ac- cording to his Warren Commission testimony, in 1942 de Moliren- 51 schildt met and fell in love with Lilia Larin, a Mexican citizen, and they traveled to Mexico together. (^6") They stopped at a beach in Corpus Christi. Tex., enroute to Mexico and were then confronted by American Government agents, whom de Mohrenschildt thought might have been FBI agents. (27) The agents accused de Mohrenschildt of being a German Nazi spy. (^5) Their car was searched but they were then allowed to continue on their way into Mexico. (^5) (13) After de Mohrenschildt lived in Mexico for several months, the ISIexican Government informed him that he was a persona non grata in Mexico and ordered him to leave the country. (SO) De ISIohren- schildt speculated that the expulsion was prompted by General Maxino Camacho of the Mexican Army, who was jealous of de Mohren- schildt'srelationship with Lilia Larin. (.5i) (14) De Mohrenschildt's passport file also contained a document dated January 23, 1943, that referred to the censorship of mail of Lilia Larin. According to that document, a letter by Larin to the Mexican Government was intercepted: in that letter, Larin was seeking to intercede on de Mohrenschildt's behalf in getting permission for him to enter Mexico. (^;^) (15) AAHien de Mohrenschildt applied for a U.S. passport in Jan- uary 1957, his application contained a pencilled notation referring to the earlier lookout in his file. (^-5) Nevertheless, the application was approved and de Mohrenschildt's passport was issued on January 23, 1957.(34-) A similar notation was made on de Mohrenschildt's applica- tion in March 1960 when he applied for a passport renewal. (^5) The refusal was similarly disregarded at that time, and he continued to receive passport renewals. (^(5) There was no further reference in de Mohrenschildt's State Department file about the original allegation or the determinations to later disregard the refusal. (16) The Warren Commission also questioned de Mohrenschildt about the background of his cousin. Baron Maydell, and the allega- tions that INIaydell mav have had connections with the Nazis. De Mohrenschildt described INIaydoll as a "\"\niite Russian who was op- posed to communism and thought he could get the return of h^s Rus- sian estate through intervention of the Germans. (37) In de Moliren- schildt's opinion, it was Maydell's German sympathies that created controversy and speculation that he was a German spy. (-55) (17) In 1941 de ]Mohren schildt began work with Mavdell's com- pany. Film Facts, Inc., in New York. (39) De iMohrenschildt said he saw the work as an opportunity to learn something about making docu- mentary movies. (40) With INLaydell he made a documentary about the resistance movement in Poland and solicited the sponsorship of the Polish Consulate. (4^) De Mohrenschildt said the movie was also used to benefit Polish refn.fees. (.>^^) (18) De Mohrenschildt's Central Intelligence Agency file contains a memo dated July 30, 1942. that referred to some type of film enterprise. The memo is written bv Ensi.o-n Horrigan and directed to Commander Vanderbilt of the Office of Strateffic Sennces (OSS). In the memo Horrip-an states that de IMohren schildt said ho was representin.<^ an Irish film company that had taken pictures during the Spanish Civil War. (4^) Horrigan wrote de Mohrenschildt's uncle's apartment was raided and that many films of a pro-Nazi nature were discovered which 52 were intended to show the force and effectiveness of the German Army.(^^) III. Knowledge of Oswald's Possessiox of the Rifle (19) George de Mohrenschildt testified before the Warren Com- mission that one evening when he and his wife visited the Oswalds at their Neely Street address in Dallas, Marina Oswald exclaimed that Oswald had bought a gun and showed the gun to Jeanne de Mohren- schildt. (4^) De Mohrenschildt testified that this took place around Easter in the spring of 1963 and that the occasion of the visit was to take an Easter present or toy to the Oswald's daughter. (46) (20) In his testimony de Mohrenschildt related that during that visit he and Oswald stood talking in the front room, (4-7) Marina Os- wald opened a closet door to show the gun to Jeanne, and Jeanne in turn called out to George who was in the next room that Lee had a gun. (48) De Mohrenschildt said he did not look at the gun, but that Marina said Oswald used it for target shooting and that it had a telescopic sight. (49) (21) De Mohrenschildt said he then asked Oswald "jokingly" if Oswald had taken the shot at General Walker, which had occurred in Dallas on April 10, 1963. (50) De Mohrenschildt said Oswald became tense, "sort of shriveled" and made some kind of face in answer to the question without specifically answering the question. (51) (22) Nevertheless, in an interview at the American Embassy in Haiti in December 1963 with State Department officials, the de Mohren- schildts claimed that the gun incident had occurred in the fall of 1962. (52) Mrs. de Mohrenschildt stated that Marina Oswald had said "Look how crazy he is, he has bought a gun." (-5^) Mrs. de Mohren- schildt said she thought Oswald had only recently purchased the gun, that it was about 4 feet long, and that she did not know if it was a rifle or a shotgun. (54) She said Marina Oswald told her there was some- thing special about the gun, that it was either automatic or had a telescopic sight. (55) In that interview, de Mohrenschildt claimed that the last time he and his wife saw the Oswalds was in January 1963 and that the de INIohrenschildts were too busy preparing for their upcom- ing trip to Haiti to see the Oswalds after that. (56) (23) De Mohrenschildt had contacted the American Embassy in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, immediately after the assassination and said he had been acquainted with Lee Harvey Oswald, volunteering to be of assistance during the assassination investigation. (57) (24) An April 1, 1977, the committee received from Jeanne de Mohrenschildt, the widow of George de Mohrenschildt, a photograph of Oswald standing in a yard and holding a rifle in one hand and two newspapers in the other hand. (58) a gun was strapped in a holster on his hip. Tliis photograph, which was similar to other photographs recov^ered in a search of Oswald's property on November 23, 1963, had never been seen by the Warren Commission or law enforcement of- ficials. (25) On the rear of the photograph was the notation "To my friend George from Lee Oswald," with the date "5/IV/63" and another nota- tion "Copyright Geo de M", and an inscription in Eussian reading "Hunter of facists, ha-ha-ha!" (59) A handwriting panel engaged I 53 by the committee determined that the writing "To my friend George" and the Oswald signature were the writing of Lee Harvey Oswald. (60) The panel was not able to conclude whether the other writing was written by Lee Harvey Oswald, Marina Oswald, or George de Mohrenschildt. (61) (26) On April 1, 1977, the committee also received from Jeanne de Mohrenschildt a copy of the manuscript of the book, "I Am A Patsy, about his I AmrelationshipA Patsy," "which George with Lee de Mohrenschild Harvey Oswald at t the writing was time of de Mohrenschildt's suicide on March 29, 1977. (^^) In that manu- script, de Mohrenschildt wrote that he and his wife had stumbled upon the gim photo in February 1967 in boxes of their belongings that they had placed in storage in early 1963 before their departure for Haiti in May 19C)?>.{63) De Mohrenschildt speculated in the manu- script that Oswald had in a sense left them a "gift from the grave," placing the photograph where it could later be discovered by de INIoh- renschildt..(6'^) He explained that the photo was among English prac- tice records that he and his wife had loaned to Marina Oswald, and that somehow the Oswalds had managed to return those records, in- cluding the photograph, to the de Mohrenschildts' possessions. (^5) (27) In the manuscript de Mohrenschildt identified the handwritten date of the photograph, •'5/IV/63" as April 5, 1963— and stated that at that time ho and his wife "were thousands of miles away in Haiti." (6"^) That statement contradicts the statements de Mohren- schildt gave to Warren Commission and State Department officials about the dates of his travel to Haiti. (28) The circumstances of the de Mohrenschildts' learning that Oswald owned a rifle, de Mohrenschildt's comment to Oswald about the Walker shooting, and tlie circumstances of the "discovery" of the gun photograph in the de Mohrenschildts'' possessions may indicate knowledge the de Mohrenschildts had about the violent turn Oswald's political inclinations had taken that have not been fully explored. IV. Allegations of de Mohrenschildt Intelligence Connections (29) During his Warren Commission testimony, de Mohrenschildt was asked by Counsel Jenner if he had "ever been in any res|>ect an agent." (^7) De JNIohrenschildt responded that he never had.{68) He testified that none of his foreign ventures had ever involved any polit- ical activity. (/?,9) Nevertheless, de Mohrenschildt explained that in 1941 he was involved with Pierre Fraiss who was connected with French intelligence work in the United States. (76*) (30) De Mohrenschildt said he went to work for the Shumaker Co. in ISTew York as a salesman when he first arrived in the ITnited States in 1938. (7i) He identified Fraiss as the chief of export of the Shu- maker Co. and one of his best friends. (7,^) De Mohrenschildt said he knew Fraiss was connected with French intelligence and that he worked for Fraiss "collect [ing] facts on people involved in pro-Ger- man activity." (7J') De Mohrenschildt said the work with Freiss took him around the ITnited States. (74) It also involved contacting oil companies in the United States about selling oil to the French in com- petition against German oil supplies during the war. (75) De IMohren- schildt was compensated for expenses incurred in the "data collection'^ 54 ■for Fraiss, but was not paid a salary, according to his sworn testi- mony. (7^) ^ (31) In his Warren Commission testimony de Mohrenschildt stated that he believed he had discussed Lee Harvey Oswald with J. Walton IVToore, whom de Mohrenschildt described as "a Government man — either FBI or Central Intelligence." (77) De Mohrenschildt said Moore had interviewed him when he returned from Yugoslavia and that he was known as the head of the FBI in Dallas. (75) De IMohren- ^childt asserted that he asked Moore and Ft. Worth attorney Max Clark about Oswald to reassure himself that it was "safe" for the de Mohrenschildts to assist Oswald. (7P) According to his testimony, ■de Mohrenschildt was told by one of the persons he talked to about Oswald, although he said he could not remember who it was, that "the guy seems to be OK." (5(9) (32) This admitted association with J. Walton Moore fed the rumors of some involvement by de JSIohrenschildt in intelligence activities. (33) In 1963 J. Walton Moore Avas employed b}^ the Central Intel- ligence Agency in Dallas, Tex., in the Domestic Contacts Divi- sion. (51) According to Moore's CIA personnel file, he was assigned to the Domestic Contacts Division in 1948. (5^) Moore's duties in the Dallas office were contacting individuals in the area who had informa- tion on foreign topics. (83) (34) In an Agency memorandum dated April 13, 1977, contained in George de IMohrenschildt's CIA file, INIoore set forth facts to counter a claim which had been recently made by WFAA-TV in Dallas that Lee Harvey Oswald was employed by the CIA and that jMoore knew Oswald. In that memo, Moore is quoted as sa3^ing that according to his records the last time he talked to George de IMohrenschildt was in the fall of 1961. (<§4) Moore said that he had no recollection of any conversation with de IMohronschildt concerning Lee Harvey Oswald. (85) The memo also noted that Moore recalled only two occasions when he met de Mohrenschildt : First, in the spring of 1958 to discuss the mutual interest the two couples had in mainland China; and then in the fall of 1961 when the de Mohrenschildts showed films of their Latin American walking trip. (86) (3.5) Other documents in de Mohrenschildt's CIA file indicated more contact between IMoore and de INIohrenschildt than was stated in the 1977 memo by Moore. In a memorandum dated May 1, 1964, from Moore to the Acting Chief of the Contacts Division of the CIA, Moore stated that he had known George de INIohrenschildt and his wife since 1957, at which time Moore got biographical data on de Mohrenschildt after de Mohrenschildt's trip to Yugoslavia for the International Co- operation Administration. (57) Moore said also in that 1964 memo that he saw de Mohrenschildt several times in 1958 and 1959.(55) (36) De Mohrenschildt's CIA file contained several reports submitted by de Mohrenschildt to the CIA on topics concerning Yugoslavia. (5.9) (37) In an interview with the committee on INIarch 14, 1978, Moore stated that he did interview de Mohrenschildt in 1957 after the Yugo- slavia trip. (90) At that time Moore also indicated he had "periodic'* 55 1. Sam 57 Kail,* an Army Intelligence officer who was working in IMiaini at that time.(n8) Kail suggested that ^Irs. Matlack talk to Charles when he visited Washington, D.C., because of Charles' relationship to Presi- dent Duvalier of Haiti and Haiti's strategic position relative to Castro's Cuba. (iiP) (49) During the committee interview, Mi-s. Matlack said that she arranged a meeting for Charles in May 1963 in downtown Washing- ton with Tony Czaikowski of the CIA, whom she introduced as a professor froni Georgetown University. (120) She described Charles as "frantic and frightened" during the meeting. (121) He urged Mrs. Matlack to get the U.S. Marines to invade Haiti and overthrow Duvalier. (if2>) (50) Mrs. :Matlack said George and Jeanne de Mohrenschildt accom- panied Charles to this meeting and that their presence was a "sur- prise" to lier.(/,^-5) She did not know what role de ]\Io]irenschildt was serA'ing, but felt he "dominated" Charles in some y\'Ry.(P24-) ^Irs. Matlack said that despite the explanation of Charles and de Mohren- schildt that they were in the jute business together, she did not believe that was the reason for their presence together at the meeting. (i^5) Referring to de Mohrenschildt, Mrs. Matlack said, "I knew the Texan wasn't there to sell hemp." (7^6") (51) Mrs. INIatlack said she was so disturbed bv de Mohrenschildt at the meeting that slie discussed it with the FBI liaison. Pat Put- nam. (7^7) Mrs. ^latlack said she never heard what action, if any, was taken by the FBI about de IVIohrenschildt. (7^5) (52) According to ■Mrs. Matlack. Charles had no military informa- tion of value to offer. (7^.9) She did not recall Charles ever discussing the question of arms sales to Haiti. (/5(?) Because of the potential political information Charles could give about the current situation in Haiti, the CIA became the primary contact with Charles. (7-57) Mrs. JNIatlack said that except for a few phone calls after that meeting she never had any further contact with Charles. (53) A Washington Post article by Xorman Gale, dated Septem- ber 29, 1964, reported that Haitian President Francois Duvalier had received two T-28 fighter planes from Dallas, Tex. (7-5^) The article stated the planes were flown to Haiti illegally. (7-5-5) (54) According to the article, Duvalier made down pavment on the planes with a letter of credit for $210,000 drawn on the Banque Com- merciale of Port-au-Prince, Haiti (7.?4) The article identified Clemard Jo'^eph Charles as president and principal stockholder of the bank and a close ally of Duvalier. (135) (55) The article stated that Charles visited the United States earlier in 1964 to buv boats and other weapons, and that he visited Dallas during that trip. (136) (56) The article re]:)orted that I. Irving Davidson, Washington lob- byist, visited Haiti in May 1963 with two Dallas arms suppliers. (757) (57) I. Irving Davidson was interviewed by the committee on No- vember 2, 1978, in Washington, D.C. At that time Davidson was asked ♦For further information on Sam Kail, see "Staff Report on Anti-Castro Orga- nizations. Anti-Castro Activists, and Lee Harvey Oswald's Activities in New Orleans," Hearings before the House Select Committee on Assassinations, 95th Cons.. 2d sess., Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Otfice, 1979. pars. 147-151. 58 about his business invoh^ement with Haiti and the Haitian Govern- ment and possible ties with George de Mohrenschildt. (58) Davidson said he first became involved in business in Haiti in 1962 or 1963 through Sam Ferber, whom Davidson described as an import-export dealer from New York.{138) Davidson said that he registered at that time with the State Department as a lobbyist on be- half of the Haitian Government. (i-/) De Mohrenschildt said the party took place in either January or February of 19QS.{202) De Mohren- schildt stated that it was his "recollection" that that was the only time he saw Ruth Paine. {20S) (79) In her Warren Commission testimony, Ruth Paine stated that she first met George de Mohrenschildt and his wife at the party at Everett Glover's, and that she never saw them again after that.(l6>^) Ruth Paine gave the date of that party as February 22, 1963. (^6^5) She stated that she had "no conversations, no letters, no contact what- soever" with the de Mohrenschildts either before or after that party. (206) VI. De Mohrenschildt Mhitaey Connections (80) In addition to being present with Clemard Joseph Charles at a meeting in Washington, D.C., in May 1963 with a member of the Army Chief of Staff for Intelligence Office, George de Mohrenschildt had other personal associations with military personnel. (81) An FBI memorandum dated September 15, 1942, stated that at that time de Mohrenschildt lived at 3022 Benton Street NW., in Washington, D.C., with Quinten Keynes, whom the memorandum described as a member of British intelligence, and two American 62 naval officers. (^^7) The memorandum also stated that de Mohren- schildt was allegedly "very pro-Nazi." {208) (82) In October 1942 the FBI interviewed the man who rented the Benton Street house, Paul Joachim. Joachim told the FBI that he was employed at the time in the Navy building. (^05) The other occu- pants of the house were Lt. Cdr. Harry Hull of the U.S. Navy, and Quinton Quines, who Joachim said worked at the British Em- bassy, (^i^) Joachim said de Mohrenschildt lived at the house durmg the end of May and all of June 1942. (^ii) He said de Mohrenschildt never made any statements about feelings toward any country, and no statements which were pro-Nazi. (212) (83) De Mohrenschildt testified before the Warren Commission that at the time he first met Oswald in Fort Worth in the summer of 1962 he was accompanied by Col. Lawrence Orlov.(^i,^) De Mohrenschildt described Orlov as his "very close friend" and stated that the two men were on business together in Fort Worth when de Mohrenschildt sug- gested that they visit the Oswald family, (^i^) No further informa- tion about Orlov was elicited; he was presumably retired from the militaiy at that time. (84) De Mohrenschildt testified further that during the first period of his acquaintance with the Oswalds in the fall of 1962, he and his wife took the Oswalds to a party in Dallas at the home of retired Navy Adm. Chester Bruton.(^i5) De Mohrenschildt said he and his wife were close to the Brutons.(^i^) During the party Bruton asked Oswald about his service in the Marine Corps, and according to de Mohrenschildt, received such a negative response from Oswald that the conversation was quickly terminated. {217) Geoege de Mohrenschildt Chronology From Warren Commission Testimony April 17, 1911 — Born in Mozyr, Russia, to Sergis Alexander Von Mohrenschildt and Alexandra Zopalsky. 1918 — Returned to live in Minsk after the Russia revolution. 1920 — (Father seized and put in jail by the Communists. 1921 — Father banished to Siberia aftfer second arrest ; sentenced to life imprison- ment. 1922 — ^Father released from prison due to illness and escaped with family to Poland ; mother died soon after from typhoid fever. 1929 — Graduated from gymnasium in Wilno, Poland. Volunteered for Polish Army and attended Polish Military Academy in Grudziondz. 1931 — Graduated from military academy with rank of sergeant candidate oflScer. Went to Belgium and enrolled in Institut Superieur de Commerce at Antwerp. Returned to Poland to take part in military summer maneuvers. Approximately 1936 — Received masters degree equivalent at Institut. Entered University of Liege. 1938 — Received equivalent of doctor of science of international commerce from Liege. During university studies ran sport shop business with girlfriend. May 1938 — Emigrated to the United States with approximately $10,000 from his mother's estate and sports business. Worked for Chevalier Garde in New York selling perfumes. Worked as salesman for Shumaker & Co. Met Jackie Kennedy and her mother at Belport, Long Island, during the summer vacation. 1939-41— Dabbled in insurance business but failed to pass broker's examination. 1939— Worked for Humble Oil in Houston, Tex. Visited Louisiana home of Margaret Clark Williams who had large oil property in Louisiana. Returned to Louisiana and worked on rig in Terrebonne Parish. Tried to get job as polo instructor at Arizona Desert School for Boys. Contracted amoebic dysentery in Louisiana and returned to New York to recover. Mobilized by the Polish Army; contacted Polish Embassy in Washington, D.O., but, "It was too late to join the Polish Army." 63 1941— Cousin Baron Maydell offered de Mohrenschildt job making documentary movies. Assisted making of movie on Polish resistance. 1941_Worked with Pierre Fraiss at Shuniaker Co. ; assisted Fraiss in "collectins facts on people involved in pro-German activity" on behalf of French intelli- gence in the United States. Traveled to Texas to attempt to contact oil com- panies about French purchases. Approximately 1941 — Received 4-F deferment from American Army. Met Lilia Pardo Larin through "King of Bananas" of Brazil, Dr. Paulo Machado, and went to live with her in Mexico. Oar stopped by FBI agents at Corpus Christi and de Mohrenschildt accused of taking photographs of Coast Guard station at Arkansas Pass; carried Polish passport, accused of being German spy. Remained in Mexico approximately 9 months; invested in sugar company. Expelled from Mexico for allegedly illicit relationship with Lilia and returned to the United States. 1942 — Met Dorothy Pierson in Palm Beach. 1943 — Married Dorothy Pierson. Exhibited paintings at Newton Gallery in New York. 1944 — Traveled to Texas. Got a loan from the Russian Student Fund. Applied at Colorado School of Mines, Rice Institute and University of Texas. Entered University of Texas School of Geology with minor in petroleum engineering. 1945 — Received masters degree in petroleum geology. Worked as field engineer for Pantepec Oil Co. in Venezuela. 1946 — Returned to the United States. Went to work for Rangely Field Commit- tee in Colorado and worked in drilling statistics and technology. Met Phyllis Washington during vacation in New York. 1947 — First went to Haiti and began establishing mining and development business. July 1949 — Became American citizen. 1949 — Received divorce from Phyllis Washington. 1950 — Moved to Denver. Formed Hooker and de Mohrenschildt partnership in drilling and leases. April 1951 — Married Wynne Sharpies. 1952 — Terminated partnership with Ed Hooker, returned to New York. 1953 — Son Sergei born. 1954 — ^Daughter Nayda born. Formed Walden Oil Co. with wife's uncle, Col. Edward J. Walz. 1956 — Took job in Haiti with Sinclair Oil Co. Traveled to Nigeria, France, Mexico on oil exploration, also Ghana, Togoland, France. Traveled to Cuba for Pantetec Oil Co. Traveled for Charmex, Cuban Venezuelan Trust, Warren Smith Co., Three Stat^ Oil & Gas and Lehman Trading Corp. 1957 — Contacted by Core Lab of Dallas about work in Yugoslavia for Inter- national Cooperation Administration and Yugoslav Government. 1957 — Divorced from Didi Sharpies. Feb.-Oct. 1957 — Worked in Yugoslavia under ICA. Accused by Communists of making sketches of military fortifications in Yugoslavia. Met Jeanne Le Gon in Dallas. 1958 — Returned to Yugoslavia to develop drilling venture using Yugoslav labor for John Mecom of Cardwell Tool Corp. Visited Poland for 10 days. Visited Dominican Embassy in Washington, D.O., to discuss oil project with Ambassador. 1959 — Married Jeanne Le Gon. 1959 or 1960 — Went to Mexico City for Texas Eastern Corp. and encountered Mikoyan. 1960 — Son Sergei died of cystic fibrosis. Became chairman of Cystic Fibrosis Fund of Dallas. Started National Foundation for Cystic Fibrosis with Jacqueline Kennedy as honorary chairman. 1960 — Went on walking trip from Mexico through Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama. Fall 1961 — Returned from walking trip. Early 1962 — Went to Haiti to set up project to review mining resources of Haiti. Returned to Louisiana on Lykes Line ship. Began geology consulting work in Dallas. Summer 1962 — Told by George Bouhe of young American defector who returned to United States with Russian wife living in Fort Worth. A few days later, went with Colonel Orlov to visit Oswalds ; Marina was home alone ; Oswald 64 1 arrived home later. A few days after that saw Marina alone again when his wife took her to a dental clinic at Baylor. Offered to help Oswald find a job ; introduced him to Samuel Ballen — later said that may have occurred in December 1962 or January 1963. Sept. 1962 — Visited Oswald home in Oak Cliff: Marina had a black eye and claimed Oswald was beating her. Helped Marina move in with the Mellers. A few days later Oswald came by and asked for the address of the Mellers. Talked to Max Clark about Oswald and J. Walton Moore. Oct. 1962— (Visited Elena Hall while Marina was living with her. Christmas 1962— Invited Oswalds to party at home of Declan Ford. Did not see Oswalds in October, November, and December 1962 until the Christmas party. January 1963 — Took Oswalds to party at home of Everett Glover. Met Ruth Paine for the first time at Glover's party ; never saw Ruth Paine again. During same period took Oswalds to party at home of Adm. Chester Bruton. March 1963 — Went to Haiti to arrange geology contract with Haitian Govern- ment. Stopped over in Dominican Republic. March 13, 1963 — Congress of Haiti approved de Mohrenschildt's geological sur- vey for $285,000 ; part of payment to de Mohrenschildt is to be interest in sisal plantation with 10 year concession. Easter 1963 — Visited Oswalds at Neely Street address; Marina showed Jeanne Oswald's gun. Asked Oswald about the Walker shooting. May 1963 — Left Dallas for Haiti ; stopped over in New York, Washington, and Philadelphia. June 1963 — Went to Haiti. Stopped over in Dominican Republic. April 1964 — Went to Dominican Republic from Haiti to get Bureau of Mines in- formation. Went to San Juan, P.R. Submitted by: Ms. SuRELL Brady, REFERENCES Sta-ff Cowmel. (i) Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy (Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964), pp. 283- 84 (hereinafter Warren report) . (2) Testimony Commission on the of George de ofMohrenschildt, Assassination Hearings President Kennedy of the President's (Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964), Apr. 22, 1964, vol. 9, p. 168 (hereinafter "War- ren Commission" ) . (3) Id. at p. 169. (^) Id. at p. 168. (5) Id. at p. 183. (6) Id. at p. 173. (de Mohrenschildt testified that Ferdinand de Mohrenschildt, who died in 1924 or 1925, was married to the daughter of William Gibbs McAdoo.) (7) Id. at p. 271. (Counsel Jenner of the Warren Commission asked de Mohren- schildt if Sergius de Mohrenschildt, who was reportedly born in Pennsylvania and went into the oil business, was his grandfather, but de Mohrenschildt could not confirm that information.) (8) Id. at p. 171. (9) Ibid. {10) Id. at p. 172. (11) Ibid. {12) Id. at pp. 172-73. {IS) Id. at p. 174. {Ik) Id. at p. 178. {15) Id. at p. 179. {IQ) Id. at p. 176. {11) Ibid. {m Ibid. (J9) Id. at p. 177. {20) Ibid (George de Mohrenschildt explained in his testimony that he ceased using the prefix "Von" in his name when he became an American citizen and adopted the French "de." His brother Dimitri, however, retained the original name.) 65 (21) Department of State, Passport OflBce document, October 8, 1942, House Select Committee on Assassinations, Tab B, p. 2. (JFK Classified Document No. 172). (22) Staff outside contact report, Oct. 24, 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations (JFK Document No. 013224) . (23) Department of State, Passport OflBce document, Oct. 8, 1942, House Select Committee on Assassinations, Tab B, p. 2. (JFK Classified Document No. 172). (24) Ibid. (25) Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt, Warren Commission Hearings, Apr. 22, 1964, vol. 9, p. 179. (26) Id. at p. 185. (27) Id. at p. 186. (28) Ibid. (29) Ibid. (30) Id. at p. 187. (31) Ibid. (32) Department of State, OflSce of Censorship Document, Jan. 23, 1943, House Select Committee on Assassinations, Tab B, p. 3. (JFK Classified Document No. 172). (33) Department of State, Passport OflBce document, passport application, 1/ /57 (date illegible) , George de Mohrenschildt Passport OflBce file. (34) Ibid. (35) Department of State, Passport OflBce document, passport renewal applica- tion, Mar. 10, 1960, George de Mohrenschildt Passport OflBce file. (36) Ibid. (37) Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt, Warren Commission Hearings, Apr. 22, 1964, vol. 9, p. 182. (38) Ibid. (39) Ibid. (40) Ibid. (4?) Id. at pp. 182-83. (42) Id. at p. 182. (43) CIA classified document, OSS Memo, July 30, 1942, George de Mohren- schildt 201 file. (44) Ibid. (45) Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt, Warren Commission Hearings, Apr. 23, 1964, vol. 9, p. 249. (46) Id. at p. 248. (.^7) Id. at p. 249. (48) Ibid. (49) Ibid. (50) Ibid. (51) Ibid. (52) Department of State airgram, Dec. 8, 1963, House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 3. (JFK Document No. 011353) . (53) Ibid. (54) Ibid. (55) Ibid. (56) Ibid. (57) Ibid. (58) AflBdavit of Receipt of de Mohrenschildt items, Apr. 1, 1977, House Select Committee on Assassinations. (JFK Document No. 001145. JFK exhibit F-382. F-383). (59) Ibid. (60) Testimony of Joseph McNally, Sept. 14, 1978, hearings before the House Select Committee on Assassinations, 95th Cong., 2d sess., Washington, D.C. ; U.S. Government Printing OflBce, 1979, vol. II, p. 376 (hereinafter referred to as McNally testimony (Sept. 14, 1978, II HSCA-JFK hearings, 376). (61) Ibid. (62) AflBdavit of receipt of de Mohrenschildt items, Apr. 1, 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations (JFK Document No. 001145). '(63) De Mohrenschildt manuscript, House Select Committee on Assassinations (JFK Document No. 001198) . (64) Id. at p. 184. (65) Id. at p. 182. (66) Id. at p. 183. 66 (67) Testimony of George de MohrenscMldt, Warren Commission Hearings, Apr. 22, 1964, vol. 9, p. 212. (68) Ibid. (69) Ibid. (70) Id. at p. 184. (71) Id. at p. 183. (72) Ibid. (73) Id. at p. 184. (7.^) Ibid- (75) Ibid. (76) Ibid. (77) Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt, Warren Commission hearings, Apr. 23, 1964, vol. 9, p. 235. (78) Ibid. (79) Ibid. . , (80) Ibid. (81) CIA classified document, J. Walton Moore personnel file, biographic pro- file, reviewed Feb. 20, 1975. (82) CIA classified document, J. Walton Moore personnel file, memorandum, Dec. 8, 1949. (83) CIA classified document, J. Walton Moore personnel file, fitness report, Apr. 1, 1963-Mar. 31, 1964. (84) CIA classified document, George de Mohrenschildt 201 file, memorandum, Apr. 13, 1977, to Chief DOD. (85) Ibid. (86) Ibid. (87) CIA classified document, George de Mohrenschildt 201 file, memorandimi, May 1, 1964, to Acting Chief, Contacts Division, from Dallas resident agent. (88) Ibid. (89) CIA classified document, George de Mohrenschildt 201 file, process sheet for OO/C collections. (90) Staff interview of James Walton Moore, Mar. 14, 1978, House Select Com- mittee on Assassinations, p. 2 (JFK Document No. 014893) . (91) Id. at p. 3. (92) Ibid. (93) Department of State Airgram No. A-131, Dec. 8, 1963, House Select Com- mittee on Assassinations (contained in JFK Document No. 009963). (94) Department of State Incoming Telegram No. 013865, Dec. 19, 1963, House Select Committee on Assassinations (contained in JFK Document No. 009963). (95) Ibid. (96) Ibid. (57) Id. at p. 276. (98) Ibid. (99) Ibid. ^(100) George de Mohrenschildt exhibit 6, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 19, p. 551. (101) Ibid. (102) Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt, Warren Commission Hearings, Apr. 23, 1964, vol. 9, p. 280. (103) Id. at p. 282. (lOJf) Id. at p. 281. (105) George de Mohrenschildt exhibit No. 1, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 19, p. 544. (106) Ibid. (107) Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt, Warren Commission Hearings, Apr. 23, 1964, vol. 9, p. 280. (108) Id. at p. 281. (i 05) Id. at p. 277. (110) Ibid. (111) CIA classified document, OflBce of Security memo, Dec. 30, 1974, George de Mohrenschildt OflBce of Security file. (112) Ibid. (IIS) Ibid. (114) CIA classified document, memo, May 7, 1963, De Mohrenschildt 201 file. (115) Ibid. 67 (116) Staff interview of Dorothe Matlack, Sept. 4, 1978, House Select Commit- tee on Assassinations (JFK Document No. 015042). (Ill) Ibid. {118) Id. at p. 2. (119) Ibid. (120) Ibid. (121) Ibid. (122) Ibid. (123) Ibid. (124) Ibid. (125) Ibid. (i26) Ibid. (127) Ibid. (i28) Ibid. (i29) Id. at p. 3. (ISO) Ibid. (iSi) Ibid. (132) The Washington Post, Sept. 29, 1964. (133) Ibid. (iS4) Ibid. (135) Ibid. (iS6) Ibid. (137) Ibid. (iS8) Staff interview of I. Irving Davidson, Nov. 2, 1978, House Select Com- mittee on Assassinations, p. 1 (JFK Document No. 013230) . (139) Ibid. (UO) Ibid. (141) Ibid. (142) Ibid. (i.iS) Ibid. (144) Ibid. (i45) Ibid. (i^6) Ibid. (147) Ibid. (i48) The Washington Star, Jan. 24, 1978. (149) FBI memorandum, Nov. 1, 1967, serial 62-109060-5837. (150) Ibid. (151) Ibid. (152) Ibid. (i53) Ibid. (154) Ibid. (155) Id. at p. 3. (i56) Id. at p. 2. (157) Ibid. (i58) Staff interview of I. Irving Davidson, Nov. 2, 1978, House Select Com- mittee on Assassinations (JFK Document No. 013230). (159) Ibid. (160) Ibid. (161) CIA classified docimient, memo, Jan. 7, 1964, 1. Irving Davidson OflBce of Seciu-ity file. (162) Department of State airgram, from State Department to American Em- bassy, Port-au-Prince, May 2, 1967. (163) Ibid. (164) Department of State airgram, from State Department to American Em- bassy, Port-au-Prince, May 25, 1967. (165) Staff interview of Edward Browder, Jan. 12, 1978, House Select Com- mittee on Assassinations, p. 1 (JFK Document No. 005081). (i66) Id. at pp. 2-3. (167) Id. at p. 4. (168) Ibid. (169) Ibid. (170) Ibid. (171) Ibid. 68 (172) StafE outside contact report, May 17, 1978. House Select Committee on Assassinations (JFK Document No. 009434). (173) Ibid. (174) Ibid. (175) Ibid. (176) Staff Interview of Joseph Dryer, July 6, 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 1 (JFK Document No. 009765). (277) Ibid. (178) Ibid. (179) Ibid. (180) Ibid. (181) Ibid. (182) Ibid. (188) Ibid. (184) Ibid. (185) Id. at p. 2. (186) Ibid. (187) Ibid. (188) Ibid. (189) Ibid. (190) Ibid. (i9i) Ibid. (192) Ibid. (19S) Ibid. (i9^) Ibid. (195) Id. at p. 3. (196) Ibid. (i97) Ibid. (198) Ibid. (199) Ibid. (200) Ibid. (20i) Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt, Warren Commission Hearings, Apr. 23, 1964, vol. 9, p. 257. (202) Ibid. (203) Id. at p. 258. (204) Testimony of Ruth Paine, Warren Commission Hearings, Mar. 18, 1964. vol. 2, p. 436. (205) Id. at p. 435. (206) Id. at p. 436. (207) FBI memorandum. Sept. 15, 1942, Serial No. 100^2965-34. (208) Ibid. (209) FBI memorandum, Oct. 1942, Serial No. 100-32965-36. (210) Ibid. (211) Ibid. (212) Ibid. (213) Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt, Warren Commission Hearings, Apr. 22, 1964, vol. 9, p. 225. (214) Ibid. (215) Testimony of George de Mohrenschildt, Warren Commission Hearings, Apr. 23, 1964, vol. 9, p. 253. (216) Ibid. (217) Ibid. 69 APPENDIX Manuscript by George de Mohrenschildt The manuscript of the book George de Mohrenschildt was writing at the time of his death in March 1977 is included in this staff report as an appendix. In it de Mohrenschildt gave many details about his activities and associations, and perhaps most significantly, an insight into how he perceived his relationship with Lee Harvey Oswald. The facts and information in the manuscript in many respects differ from, and occasionally boldly contradict, statements that were made by de Mohrenschildt to several Government agencies at the time of the assassination and other information that has been made public. While there is no longer any way to resolve those factual conflicts or to con- front de Mohrenschildt with the discrepancies, the manuscript is, nevertheless, included here to shed light on at least how George de Mohrenschildt himself viewed those facts and how he wanted the pub- lic record to read about himself and Oswald. 70 I AM A PATSY! I AM A PATSY! Preface in Haiti. U*--:-i.JO I am a patsy! I am a patsy! These Igst words of my friend, Lee Harvyy Osvald still ring In ny ears and make me think of the terrible Injustice Inflicted on the memory of this "supposed assassin". November 1963 was fairly uneventful In Haiti - no shootings and no Inva- sions. My younf geologist Alston Boyd and I had worked In our office located on Avenue Truman in the center of Port-au-Prlnce. Since we started very early In the morning to avoid the Infernal dally heat, our dally chores were over at 2 P.M. This office occupied a large room of a quanset building belonging to the Haitian Government ^nd we were kept there virtually Incom- j munlcado since It contained government maps and other "strategic Infomatlon". Alston and I drove to my house overlooking Port-au-Prlnce In the area called Tonton Lyle and a block away from the presidential retreat, then we ate and took a siesta, like any self-respecting Haitian. Then, later tbe afffernoon we dressed and wentto the reception at the Lebanese Embassy. The usually animated streets of the capital seemed deserted. "I feel trouble In the air," siid my wife Jeanne. The air was balmy, the soldiers and the tontons macoutes were ablsent and we could not hear any shots. We greeted the Lebanese Ambassador and Joined the crowd. George Morel, 71 head o£ the Pan-American Airways In Haiti came up to us Immediately. . "Oldn't you know your president was killed?" He asked In a strained voice. At first we thought he was talking abo&t the President of Haiti, Docteur Francois Duvaller who was my nominal boss In Haiti. Seeing oub blank expres . slons. Morel explained. "President kennedy was assassinated to-day." I hoped that It would •t happen In Texas and especially In Dallas. But Morel summarily explained the situation - and It was In Dallas. Gloomily we filed out of the Lebanese Embassy, where people did not seem to be too badly concerned about President Kennedy's fate, got In the car and drove away. "If If had his tonton-macoutes around, this would not have happened." I said angrily and this was my first serious criticism of our services supposed to protect the President of the United States. We drove gloomily to the American Embassy, located near the sea-shore and not too far from my office. The doors were wide opened and two marines stood there on both sides of a book where the American residents woukd sign their names as a gesture of reverence to the dead head of state. Having signed our names, we were the first to have done It, we drove to the house of an old friend of mlneValentln (Teddy) Blaque, an attache at the Embassy. 72 Teddy's house was similar to ours, but more alebaroate, with a large terrace overlooking the sparkling bay of Port-au-Prince. Several mutual friends stood around, looking at each other with sttinned expressions, and seemes to ask the same quest ion z^lAiy him?" "For the first time we had a president who was yound and energetic. And he was trying to solve the problems of the world," said Jeanne sadly, hold- ing back her tears . "And he had to go ... " The beautiful view seemed funereal to us, as we stood there silently. "And in DaLLas," I mused aloud, why there? A conservative and somewhat provincial city, but successful and proud of its success. We knew the Mayoo - a charming man - and many city fathers. "But who did it?" I asked Teddy. "I Just listened to the radio and a suspect was arrested already," he said. Before he mentioned the name, I thought of Lee and his rifle with the telescopic lense. "Could it be Lee? No it was impossible." And driving back hime, in stunned silence, we thought of Lee and the predicament he was in. But since the official version had it that Lee Harvey Osvald was the main suspect, we made our dep&sition at the Embassy. We did know him and 73 we were aware of the fact he owned a rifle. We would be happy to testify what we knew about him and about our relationship with him and his wife. But we did not believe he was the assassin. Then we learned that a letter was sent by someone Influential In Washin- gton to the officials of the Haitian government to drop me from the payroll and to exile me as fast as possible. Fortunately I had good friends and the latter did not happen. And later, little by little, we vrere ostracized by the United States Ambassador Tlmmons, then by the American businessmen and government employees, with whom we had been on very good terms and > finally came the news of the Investigation of all our friends and even acquaintances in the United States. Then came the man with the white teeths and a flannel suit, an FBI agent trying to scare us off. At last, after a long time, we were offi- cially Invited to come to Washington and help the Warren Committee In their investigation. Although we could contribute very little, we still accepted to go to Washington and testofy. Although our depositions were supposed to remain confidential, all the three hundred pages of Irrelevant conversation were printed and promiscuously distributed. Actually our de- positions were longer than Marina's and Mrs. Marguerite Osvald's put toge- ther! Why? 74 We assume two ragsons - to waster taxpayer's money and to distract I attention of the American people from the people Involved In the assassina- tion of President Kennedy. All the gossipy, futile stuff, related to our private lives, half of It not relevant to Osvald, boring and useless. And all this because my wife and I liked Lee Harvey Osvald, tried to defend him and because Lee said, before he died: " I liked and admired George de Mohren- schlldt." 75 Getting to know Lee Harvey Osvald and hi wife. Early In the Bummer of 1962 the rumours spread out among the Russian speaking people of Dallas and Fort Worth of an unusual couple - the Osvalds. He was supposedly an ex -marine, an unfriendly and eccentric character, who had gone to Russia and brought back with him a Russian wife. He had lives in Minsk where I had spent my early childhood. And so I was curious to meet the couple and to find out what had happened to Minsk. Someone gave me Lee's addressand one afternoon a friend of mine, Colonel Lawrence Orloff and myself drove to Fort Worth, about 30 miles from Dallas. We drove over the dreary, sewage smelling miles separating thb two cities. Texas does have lovely open spaces, but here they were degraded and polluted. After some searching, we cound a shack on Merce- des street in a semi-industrial, s lummy area, near Montgomery Ward. I knocked and a tawdry but clean young woman opened the door. I intro- duced myself and the colonel, giving a reference the name of George Bouhe from whom I obtained the address. George was an elderly refugee, very friendly, the father superior of all the Russians in the Dallas Fort Worth Area. So this was Marina Osvald. To Orlov she was beautiful notwithstanding bad teeths and mousy blond hair. 76 1 did not find her very attractive although ^he had a certain charm and she spoke beautiful, melodious Russian, so different from the IgNguage I used by us who anglicized our language and bastardized It by forelgh In- tonations and words. Marina offered us some sherry and said that Lee would be over soon. We spoke a little, fooling around; she had a pretty good sense of humovir but the opinions whe expressed seemed trite to me. And then entered Lee Harvey Osvald who was to become so famuous or so Infamous . He wore over- alls and clean worklngman's shoes on. Only someone who had never met Lee could have called him Insignificant. "There Is something putstandlng about this man," I told myself. One could detect immediately a very sincere and forward man. Althoug he was average-looking, with no outstanding features and of medium size, he showed in his conversation all the elements of concentration, thought and toughness. This man had the courage of his convictions and did not hesitate to discuss them. I was glad to meet such a person and was carried away bgck to the days of my youth in Europe, where as students, we discussed world affaires and our own ideas over many beers and without caring about time. Lee tas looking tenderly from time to time at Baby June. He loved her. 77 Wa shook hands and left. Driving back the colonel mused: "she is so charming and young I" "But 1 found th ex-marlne so much more Interesting," I said. My friend, the retired air-force colonel resented Lee, his off handedness, his ironic smiles and especially his ferocious spirit of independence. All his sympathy went to Marina, the poor Russian refugee. 1+3-792 0-79-6 78 Ue spoke English first and then, somehow, we swLthched to Russian, tee spoke It very well, only with a slight accent. Marina did not say very much. "Doesn't your wife speak any English at all?" I asked Lee, "No, and 1 don't want her to know English. I want her to continue speaking her own language. Russian is beautiful and I dont want to forget It." And he added with deep conviction. "Russian litterature is marvelous and the people I met in the Soviet Union were so warm and nice to me. Yes, I made many friends there," he added thoughtfully. "And how about the Soviet Government?" I asked anxiously. "Well, that's another story. The trouble with me I always look for an Ideal which probably does not exist." "Mayve your friend does not understand Russian," said Lee looking at Colonel Orloff. "Let's speak English then. You know I was a marine and have respect for the brass," he smiled and added a few kind words to my friend » And then It was time for us to go. "My wife speaks Russian also and she would like to spead some time with you Marina, and the baby of course," I said. "I would like to but It will depend on Lee," she answered humbly. "I an sure Lee will leC you go and will come himself'.' A bond of friendship was already formed between the two of us. 79 Fitut meetings with Lee. Lee called me a few days after our trip to Fort Worth. "Marina and I will come over to-night, If you don't mind," he said. "Maybe I could drive to Fort Worth and drive you?" I asked. "No, thank you, we will come by bjis," he answered laconically. And here they were, Marina, Lee and the baby June. We lived at the time In a pleasant area called University fark, a few blocks from the Southern Methodist University, a conservative stronghold. Both ny wife and 1 were fally free at the time and welcomed our guests, so different from the local society. Jeanne liked Marina Immediately and offered to help her with her English. "Yes, I have to know the language," she agreed and then added Inex- pectedly. "Paople already asked me why I liked Lee," and her eyes darted about the funtlture and decoration of our rather modest home, "and I answer them, why did Lee like me?" Jeanne liked this humble remark and her sympathy forMarlna Increased. In the meantime Lee and I sat on a comfortable sofa and talked all evening, Naturally I do not remember the sequence, although a recorded what I remem- bered a few years later, but mostly I asked questions and he answered them. Naturally I wanted to know what made him go th the Soviet Union and he an- swered me by telling fae of hla youth In New Orleans. Since his childhood he 80 was keenly aware of social and racial Injustuces. Instead of playing basket- ball or baseball, like any other red-blooded American youth, he read vora- ciously. Among the books he read was Marx's "The Capital" which made a deep impression on him. Ironically, he said, he borrowed this book from the Loyola University llbrairy. ' "What did you like In It?" I remember asking him. "It made clearx to me the Intolerable fact of the exploitation of the poor by the rich." "Buty I said, "Lee, you must havp seen It all over the world, the weak or the poor are expolted everywhere by the powerful and the rich. Listen to -this ^ two dogs meet on the crosspolnt between East and West Berlin. One dog Is running away from the capitalism, the other from communism. The capitalist dog asks -'why do you run awayT' - 'Because I can eat but I cannot bark. I'Thy are you running away? 'If I bgrk I cannot eat' answered the capitalist dog." , Lee laughed and answered by a joke he he.ard somewhere In Minsk. "As you know," he said, "Russians grab all the can from the sfifielllte countries. So one day at the meeting of the communist party In Rumania, one of the workers stood up and said. 'Caorade Secretary, may 1 as you 3 questions?' - 'Go ahhad. I -want to know what happened to our wheat, our petroleum and our wine?" •Well' said the Secretary, ''It's a very complex economic jestlonx I cannot 81 answer It Immediately.* "Well a few months later the workers are holding the same type of a meeting! and another comrade realses his had and says: 'Comrade Secretary may I ask i you four questions?^ - 'Shoot' says the secretary. 'I want to ask you what happened to our petroleum, wine and wheat and also what happened to the com- rade who had asked the three questions some time ago?' - Silence." We both laughed. "At least here we are not being sent to a concentration camp," I said. "you are wrong," answered Lee seriously, "most of the prisoners, convicts In American jail are political prisoners , they are vie times of the System.'** ■ I read similar opinions recently In several liberal books and Lee was way ahead In thought of all of them, fhlis was over fourteen years ago. I remember concluding this conversation by telling Lee. "If you want to be a revolutionary, you have to ben a fool or to have an" lhsplratlo"H. "AM ' your actions will be Judged by the success of failure of your life." Lee agreed. What I liked about him W was" "that lie was a seeker "fbr JUStlc - that he had highly developed social Instincts. And I was disappointed In my own children for the lack of such Instincts. ' ' ...... Incidentally I remember some details pretty well because I made notes of them later and also made tapes of my 'riecoTlec£lon3"'fally soon after' the" ' assassination. 82 That night Jeanne served a Russian dinner which Marina found delicious but Lee hardly touched. He was ascetic In his habits, was Indiffdredjt to foodha didn*^ like deserts. In the ueantime baby June slept quietly in bed all wrapped up. Lee looked tenderly at her. That night we learned A lot about hisa. -.he neither drank or smoked and objected if others, especially his wife did. Since neither my wife or I smoked amd drank very little, he like it .and considered that we were on his side. Jeanne was appalled finding out that baby June Qadn't had any injestions ^.usually .given to &.^hlld« Also Mar liM would {>lck up a pacifier from the floor -then tried it herself before putting it in June's mouth. Unfortunately she had infected teeths at. the time, so the baby was exposed also. My wife had high ideas on Russian hygiene and generally on the high standards a£ the..Soviet youtK,. so she..was outspokenkly critical. "Your Infected teeths have to be removed as soon as possible," she told Katina. .J/hen Marina objected that ^he. didn't Jmve. any money and couldn't speak En- glish, Jeanne promised to help her. After .dinner Lee and .X went back otv the. aofa and ebn renewed out conver- sation. - „ -,"1 served In the Marine Corps not because. Ljwas a patriot but I wanted to get away from the drudgery and to see the world," admitted Lee. 83 "Did you like the service?" "I4ot parclcularly. But I had time to study, to read and Indeed we traveled ^ LOT." "You told Die you lived in Jg^an. How did you land there?" ' "Just an accident of the Marine Corps duty. The militsry duty was boring and stupid. But fortunately I moved around, began visiting places where youngsters' ineed and eBtabliffhed contacts with some more progressive and thinking Japanese." and this," said Lee thoughtfully, "is what led me to Russia eventually'. T also learned -there of other, Japanese, ways of exploitation of phe poor by the rich. Semi-feudal, industrail giawts which act paternali^tically yet expoiting the workers - proletarians. The wages in Japan were ridiculously low," Lee added. i " •'Well, it's Irhatigthg now," said I, "Say, Lee, it's in Japan that you got your discharge from the marine corps?" ' Xee did not like to elaborate on this touchy subject. "I had to work to- support my mother." But it developed late*, as we all know, that he did not go back to USA to support his nother but changed his mind and instead went to Russia. He ' obviously used the moTiey obtained at his discharge for this trip. He fixst want to Western Europe then drifted to USSR via Finland if I remember well. 84 Later on Lee's honorable discharge was changed to undesirable discharge and he hated to talk about It and considered It unfair to him. This explains his hatred of Connelly who was Secretary of the Navy at the time of this change of Lee's discharge. Rut that day he did not discuss this subject and went on talking about Russia. "I got to Moscow and stayed there dntll the Russians had confidence In me and gave me a permit to work." He did not mention that he tried to commit suicide In desperation and cut his wrists. Marine took part in the conversation. "Lee, you threw your passport In the face of the American consul and you said that you denounced your citi- zenship," she said. Later Lee talked to me about his ordeal In Moscow but not this time. He went talking about his Impressions of Minsk because he knew 1 was Interes- ted In this subject. He gave me a general description of the city I knew from my early childhood. "I was assigned to work there without any parti- cular reason, in a TV factory, possibly because I had a little electronic training in the Marines," he said candidly. "Tell me more about the countryside," I asked him. "Sv/isloch river is pretty clean, we used to go by row-boats to the f6rest nearby to pick-nick on weekends. The forsts are beautiful there, huge pine trees, clean grass, full of berries of all kind." 85 I remembered the cathedral, several other picturesque churches and the main bulldlns - GPU, NKVD, BGB - police headquarters, where 117 father spent several tiontlis and where he almost died of starvation and was finally sentenced to life exile In Siberia. But these were childhood memories and resentraent on my part had disappeared. Lee gave me a parfect descrip- tion of all these lancitnarks , they were still there, unchanged. But there were many new factories tnillt, one of them v>here he worked. "Did you like your Job?" "Hot particularly, but the pay vras sufficient, about a hundred rubles a month, an average for the Soviet Union. I could live on it. My apartment and all ufiilitics were burnished by the factory for a nominal fee, as well as medical Insurance etc." He gave me the ptlce-s" of tread, produce, nilk etc, which were reasonable and of clothing, which were outrageously high. "Sometimes I usad to run short o"f meat, but you know I am -not a bi| eater, it was of no Importance to me. " ! llarlna llstned In and gace more precise information, especially complai- ning about clothing and shoes. She was a practical one. "Ydxi must have' been "somewhat privileged," I said, "being a foreigner, but how did the other workers live in Minsk, the Russians?" and U- •° ' V.i,W too „b-n. Usually one roof for a couple, community kitchens 86 vatorie3," he admitted. "Thla led to quarrels, gossip. Jealousy a rather dismal situation. But what does it matter if everyone is in the sama boat. If everyone suffers. No rich exploiters like here, no great con- trasts between the rich and the poor." "Butter and meat were out of my reach," said Marina bitterly, "but you forelners could afford these luxuries." She was ready to continue talking more but since she was from Smolensk, then town I was not familiar with, I asked Lee to talk more about Minsk and he did. To ms his descriptions were most touching. That night Marina announced that Lee was going to be laid off from his Job In Fort V7orth at Leslie Welding Company, If I remember correctly. It was a poor Job anyway, minimal wages, long hours, unhealthy conditions but Lee did not complain, he never complained. It was Marina who was constantly dissatisfied. The air of American prosperity bothered her, she was envious of other people's wealth or wellbelng. Lee's mind was of a stoical, philo- sophical type, that's why, I guessed, he had gotten kb along so well wlthh the other Russians he met In the Soviet Union. Russians do not mind to suffer and even go hungry If they can spend entire nights talking and spe-. culatlng on some ezotherlc matters. Kext time the Osvalds came to visit us, we began speaking of Minsk again. I reminisced that when I was five years old, my fathbe used to ta>' 87 me to the forst and I helped him as well as I could in his akward efforts to cut dovm a big pine tree. It was a tough Job for toy father who had never been a physically able man and he constantly hurt himself. Once he Jammed his finger co badly thgt the bone broke and the flncer remained useless for the rest of his life.. Surprisingly I grew a^epi: at that sort of thing and ^ quitee able with an ax. "Is that lovely, forest, rtorth of town still Ln existence?" I asked Lee and explained exactly were it was. "Yes, we used to £p there frequ^ntlj', by bus, with my fellow workers. We tooK food along and spent the whole day talking freely. I explained the United Sta- tes to them and they Informed me on life In Russia." Lee generally did not complain about his life in Russia but Marina did very frequently, sincerely pr ;)pt, I do nqt kiiov?. She considered me a capi- talist and tried to glease me. I promised, Lee .that night; to giye him. introductions to a few Influential people, since I wanted him and his family to move away from the gruesome of Fort north slum. I hoped that the Qtl?p,r mqn;bers of the Russian community would help him also and tild him so. "Thanks a lot,. I can take Qajje of .HQr^elf ,, I don't need those creeps, 1 shall find something," he answered gruffly. This was an example of Lee's In- 88 dependence, he refused help, objected even to my help. Rather than to be Indebted to someone, he would rather starve on his own. Vfhile MarinA was usually a lot of fun, laughed easily but did not say anything that would make you think - Lee was serious and did not take life as a Joke. Hut if he happened to be In a good mood, he became an excellent companion, remembered political Jokes, told them well and laughed at yours. **Do you know this one about ah Americatr tourist carrying a small tran- sistor radloN In Moscow^" Lee asked me. "No, I dont know the story. "Well, the Moscovlte stopped the American and said: 'we make them much better than you do. VThat is It?'" We both laughed. Then I countered and asked Lee. "What is the' difference between' the 'Capita llm and the socialism?" Lee did not know. "Capitalism makes social mistakefs atilf socialism makes CAPITAL mistakes." "A Russian Commissar is asked at the holy gates where he would like to go - to a capitalist hell ot ~tb a communist hell," said Lee. "The Commissar answers:*! would Ike to go to a capitalist hell, I am so tired of a communist hell." Then I told Lee a few foolosh Jokes about Kennedy, th.';y were very po- 89 "Prostdent Kennedy tells a group of businessmen: 'the economic sltviatlon is so good that If I wern't your president I wouJjd invest in the stock marked right now! And the businessmen answer in xinlson:' so would we if you were not our president." We both laughed . "Kennedy had a terrible nighmare. He wakes up Jacquie :' honey what a terrible thing, I dreamed I \ra.B spending ray own money, not government's." Again we laughed, but without resentment, we both likes President Ken- nedy. So I finished ray foolish Jokes by this one: "John Kennedy runs to his mother at night, 'Mamal Mamal Helpl Bobby tries to, run MY country." I think It was at that time that I told Lee that I had known Jacqueline Kennedy as a young girl, as well as her mother, father and all her relati- ves and how charming the whole family was, I especially likes "Black Jack" Bouvier, Jacquie's father, a delightful Casanova of the Wall Street. Lee was not jealous of Kennedy's and Bouviers' wealth and did not envy their social positions, of that I was sure. To him wealth and society were big jokes, but he did not resent them. Now I want to tell something which may seem foolish to people who are not dog lovers. At the time we had two lovely black bianchester Terriers, 90 Nero and his faithful i^lfe Poppea. Nero had followed ua on a long trip over the Diouiitaing of f^xico and Central Aucrict and saved our lives on several occasions; Poppea was baught for him upon our return to USA and w^S a wonderful wife for him. I cannot tell how much intuition Kero developed during our trip and how easily he recognized friends from enemies. VIell, on the first eveninj^ our dogs did not express any interest in Marina or in Baby June but they were fascinated by Lc^e. Hero especially showed his com- plete confidence and affection for hiin. He seldom did it to anyone even to our close friends. He snugged up to Lee and looked at him with affection. He sensed that he was an utterly sincere person and V7as deprived of hatred. Poppea also licked his hand In a rare display of affection. Incidentally, many of our friends and even our own children complained that our dogs were eitVier unfriendly or totally indifferent to them. And so Lee filially four.-d a job at Taggart's Reproduction Company through the Texas Eiiiploy;nent Agency without help, from anyone. It was a good job Cor htm as he had been interested in photography for a long time. I guessed that he Cook a course at the Itarine Corps. Anyijay tie brought a good canera from the Soviet Union ai^d took excellent pictures. Later he showed me excellent •enlargements he made hiiaself . These were In black and white he vau not ad- vanced enought to develop gnd enlarge colored photographs.. 91 But Lee '8 Joh did not pay well and as began to trust ine more, he accepted an Introduction to a successful buslnessaian-banker, Sam BalLen, who ovmed, among other companies, a large reproduction outfit, for maps, electric logs, and records. It was not a successful meeting, Lee and my friend did not like each other. To the businessman Lee was a radical and a maverick, and Lee considered Sam an ordinary bourgeois with no redeeming features to this credit. Actually, both were interesting people, they just did not appeal to each other. Another conversation comes to ray mind. One evening Lee was In a blue mood and confided that he was not particularly pleased with his reception in Minsk. Somewhat naively, he\expected to be treated as a special person, a prominent refugee, and nothing happened, there was little difference between his condition In Mlnsl and that of an ordinary Soviet worker. And so he had become depressed. That evening Lee expressed an opinion that he did not appreciate the Soviet type of government. "Why?" I asked. "It ks somevjhat too regimented for me," he said. "We were obliged to go to the meeting at the factory after work, dead tired and listened to Inflammatory speeches. It was lucky if I was able to go to sleep. Indoctrination of any kind are not to my taste." I saw his point. 92 Our £irst evenings with the Osvalds were spent Ln conversations and discussions and we got to knew each other very well. Now somethlbg else happened in our relationship. Be£ore Lee got his Job at Taggart*s » I asked my daughter Alex and my sondin-law Gary Taylor to help the Osvalds moving to Dallas. The Taylors went to visit the Osvalds in Fort Worth and right there they offered Marina to stay with them and to keep the baby. Whatever furniture they had would be stored in their garage. This generous proposition was accepted, Marina moved to Dallas. Lee stayed for a short time in the apartment in Fort Worth and then moved to a small room at YMCA in Dallas, close to his work at Taggart's. During Marina's stay at my daughter's place, my wife helped her, drove her to the Baylor Hospital where they pulled out her rotten teeths. Thuse baby June was kept healthy and well fed. But this short separation did not prevent Lee from coming to see us, even alone. 93 Further conversation with Lee in 1962. At the tlma we knew Lee, nothing could be further froiti our mlnde that he might become such a historical figure. Hia visits were very frequen - soaietimea ha would come for a short time, soraetijies he would spend the whole evening with us. Souie bribes of our semi-bantering, semi-serious repartees remain in my memory, "You are. an extremely sincere person, Lee,,!' i told him, "You do not lie even to yourself, tost of the people I Itnow are the opposite of you. They put up a .fri>i\C^ they confuse, they deceive, they lie even wl\ei\ thinking." "I guess it's dangerous to be that way, I know i make a lot of enemies. But wha.t the hell," he acknowledged,, "my position is tliat I afraid of a very few things in life, I am not cautious. 1 am not," ha smiled, "a turkey . whJLch lives only_ to become, £at,". And. he .alvowed ma his non existing belly. He was becoming Very thin. ,, "Lee, y.aur.way of life is so un-American, it scares me to tnink what may become of you," "lU is true, "Lee said," 1 am probably, committing a sin in not being interested in possessions or uioney. Wlien a rich man dies, he is loaded with his poase^sloixs- like. a. prijaiiiar with, chains. I will die free, death will be easy for me." 43-792 0-79-7 94 "Stop talking about death, you are only 22. If you want to talk about gruesooc subjects, let me tell you this joke j a usurer is on hts death- bed. A priest gives him a crucuEux to kiss and to confess hio sins. And the usurer blabbers:'! cannot loan you much nwney for it'". "Regarding your attitude on aioney and possessions," I said,"! couln't agree mors with you. You would rather do something unusual than drive a Cadillac. ! am the sams way," "Life for me," continued Lee, "is like a hungry crocodile. I'd better defend myself.- ! have to defend myself against the stupidity of this world. It is enormous I Life must be the work of a perfect idiot. i)r maybe the stupidity, like breiiking of the atora, is self perpetuating?" "t'.ot too bAad for .-. 22 years old «\ir.erlcan proletarian and ahigh-school dropout, "I thought. "l*e, you have a very original mind." "Thank you,',' he said. "I do not often hear the compliments. But let me tell you more why <& despise money-loving aiiddle-class . Such people are simply stupid, not serious, they are curiously attracted by croohs and aventarers . And so you hear how of^en thay Are sheared off their wook, like sheep, by varicuo financial schejiers." "Diderot," I said, "thinlcs vary muctv Like you. "You have nothing, .j^SX^ 95 have very little now, so a real friendship is possible between us. We are sincere with each other." Lee agreed. "Another thing Diderot said," I contAnued , "he was very happy being poor and living in a shack. When he achieved opulence and found a nice apartment in Paris, he knew he was going to die..." "The philosophers talk but you did it," said Lee enviously. "This trip of your, what a freedom} 3,600 miles on foot on tough trails of Latin America. This demanded a complete change In life - willingly, suddenly, for this you needed an ext raordinary moral audacity." "This time I want to thank you, Lee. But do not exaggerate; this was an act of desperation rather than audacity, after the death of my only son. Finally this trip was very satisfying to Jeanne and to me." And so we chatten in an open and friendly manner and I must of Lee. "My opinion of this guy changes completely and frequently, which happens only with people who are close and important to me. I usually judge the others superficially and label them once for all." But now Jtl should explain the reasons why I had introduced the Osvalds to my daughter Alex and to her husband. They were about the saiae age. Gary was a scatter-brained, simple-minded but pleasant young man and as mpst of his financial schemes failed, he had pleanty of time on his hands. His 96 fondest ambition consisted of becoming rapidly another Clint Murchison or H.L. Hunt and that eas hard to achieve. Frankly I hoped that my daughter jind her husband Gary would acquire some of the world-wide interests that Lee certainly possessed. His serious approach to life contrgsted sliarply with the foolish flippaiiy of Gary's; I also hoped that Marina would teach ray daughter some interesting facts about Russia, When these two were toge- ther thay were somahow able to cormmintcate, as my daughter was and is an excellent linguist. But, introducing people o£ such different backgrounds let to unpleasant results. First of all we caused a separation bet\«ien Marina and Lee, We did understand that it was not the first separation between them, but vre actua- lly caused this one. It amazed ray daughter tliat Lee called ilarina on the phone unfrequently and did not express much desire to be with her. But he missed baby June. It was peculiar for a young husband but I already sus- pected that he was pleased being alone at "niCA and was already bored with b'larina's company. Next the personalities of Lee and of Gary clashed. T^e considered gary a spoiled, rich American , foolish youngster ai^ Gary looked down at him as a supercilous, unpractical lunatic with revo- lutionary ideas. Mr. daughter's opinion of Marina was low also, she was slovenly and didn't know anything about baby-care, although she had obtai- ned a degree of "registered pharmacist" in USSR. 97 My daughter's opinion of Lee was low also, he was not good-looking, did not care about his appearance, neither was he Inclined to make money. As for me, I regretted that Alex did not see any qualities I liked in Lee - the fact that he was socially motivated, was a dreamer and a seeker of truth. But such people was a very hard time In life and that's why so many people considered him a - ideal. Obviously Utopia does not exist. I could travel -and change countrles-tlie-rest- of my life and never find it." . We liked this statement and agreed with Lee. I 105 We are becomlnK close friends. From time to time my wife would prepare a special Russian or French dinner for the Osvalds, Always keeping in mind that both of them were un- derriurished. And I would talk with Lee in the meantime, often late into the night. Although he unquestionably had had. some unpleasant experiences, as the slashing of his wrists proved, Leea was never hostile or emotionally upset about his life In the Soviet Union. He spoke of his co-workers humbly and engagingly. "Tliey were hospitable, friendly and sincere, they invited me to their horaes, fed me from their meagie supplies and we discussed all the subjects frankly as we do it here." "Did they teil you any jokes about their regime? I asked. "Bere is one I iremember," Lee said." And American worker comes to the Soviet Union aixi sees big apartaent complexes. He asks: 'to whom do they belong?' - 'To the state' - comes the answer. "How about these factories and the big black cars?" - 'They belong to the State also.'" Then Lee smi- led. "Tl^e Russian worker comes to visit United States, ile asks: 'these huge factories, to whom do they belong?" - 'To the capitalists' comes the fast answer. 'Ahajsays the Russian this is terrible!' Then he notices nice subur' ban homes, new cars. He aska:*to whom thesp belong?'- 'To the workers', comes an immediate answer." 106 Then I asked Lee: "did you ever hear that one about a Soviet worker who was wandering from one factory to another asking *is there a place that would pay as little as the little work I intend to doll" Lee did not laugh. "That id a rather vicious Joke. Soviet workers work almost as hard as here and certainly they get paid much less." Then he reminisced: "nobody in the Soviet Union tried to Intimidate me o£ influence me. But I encounter these tendencies here. Nobody ever tried to make a communist out of me. I was a sympatized but I never Joined the party . •* He is probably on the level, I thought. "And what were your living conditions there?" I asked. "Not bad at all, ample meals, clean surrouhdlnga , good companionship." "And the pay?" "Sufficient; the apartment cost me five per cent of my pay, and I don't each much, as youk know. With Marina's addltion|L salaryv;e could manage quite well." ! "Expensive but adequate and I am not interested, as you know. In stylish ■ clothes. Of course, the Cubans dressed to kill," he smiled. Marina must have missed good clothes there, I thought. "And how about transportation? I asked. 1 107 "Of course 1 could not afford a motorcycle, but I like to walk and the public transportation was cheap and good." "Vrtiat was ii»8t annoying to you In the Soviet Union?" Asked Jeanne who was listening in. "Those endless, endless meetings we had to attend after work, listening to those deadly, monotonous speeches. You were lucky if you were in the back and could take a nap...Wa listened to those bureaucratic outpourings half-dazed, like children during a very boring lesson. Then we voted, ra- ther liHltfferently, on various trivial issues. Later we would file out, exhausted and would returh home. And," Lee smiled, "w e never received any extra pay for the hours lost, and we ceftainly deserved it." I approved his attitude, nodding agreement. I would also hate Jio waste my time on such meetings. Lee spoke of other foreigners living there, some Cubans whose names I forgot, one family of refugees from Argentina; the father was an experiencd engineer and Lee had a great respect for him. It wasn't once that he men- tioned this family to me, talking mainly of the daughters who "were so pretty" and so friendly to him. All in all Lee spoke frequently to lae of his interest in women and he even bragged amusingly and somewhat naively of his conquests in Russia. 108 Here in the United States Lee wasn't certainly a ladles' ipan, he £e\t depressed and confined. I think he frequently regretted having left Minsk. Eut there I can visualize him cutting a path of Casanova among the Russian women. And why not? He was a foreigner, he acted freely, he looked pleasantly and his interest in Russian people v;as warm and genuine. Marina adraitted herself one day. "He was sooiething out of the ordinary. He looked like an American, he was ea3yis own education by reading, observing and studying. Sometimes he was amuclng whr.n he used long, difficult v?ords In English - words like 112 chariszia, politlcoraania, extravaganzas, eletlsm - the knowledge of which he liked to display. vJa even laughed together about his use of such words, the exact meaning of which eluded him. Occasionally Lee'a constant search for truth, for the anawers to the mysteries of life, seemed tragic and dis- turbing to me. But this proves also that it seems highly improbable that any government would try to make an agent of such a man. His owo element of self -inquiry, self-denial and self-doubt, mixed with instability worried Lea. But I told him not to worry, in my opinion instability, doubt, con- stant search were elements of youth and ware flindicative of exuberant life. I told Lee that I pitied people who did not possess such characteristics, were living dead, they form the mass of ob-adient slaves in all countries. A strong desire for adventure was also one of Lee's motivations. That's why he became a marine, that's why he switched jobs just because he did not like what he had to do so far. And routine was deadly to him. However his last job at the printing company fitted him well and he seemsd fairly happy. "Why didn't you stay In the Marine Corps?" I asked him one day. "Oh, I did not care for the military, not much fun being an underling, not much adventure either." 113 "Ycu coult* become an officer, you are lntellle,ent enough," I countered. "Oh, no, to l.elL with VcLwi an ofCicer, 1 don't like to cormr.nnd other guys . " Often 1 wae asked with cusplclon, Iori[; before the ar.Gaefilnfitlon, "how 1 dill you set nloni., so well ivlth Lee Oisvald?" "In my life I have done niar.y things, I V7as often p. promoter, an origlnn- tor of now Icnnr, , so I llkod now Ideas, even If thoy seemed Etran2,e and outlandish, I tnjoyed iiicetlng people of v.irious types, evaluated thfilr t'r.ou;,ntE, CiA not criticize then," I rc^torted. Later oii, v;iien I wns In the hot \.-ater because of tny friendship v/lth Lee, a fric.xv of ni.ic: tobtlf led : "Oscr-e :;lways liked stray do^s and stray pesple.' Mciiy paoplc corisidoreJ Leo a mlser.-blf! misfit, an Inault to the American way of life, and conpletely disrecirded him. A Russian refugee Living in Dallas told r\e onco:"I p.m r.rsreil of this nan Osv.ild, he is a pr.ranold." "r.-.rf.noid of not, hn Is ac Intelllsent as you are. Listen to him, there is a lot of sense- in vrfiot l:e snys," T. vjould reply. I I Probably Co a\-inoy Lee, the Russinn refusees and sone uitra-conccrvatlve ALierlcant, shoi^ered tiarina v;ith £,ifts e.Ti& gave her too nuch attention. Since Americans could not communicate with her, their efforts were wasted. But the gifts £lve hla wife by the refugees annoyed Lee. Unquestionably Marina 114 added oil to the fire bragging about the gifts and talking how successful some of the donors were - owning their own homes and two automobiles. He might have been woulded In his pride, although he never complained tto me. At the tlma Lee did not want Marina to learn English. She could only say yes and no and If she went to the store, she had to point out the articles she wanted. "It's very egotistical on your part Lee," Jeanne told him, "you have to let her ±x8xn study English so she can communicate with other people than the Russian refugees. You cannot keep her a recluse." Sensing that Lee resented them, the members of the Russian colony gave Marina some hundred dresses. Baby June received a new crib, a carriage and a lot of toys. Unquestionably It annoyed Lee. The more people gave Marina, the more It disturbed Lee. Disturbed la not the right word - maddened. And so he declined Invitations to these "benefactor's" homes, he was often rude to them. That situation had very sad consequences for this family. As far as we are concerned, we continued our good relationship with the Osvalds, even after the situation In Soviet Russian and In Minsk especially have been thoroughly discussed. Instead of questioning them, we became con- cerned In the welfare of this couple. Be nice to the poor was always Jeanne' motto. 115 Seeing that Lee'3 situation was al;jo gradually dat?rioratln3, I became even nicer to hita. U'ever icick a uiau wUo is down, help him, was hy bclicC. SoJiatL-nc!) Lee 'a action anil hia aansitivitiea an/ioyel ma, but I did not try to allow any rejentmeat and attsirptsd to fliid a flolutlor. for him and his wife. 116 Co'itrasts t-)et:;.'ean tl-.e Osvalds . Ciie day I.ec lno'-viht to ne typescripts of his exiJeriences iii Lussia. He \/as interesteo ir. i>ul)li£fifent, ti.c-.m In a form of an article in a toayazlne or posslMy to diivclop tliom into n boolt. A fov/ typcJ pai;es, and poorly at thnt, in Bubsta-.ce coult! not add tauch to v'.iat he l;ad already told tne. And what lie had tilt! cie v/at of interest only to me, bocaut.e I was familiar with the locale, but-^ !JOt to other readers. Gut it- was lii$>ortaiit for hia to tet iny recoj^Mition tiince he knew tliat I publi&hed iiiany articles in iJAirope and In this cour;try did some theatre reviews for- the Variety togazine. And so Lee cat on the tofa ajid looked hopefully et lae. "S-1.nf do you tMr.;. of this?" he a^Ued . "I'.emeailer I eni iiot a ;irofc£cion.il ;n.tLcr, I was. lucky enoui,h to have had sowe artlclce putllihed, your story Lc sLcjple and honest but it is very poorly written. It is cepriveJ of anj sensational r&velations and it's really pointless. Personally I like it because I know ilinsk but how n;?.ny people knos; where Minsk is. And why should they have interest in your exO perlenccs? Tell as!" "Kot many," Lee agreed lildly. I did not «ay^ not to af fend hiin, t: hat his gr&iunar was poor and the syn- tax was abominable. And those long, pompous words... I 117 tut thr.t WIS t!ic result of Mk poor, formal e<3ucation. .iixl the only tblr.^G in his favor r.tooc". out - his sl-.cerity aivl h5.s ob/ious i;0(Xi will to Irforra correctly. . ... , "If you add. rone sftiisational, detective story type details, a henuti- ful fcTinlp D?y, dcprnved, liasQchistic policemen. If . you depict all Russians., as t:iqn3un;ibltK>PEtt>.r3, then your iscript will be published. ••Kq, thar you," paid Lac proudly. "L do not vrur.t to toll liep. r^ pujr- .,^ pose Is to Imi'rove ooviet-RiiKs±:c3-. Aincrican relatloiis." And he added quickly. "People here cJ-ould krow I:ow Secant aiid j;enerou£ Lyesjlans £re. Kow, viell. _, ... they treated r:e, ;-. clrplc Anerica:-. ex-nartne, with klndneas etid generosaity - I f'5.d !:tt fli.d r-,ychlrA iro:iGtrous In 'Jlviet T-ysc^-a,. " ■, r^,^ , "I arrce trf-tli yov. pernoi.T.lly. Alsc you talk rbcmt socns ir^tlividuals yoxi net there. It's £ocd end fr.ctual^ they are dep^nt. people. By^ ,ifho io , , „ irtercsted Ir ccciratc this or that. In refugees frotr. Ar^enina or in some cheerful Cuban ctudcntc? Correct?" ., . , .,,,,, Leo .n^reed i?nc I handled him bacli his pai;,os. The sa.T.o typcacrlps ^Ksrs dhovcai 4.0 latev; for J,dst;;tl£lcation by t;l)e .; , „ ^. Warrer, Cor.mlttee lc;>7er and tlicy vere prir.tcd In the Uarren Committee report. So Lee's xrlshed xsxz cama true after ht^ death. : .. 118 This was a period o£ relative tranquillity for Lee, as he was working for Taggart's developing and enlarging photos, posters and maps and he seemed to enjoy his work. But Marina was dissatisfied and complained to Jeanne again. "He comes home tired, hadly talks to me, only to the baby, then reads Russian books and is seldom tender and loving to me." Incidentally I never saw him interested in anything else except Russ- sian books and magazines. He said he didn't want to foget the language - but it amazed me that he read such difficult writers like Gorki, Dostoevski, Gogo-1, Tolstoi and Turgenieff - in Russian. As everyone knows Riissian id a complex Inaguage and he was supposed to have stayed in the Soviet Union onlya little over two years. He must have had some previous training and that point had never been brought up by the Warren Committee - and it is 'Stiri puzzling to me. In my opinion Lee was a very.xbrlght person .l^ut not a genius. He never mastered the English language yet he learned such a dif- ' f Icult^languaget- -I -taught Russian at aLL level in * large Un^ver^ity.and I never saw such a profficlency in the best senior students who constantly 'Listened to Russian tapes and spoke to Russian fr;iends. As a matter of _ fact American-born instructors never mastered Russian spoken language as well as Lee did. ...-., .. , ,. ...,„. The fact that Lee reserved Marina as a perfect Russian conversationalist 119 for himself was foolish and selfish. Being In close relationship wlch the Osvalds we noticed the signs of the coming disintegration of their already fragile relationship. Lee seemed to be fornd of Marina but he mostly che- rished baby June. Maybe he was too secretlave a|i person to show his affec- tion and Marina's slavlc nature demanded more attention and tenderness. But Lee never spoke badly to us about hla wife, he never criticized her but irelther did he ever express any deep- feeling for her. Even In his typewritten memoirs he spoke very little of her. Marlttia, 'on t*B other hand, annoyed and- criticized Lee, due possibly to a perversity of her Russian character. "He is so puny, so dull, he never ^Irlnks,- only w*rks, tires easily, is only Interested in books" §he com- plalted to me and my wife. And she said that behind hla back and obviously "to -htm directly when we were not there. Never -did we hear from her that she loved her husband. But there was nevertheless an element of strong attach- latertCwhlfch tied together ■these two so di£>ferent people, but we did not no- tice it at the time. lAe \tif indeed all wrapped' up In hia- wocte,> books, his ideas on equality of all people, especially of all races; it was strange indeed for a boy ypoorwhltfi^ - New'Orlfeafta anff-Tebcas^amily, purely Ango,- *o- be so profoundly anri-racist. "Segregation in any form, racial, social or economic, is one of the most 120 repulsive facts of American life", he often told me. "1 would be willing any time to fight these fascistic segregatlonalists - and to dfce for my black brothers." He obviously Intended to do Just that, as we shall see from the later chapters and from Marina's Inscription on Lee's picture. Warren Committee completely disregarded this unusual aspect of Lee's character and elimi- nated my statement form the report. Otherwise, we seldom heard from Lee much talk about womeni Marina, on the other hand, spoke freely to Jeanne add to myself about her pre-marital experiences, her admiration for strong, sexy men. She spoke enthusiastical- ly about the Cubans she met in Russia. "Thay were outgoing and gay. Often they carried their guitars with them, sand Chair catchy Carriben tunes, dan- ced so well. They were such fun!" This was an indirect critlclzm of her husbandwho did not like music, except Russian folclorlc sad tunes, who did not play any musical instruments and could not dance. And let's face it he wasn't particularly entertaining with her. ^ ' . , • Here I want to dispel once more the impression 1 may have given that Lee did not have a keen sense of humour. For instance I remember this one he tol me. "A russian doctor had a parrot who was able to say 'how do you do', •good night' etc. , 121 One hot evening the doctor left the parrot on the vrlndowslll to cool off. A Russian mujlk passes by and hears parrot's greetings. He takes his hat off and saysr'excuse me, combade, I thought you were a blrdl"" On American politics he expressed the following opinion. "Under dictator- ship people are enslaved but they know it. Herd the politicians constantly lie to people and they become Imnune to these lies bacause they have the i>rlbllege of voting. But voting Is rigged and democracy here Is a gigantic profusion of lies and clever braaln-washlng . " Also he said -something about FBI which did not strike me at the time as very clever, but fctstory proved his judgement correct, "knowledge Is a great power, especially If you know It about very Impprtant people." Obviously J.Edgar Hoover's files must come to your mind, - Also he told me the- Joke vAilch must have, been circulating at the time In the Soviet Union. "A strip-tease Joint was opened In Moscow for the tou- ■rlsta. It was decorated and run Jjust like -In Paris and lots of money was spent on this establlshmen. Yet It did not attracact much trade. A State Economic Commission questioned the worried director. He explalned;'I did by best, hired the best decorators. Imitated a place In Paris.'- 'How about ^. the girls 2' asked a member of the commit sloo. 'No trouble with them, they are all at least for thirty years good, party members.'" 122 Lee aiso liked Jokes about southern hlllbtllles and rednecks but 1 cannot recall any of them now. He subscribed to "Krokodll" a Soviet satiri- cal publication, somewhat similar to the New Yorker or to the British Punch. Krokodll, which we often read together, featured mainly Russian self-crltl- clsm In the form of short stories or cartoons. Animals frequently featured local politicians, and In the manner of Krllov's fables, emphasized the foibles of the Soviet bureaucracy. It also took swipes at the bourgeois world quite sharply. Lee read Russian classics and discussed some at length with me, especially I remember "The Idiot" by Dostolevskl, a psychoanalytical study. He under- stood the pre-revolutlonary life In Russia, which I did not know but heard about from my parents. Russian classics belong exclusively to the pre-revo- lutlonary or early revolutionary days and modern Russians are fascinated by those days of extravagant aristocracy, tzarlst power and abuses of It, great wealth and great waste, ownership of slaves, temporal strength of the Greek-Orthodox church - these aspects of the old days Lee observed with distaste but the elegance and the gayety of the certain occasions gave him a feeling of nostalgia, as he were Russian himself. Marina did not care about any of this, she was a super-mater la list, really destlnaed by nature for the mediocre, middle class American life: new clothes 123 new buildings, plastic, neutral surroundings, tall, wcll-dreased nen. "Lee, when shall we get a car/" She kept on nagging. "Everyone here h^S one, even the poorest people I" And poor Lee even did not know how to drive a car. And when Marina was talking to Jeanne he shad: "I never wanted a ndddle-class wife, mediocre, obscure, money-loving who would have the tsste of vanity, of luxury, of comfort, of all that bourgeois nonsense." Well, you have one, I thought. Marina liked wine, he objected to It. She smoked, he detested the smell ot tobaoofr. So whenever she was without hlmshe. would become a chain-smoker. Inhaling deep, asking for drinks, enjoying these forbidden pleasures. He called- Lee, e slender, ascetic man^ but by no means a v^akllng, a bookworm. He respected education and knowledge, especially In others, she was just the opposite; she dlda»t value her degree as a pjarmacist. "It must have been difficult to get It?" I asked her once. " - ."Noe-for me, I got by easLly, used i>onles and passed my examinations," - she answered breezily. ■" Rut she would remember some handsom& fellows and had med and shared bed with, of real soviet type orgies. She confided In Jeanne. Those parties ' were organised In Minsk by richer sons of the bureaucrats who disposed of comfortable gpartments while their parents were gone. The kids drank and 124 sleps Indiscriminately . "This was terrific," she reminisced. "And I also remember a handsome boy who instead of Joining us on hllldays would take iI a book and would go all day to the forest to study. Some people are crazy," she concluded. In my conversations with Lee, I found out that he was an oppn and straightforward agnostic. Rellsion did not interest him. He was that was i probably since his early childhood.^ His agnosticism was of the type of Je- j fferson's or Franklin's - and it was fine. He was not an aggressive atheist who wanted to impose his point of view with violence. He must have read Toynbee and Bertrand Russell because his argumentation against orua- nlxed religion was solid. One day he said^"The doctor sees a man at his weakest, the lawyer sees the man at his wickedest and the priest sees a man at his stupidest," he chuckled. "I r,ead It somewhere, l^.'a p^retty good?" Lee was always very humble with me and he really blossomed when I showed . some interest in what he had to say. But arn't we all the 8aii\e way?,, , Only once, while discussing organized religion. ^^ expressed his views with cold disdain. "What I dislike," he 5ald, "are the materialistic^, aspects of the American type religion, not all, but the large denominations with their ^ediculously garish churches, their tax-deductible tricks an4 flnageling." Lee seemes quite versed In the matter. Here ha was rather 125 Instructing me. And 1 had to agree with him on the greedy aspects of our modern Christianity, so far removed from the original taachings of pover- ty and humility. I renieaber talking to ny v/ife about Lee and she mentioned that we both treated him on a perfectly equal basis, and never scorned him, while other people who helped the Osvalds did it for Marina only or for the child. And Lee did not like any help, especially that type. He was occasionally rude to the people who interfered in their lives being intrtsically a very independent, selfsuCf icient person. And- so he began refusing invita- tions V7hich infuriated Marina. Many local people, especially Russian refugees, relented Lee because he had deserted these United States, the "country of the brave and the free" and many considered him an outright traitor. And he, a hundred per- cent, native-born Anierican smiled and would say:"vjho gre the real Ameri- cans? Only the-bidians. Blacks and ■the. Mexicans from the Southeias-Western states, to whom this country originally belonged." We have a different attitude. We Like young people who search to solve soaie problems which bother them. He disliked many aspects of American life and thought that aiaybe soraewliere else it^ vaa better. Being with him took m£ back to my young days at the University of Liege, when we spent entire 126 discussing various probloms o£ life without any respect for the rules or for the establishment. It was not the first tiine that he mentioned that he was disappointed in the Soviet Union because he did not find there his ideal of justice. "Maybe it does not exist..." he said sadly one day. "And so I came back." The narrow-ainded people condemned him without understanding his motiva- tions , without giving him a chance to explain himself. And later on our Dallas police let him die without explaining himself and telling the truth. But we are talking of the year 1962 and of people he met then. Many re- sented him - and he answered in kind. And we were the only ones vjhh took interest in him and gave him a chance to express himself. Since I had mentioned Lee's agnosticism, let's go back to Marina's attitude towards religion. We were positive that at the time Marina \ras glso an agnostic, even an atheist, after all she was brought up in Soviet Russia In purely corncninlst surroundings . She did not have the slightest idea of God, not any interest In anything divine - or so It seemed to us. But soon she realized that being religious in the United States would help her, as It usually does. And so she had her child June christened latei in the Greek-OrthodAx church in Dallas dm^lng one of her separations from Lee. This exacerbated their conflict. He told her in our presence: "you 127 doublocroEsed me, you should have consulted me before doing this to my child. This Is unforgivable I" And GO there was another element added to their disputes. Personally I do not criticize faith or rellslon, but these should be true and profound feelings, not the outward manifestations . Lee's faith, his stronest belief v/as - racial lnte5ratlon. He told tne at :nany occasions -"it hurts me that the Blacks do not have the same privileges and ri^jhta as white Anierlcans . " And I agreed with hin. This was the tijie when Blacks had to sit at the back of the bass, couldn't eat In restaurants or stay In the hotels and motels reserved for the whites. It ancered and annoyed me. At the time 1 didn't have many contacts with the Blacks, except with some artists, teachers and preachers. But in my Irofesaion I couldn't afford to have Blade friends often in the house, I would have been black- balled and eliminated from the competitive field. Fortunately now the situation changed for me and I am very happy, Lee also resented the poor care of his child. Tills led to frequent quarrels and recriminations. Gradually fights between the Osvalds became frequent and vicious. Marina would arrive by bus with the baby and would complain to Je.anne : "K3xhe beat me up again,'* and showed bruises on her body to Jeanne and a black eye to me. 128 One day we vLslCed Chem Ln their apartment on Elsbeth Street In Oak Cli££. It was on the ground-floor of a dreary red-brick building, the atmosphere of the house and the neighbourhood conducive to suicide. The living-room was dark and smelly, the bedroom and the kitchen facing bleak walls. But Lee was proud of his own place and showed me his books and ma- gazines as well as some letters from Russia which we read together. The place was spruced up by the lovely photographs of the Russian countryside taken by Lee there and later enlarged by him. Trees and fields, charming peasant huts and cloudy skies contrasted strangely with the dreary walls and the lugubrious atmosphere. Some pictures were framed by Lee, others unframed were assebled carefully in an album. 1 also remember artistically taken pictures of Moscow and Leningrad, especially of the river Neva which I also slightly remembered from my childhood. He was happy to have access to elaborate photographic equipment. "Look at these churches, look at these statues," he exclaimed proudly. Indeed almost ail his pictures had a pro- fessional touch, he was justly proud of them. While Lee and I were chatting on that moth-eaten sofa of his in the li- ving-room, Marina invited Jeanne to come to the kitchen. There she crt*d and showed an infected spot on heir shoulder.' "The son of the bitch saught me stroking and he grabbed the ci^jarette and put it out on my bare flesh," 129 "This l3 terrible, this Is terrible," Bhoated Jeanne, comlns out of the kltchsn. "Lee what have you done to your wife?" "Well, she smoked against my orders," He said sullenly. "You lived abroad only two years and pickerivLng back from the Osvalds we spoke of their problems and laui;hed June-Krushchef£ comiJariaoo. "Yes, the baby has the same slanting eyes and the saaie belligerent expression," said Jeanne, "how coaie 1 did not notice it before?" Yes, June was not a pretty baby at the time but perfectly nortual and healthy. We have not seen her Lately, for reasons 1 shall explain, byt I an sure she grew up to be a lovely young girl. She haj a step-father and ktiows^ probably little or nothing about her real father. And we remember fcith sadness how much Lee was devoted to her. "Me is an unusually loving and tender father," I mused aloud while driving. "And he has a very good hearth," said Jeanne, "look how much our dogs love hia." " t's so touching when Lee kisses June and calls her "moia malenkaia devochka"." And never gets mad at her, I concluded while we approached our house. 132 Incraased anlnaoaltv betwean Lee and Marina. Conflicts In married couples develop slovjly like a cancer, and then from the slow development the sickness attacks the couple with alarming rapidity. In previous chapter we showed how slowly but Insidiously the anluiosity developed in the case of Oavalds. Looking back at Lee and remem- berln^i hie reactions, he becamR suddenly standoffish, sotoetiir.ea superci- lious and spoke only to people whom he liked and tnusted. Add there were not many of them. Lee was not close to his mother and neldoi. spoke of her. But neither aid he criticize her. He hardly spoke of his brother Robert and rot at all of his wlf^. Yet, the Osvalds stayed with them for a abort time upon their arrivAl in the United States. As a matter of fact ws never met ar.y member of the Osvald family and we are sorry not to have met L^e's mother. Ev£n I'arlna spoke nicely of her. Later we admired w^eb warguerite Osvald tried desperately to clear up her son's name ard reputation. We wish her the best of luck, Cne of the reasons we agree vjith Mrs. Har^uerlte Osvald that her son vasz probably iraiocent of Kerjiedy's assassin^itAon - and we Insisted on this during the rt'arran Coiaiilttee Interviews (although it was never brought up publicly) - was the following: Lee actually admired Frosldent Kennedy In his own reserved way. One day we discussed with Lee Kennedy's efforts to 133 bring peace to the world and to end the cold war. "Great, great J" Exclaimed Lee. "If he succeeds, he will be the greatest president In the history of this country." Kennedy's efforts to alleviate and to end segregation were also admired by Lee, who was sincerely and profoundly committed to a complete Integra- tion of Blacks and saw In It the future of the United States. "I am willing to fight for racial equality and would die fighting If necessary," He told me once. Because of his poor, miserable childhood, he proHbably compared himself to the Blacks and the Indians And commiserated with them. In this he was so different and eo noble compared with the South«rn trash and red- necks, whose segregatlonlsm stems from tVielr fear of the Blacks, of their strength and of the possibility of their prominence In every field of human endeavoun. Education for the Blacks was an anathema for them, while Lee was fullheartedly for It. He loved black children and admired their cute and outgolns ways. He also was fond of the black music and folclore with which he was familiar from his childhood days In New Orleans. Lee despised the reactionary groups, the white supremacists, the so called "hate groups" and did not hide his feelings. I naturally agreed with him. Marina, on the other hand w„s not Interested In anything except acqui- ring possessions. Her craa materialism, envy of other refugees' success, 134 compared to Lee's idealLsm, lead inevicably Co confrontations. Lee was rather neat and orderly, Marina was lazy and devil in§y care about her household and herself. This unusual ftKsaNRusslan-Amerlcan couple was too much for the average An^o. Hence their cohabitation with tin Robert Osvald and his family was short. It all became clear to my wife as she had the opportunity of observing, Marina more than I did. This ex- RuGslan activist and member of the Communist youth stayed in bed 'till boon or later and avoided domestic chores. This was what happened when she sta- yed in our house. The same opinion was shared by my daughter with whom Marina stayed also for a while. Marina was simply deprived of energy while Lee, capable of an effort, was not however an average go-getting type of a person who succeed In Ame- rica. I often regretted that Lee did not get a better education, he would have done well In the scholastic world and would have been a useful citizen In the meantinte Lee's relationship with Marina worsened as she became more enticed by the American "luxuries". It was a sensuous .joy for her to wear my wife's silk nighties when she stayed «rt.th us and my daughter said that she did the same when she stayed In her apartment. As Marina was luxuriating, Lee was rending whenever he could his Russlat books (he had brought a lot from the Soviet Union) and his friends kept provldlgg him with new supplies of books and magazines. 135 /.Ithough I did nou notice any special si^hs of jealousy regarding Karina - for obvious reasons, she could not coitununicate with Amcricaiis and the Russian refugees were too old for her - bat it annoyed him that his wife kept corresponding with her boy-friend, or an ox-lover, In Russia Lee intercepted a letter fro.n this man ai-»d becaj.e very bitter. I do not remember whether he beat hpr up on that occasion, tlarltia did not co.aplain. 3ut he told ate that tohe letter contlined reference of Marina's plan to return to the joviet Union without him. It could be tnat Lee Aaisglned it. Anyway, the situation becawe tenser. Lee obviously loved liarlna in his own way and did not want to lose her. Marina's snuakin^ and oaasional drin'^ln^ gave fits to Lee, he hated the smell of tobacco on >!arina's breath. Laughingly I told him to aoid this problem and to approach ilarina, when -he-' was in an a.aorous mood, from the back. He did not laugh tliis time. • Junie' 8 "Upbringing also caused bittMT disputes, Lee accused his wife of not paying enough attention to his daughter, not to change her diapers fast enough and ^o be tender eiwugh witlv-hor. Actually Mgrina was not a bad mother, but Lee was too much of a perfectionist and June was his idol. In out opinion he spoiled the child too much and we told him so. The Osvalds qjiarrelled in front of us bitterly but without physical 136 vlplcnce. Rut grad'oally the te-npo od their fl^^nts lncreas«d and v/e saw Marina more often with bruises an-l T^ee with scratches on his face. Joanna tried to convince. Lee to change his ways to be more tolerant otherwise this confrontation would end in a tragedy. I did not bellove that Lea would seriously hurt Marina and laughed - "even prominent people occasionally beat their wives, the most Important is not to malsi them." My v»lfo liked Marina and found her ariiusin^ and stlraulatin3. but we werd both annoyed to hear her complaints gbout "that idiot Lee who does not make enough money . " "'Thy don't you try to make something out of yourself?" asked Jeanne. "I cams penniless to America, vrorked herd and became a successful designer. Go to school, lesrn F.n^lish, revalidate your decree." Marina was not interested. To encourage Marina and prevent her frooi bitching at Lee, Jeanne ^ave her a series of r-scords to teach Russian-speaking people English. They_ were her o^«i records, as she came to the United ."tates from China, without knovJing the lanjua^e i7ell. Put she learned fast and made a superhuman effor to become independant and to z^ve p.n excellent education to her daughter. We also gave Che.Osvalds & phonograph. But Instead of learning English 137 she played melancholy Russan tunes and did not obviously cherish the idea of finding a Job. One day both of them were reading to us a letter from Marina's girl- friend in Russia. "Marina," it read, "I knew you would make it, you were destined to be great gHd your success in America is a proof of it." Lee smiled sadly: "Marina what were you saying to your frfetnd?" Ironically Marina did become famuous after the assassination, was on the cover of Time Magazine, received a lot of money from charktable but 'foolish AmericaTJS, and is now well off financially. At the time it was pathetic to read such a nonsense. But it is posaibL that Marina in her own strange way conaidered her arrival in America a great success, maybe the hundred* odd dresses donated to her turned her head 7 . . . Who knows 7 One day she told Jeanne that she always wanted to come to the United •States - at any price, all the foolish gadgets and all the junk which clutter our lives in this country. 138 Idea o£ separation We were appalled at the Osvalds* marital troubles which from being bad became desperate. One day Marina came to our house without announcement, crying, badly bruised all over and carrying baby June along. It would be dangerous for her to Lee. And so we discussed the situation with a charming couple - the Mellers - very kindly people without children of their own. He had been a professor in Eastern Poland and she a Soviet displaced person. They met in a camp in Germany, fell in love, married and eventually came to the United States. They met Marina and liked her and at the same time they were not prejudiced against Lee. Not being rich, they were generous, and they accepted to host Marina and the child 'till the situation would clear up. The same day I invited Lee to come to the house to discuss the situation with him. We spoke very clamly and as a matter of fact of the need for se- paration. Our dogs, Nero and Poppea, sitting snugly next to Lee were a living proof that he was not either frantic nor nervMous. When it came to the last beating, result of Osvalds' desperate quarrels, Jeanne said: "sepa- rate as fast as you can. Stay away from each other. I will let you know Lee later where Marina will be. But not before some time lapses." At that Lee became Indignant, our dogs went into hidi.ii,:», "you are not 139 all going to Impose this Indignity on me I" He shouted. "I shall tear up of June and Marina's clothes and break the furniture." He was Incoherent and violent. W e never saw him In this condition before. rl- "If you dl this, you will never see June and Marina again. You are dlculous," she said quietly. "There Is a law here against abuse." with "By the time you calm down, I shall promise you will be In contact someone baby June again," I Interceded, knowing that Lee was afraid that would take the child away from him. And so he calmed down, promised to think the situation over, assured us that there would be no more violence and after a while we drove the couple back to the dreary Elsbeth Street apartment. The next evening Led was back with us, all alone. Again he wanted to talk the sltuatlolr over. He sat gloomily on our famuous sofa and both of _ as tried to talk some sense. "I heard of love accompanied with beating and torture," I said half se- riously, read Marquis de Sade or observe the life of the underworld - I'amour crapule, as they say In France. But your fights seem to be deprived of sex, which Is terrible..." 140 "If you think you are fond of each other, cannot you do It without scratching, biting and hitting?" Jeanne tried another reasoning. Lee sat g&oomily without saying a word . "Separation will be a test for both of you," continued Jeanne, "you will see if you can live without each other. If you can, Lee, you will find another woman and will be happier with her." "If not," I laughed, "you will separate or divorce again. Look at me I did it four times until I found somebody who can stand me." Jearaie kept on talking about a nice temporary home for Marina and the baby and the good care both of them will have. Naturally we did not mention the name of Mellers. "I promise you, Lee, that after a cooling off period, I shall give you ^he address "and the telephobe, so you can communicate with your child. Nobody should separate a child from her father." Lee believed my promise because he knew bhat myself I had been a victim of a vindictive wife who prevented me from seeing nay children. Jeanne had called one of two families who knew the Osvalds and they wholeheartedly approved of the proposed arrangement because they thought that Marine would be better off alone thai* -with Lee. And I personaly was sure that Lee would be happier without Marina. 141 since Marina had been for this arrangetrent from the start, It wae only Lee we were worried about . That night we separated rather sadly. "You may hate us, Lee, or maybe you will be grateful to us one day for enforcing this separation," I said "But I don't see any other way out under the circumstances. This is Satur- day, we are free to-mprrow and will come In the morning to help Marina and the baby move our." Lee agreed but he was on the verge of tears. "Remember your promise. You will give me soon their address and the telephone." We shook hand and Lee left. The next day, a Sunda y, we drove to Osvalds' apartment on Elsbeth Street Lee hardly sajd hello to Jeanne to who he has always beaa most cordial. "This is not the end of the world, Lee," she told him. "Cheer up!" And she went to help Marln|. I sat on the sofa with him and tried to tail to him. He was gloomy and hardly said a word. He did not try to help us move the crib, baby's belongings, but iihen It came to Marina's clothes, he became infuriated . In the meantime our big convertible Galaxle - which we kept for years In memory of Osvalds - was filling up high. Seeing all those Innumerable clothes, Lee grabbed a bundle ot them and shouted: "I will not permit It! I will not permit It! I shall burn all this garbage." 1+3-792 0-79-10 142 And so back we went Into the apartment following Lee and the bundle of Marina's clothes. "You cannot go back on your promise to be calm, Lee!" Shouted Jeanne. Disgusted, I wanted to call the police for help. But Lee looked so desperate that I sat on the sofa again, grabbed him by the arm and tried to reason with him. "Brutality won't help you.Lee," I said. "If you keep on with these tantrums, Marina and the baby will be gone anyway and you won't see them again. So better submit and keep your word." He sat gloomily not sure of what he was going to do. "We are wasting our valuable time helping ycur kids,"! shouted loosing my pat-ience. "To hell with you and your qjiarrels!" And Lee calmed down and agreed to everything. He even helped carrying marina's clothes aqquired from the hateful Russian-American benefactors, and put them on top of our overloaded car. Otth all this Junk, aur conver- tible sank almost to the ground and groaned. And so we departed Jeanne holding up to all that stuff to prevent it from falling ou, Marina holding on to baby Sune. As I was driving I laughed because we looked so obviously ridiculous. But fortunately this was a Sun- day, there were few people on the atreets and I drove slowly, avoiding main arteries from Oak Cliff, in the far Western part of Dallas, to the Lakeview area, in the Eastern part of Dallas, a distance of some fifteen miles. 143 And so we reached the apartment of that gentle couple, the Mellers, who came out, greeting Marina and the bhy and helped to unload all that Junk. Little did they suspect that this kindly action would cause them so much trouble after November 232 1963 and that their gentle life would be disturbed by the insane vuapicions and crazy publicity following Kennedy's assassination. Marina complained for the last time about that stupid Lee and all the trouble he had caused all of us. I was worried about him. "Let's get over with it? I said gloomily, finishing the unloading. "And let's get out of here. We have done enough for these crazy kids." I 144 Separation and more trouble. Obviously the separation which we caused and worked so hard at was not hhe ru^ht solution for the couple's problems. It was a heavy burden on this charitable Polish-Russian couple - the Hellers - who were used to their own ways and who had to share Marina's temperamental problems. She would not help Mrs. Meller In her household fuca chores and behaved like a prlm- donna. And for Lee the separation was much worse. He missed Marina and the child and came to our house dally , asking how they were, did June miss him, were they well take care off. In other words he practically forgot that this separation was not a Joke and that he had caused It to a great extent. Again we had a chance to talk together, In a less cheerful mood than before. "One can arrive at truth by trial and error," he said. "In my case I commit so many errors and I still do not know whether I arrive at truth," "It Is possible, Lee," I countered Jthat you take things too seriously. Don't do things which are unpleasant or uncomfortable bifecause of some great Ideology you may have. Yqu see all the mess you are In. You must have read Arthur Koestler's book where he repents for his years as an Ideological communist revolutionary." Lee remembered the book. 145 "Stop living miserably, do like a normal person does, live pleasantly and keep your own Ideology to yourself. Don't disclose yourself." "You are right," of course, said Lee. "But this society we live In, It's so disgusting and degrading. How can you stand It?" "Well, my friend, that's why we have built In distractions, stupid TV, moronic movies, rock and roll music for most of the people." "And good books for us," concluded Lee, rather aptly, ;'Lee, you are too straight, your back does not bend enough. One of these days someone will break your bacta. You have to learn to bend, be resilient! "But look at the politicians here, most of them. They want to be praised publicly of their honesty and good will. Connelly, the governor of Texas, for example. In reality they will do all the degrading actions and yet try to appear In good light." This was the first time he mentioned his loathing for Governor Connelly. What caused It, we shall show later. "What you need, Lee, Is a good walj In the Jungle, like we did. That would bring you back to the essentials of life - survival." "Marina Is not Jeanne, she will not do anything of the sort. And we have the baby ..." Later we were asked many times with great suspicion - "why were you was- ting your time on this crazy Marxist and his unappealing wife?" 146 The answer is - first to help a young couple In despair a nd secondly- more complex answer - I found Lee a most Interesting and Invigorating In- dividual, he never bored me. Maybe the reader will agree.... Talking to Lee was a balsam for his raw nerves, a sincere conversation calmed hlra down and It wasn't bad for me either. Fortunately I remember well so much of what he said. I remember distinctly that one of those eve- nings together we talked of John F. Kennedy. Lee liked him and certainly did not Include hlra among those despicable politicians he mentioned before. 1 showed him President's picture on the cover of Tlma Magazine and Lee said -"how handsome he looks, what open and sincere features he has and how dif- ferent he looks from the other ratty polltlcos." I don't remember exactly the words but Lee spoke most kindly of the gra- dual Improvement of the racial relations In the United States, attributing this Improvement to the President. Like most young people he was attracted by the Kennedy's personality but he also knew that JFK's father was a rascal who made money off whlsjty and being bullish on the stock-market which Is betting against this country's economy. Lee often mentioned that the two party system did not work well, that other points of view were not represented. He did not see the difference between a conservative democrat and a fairly liberal republican - and In that I agreed with him. 147 "Both republicans and democrats really did not oppose each other," he mentioned one day, "they do not represent different points of view, but they are both solidly ajjainst poor and oppressed." But rejardln^ JFK, Lee did not have such a ^jloomy attitude and he hoped that after the Bay of Pigs fiasco Kennedy would accept coexistence with the communist world. As I mentioned before, he did not like Marine Corps and considereda it racist and segregationist. "Do you know that President Truman wanted to abolish this Marine Corps and I would a.^ree with him on that." Lee did not like any militarists, Russian or Americana, he thought that some day there would be a "coup d'etat" In this country organized by the Penta- gon and that the country v;ould become a militaristic, nazi-type, dictator- ship. Maybe this negatlvlst attitude was the result of the separation, these days be was gloomy and did not smile at my jokes. Yet I tried my best. I remember telling him about the meeting of four girls, French, English, Ame-^ rlcan and Russian. "The French girl said. "my lover will buy me a dress.* The English girl said:' my husband promised to buy me a new coat.' The American girl bragged: 'ray boss v.'lll buy me a mink stole*. And the Russian glrld concluded: 'Girls, I am prostitute also'." 148 One of those evenings Lee spoke for the first time of his discharge from the Marine Corps. "I received an honorable discharge and then those bastards. In the Navy, changed It Into an undesirable discharge, just because I went to Russia and threw cny passport In the face of the Ameri- can consul." "Didn't they do It because you lied? You were supposed to go back to the States to help makings a living for your mother..." "Oh, hell, that was Just a crooked excuse," He said sullenly . "And I Connally slgH^d this undesirable discharge. .." Those days Lee was bitter about religion, which he generally seldom mentioned. He explained his awowed agnosticism: "money waster of these Innumerable churches, garish and costly, should be spent much more use- fully on hospitals, asylums, homes for the poor and elderly, on elimi- nating slums." But Lee did not like the communist party either. "In Russia party mem- bers are mostly opportunists, carrying their cards proudly In order to get better jobs, or they forced Into the party by the circumstances or families." ' Again I tried to cheer up Lee by telling him a Joke I heard in Yugo- slavia. 149 An uneducatftd MonCenei,lan eonmunlst arrives In Belgrade where he sees for the first time changing lights in a main intersection. 'Comrade,' he asked a passer by, 'What are these lights for?' He asked timidly. The slyde answer was: 'the red lights are for the comiminists to cross over, the yellow for the comimnist sympatlzers, the green for oil the others.* And eo the peasant tried to cross on the red light, almost got killed and strongly ada>onlshed by the policeman: 'what kind of fool are you?'- 'But I am a member of the commvmlst party, but I didn't really wanted to join IC, I was forced into it.'- He did not laugh but conceded that the Joke proved his point. "People v;ithout any party affillntion were the nicest among those I net in Russia, he concluded. I renjehber that Lee did not like ar.y political parties, anywhere. He was just a native-born nonconformist. But he told me tliat when he used to teach his cov7orkers English in Minsk, he tried to present United States In the most favorable light and wasn't too popular with the authorities be- cause of that. In USSR, he defended Usa, in USA he defended USSR, This type of attitude I like very m^jch a'vl I tried to do the same when I worked In Yugoslavia In 1957. I remember deeply offending the secretary of the coinmunlst party of Slovenia comparing him to my ex-father -In-law, 150 ex-charlman of the Republican party of Pennsylvania and an extremely rich man. Both of them, conniunlst and a super-capitalist were made In the same mold, Vflien he hear this, Lee finally smiled. And 60 Lee tried to create good feeling In two opposing countries, in two opposing systems of government. This In not an attribute of a violent man, just the opposite. I must say that I never considered Lee capable of a truly violent act. Marina annoyed him, he heat her up, but she scrtached htm back and hurt him worse. Lee regretted his acts but Marina did not. Lee threatened to destroy toys and clothes but he did not do It, Look how he accepted our Intervention... I am not a very violent person, bat I would not stand for somebody else to take away my wife and ray only child, whatever the reasons were. Unquestionably Lee wag a very sincere person, he meant what he said, even If It meant trouble for him. Marina, I remember, had the same feelings rej^ardln^ religion as Lee, she found all rellslons absolutely ridiculous, a childish farce. But at the same time r.he had her baby baptized - Just in case. She knew it would create n favorable Impression among Americans ami Russian refugees. Ghe did It at the t5.ne of this separation, we did not know about It, and she did it without Lee's consent. And so baby June was bnptlzod In the Russian-Orthodox church, where 151 the prleot, father Dlmltri, wan a ^ood friend of mine. Beln^ a neophlte 1'J.mself - he had been a atroiic Saptlat - he was sotnev/Iiat fanatical about his new faith and considered this baptism a ci^eat achievement. And he did well In the church and at present time he is bishop of California. Wlien Lee heard of this baptism, he became Infuriated and It led him Into more rfiliglous or rather anti-religious dlocusolons, which I remember well. "You know all those theories of irrmortallty cleave me cold," said Lee, "And who would bs this -aj'sterlous Judj^e who would punish or reward me? It's O'at of sljiht." "Yes, I a^ree \At\\ you but becoodnv; just jjao after death seema too sim- ple to ne." "Eternity, Itr.mortallty, what hljhfalutlnj Ideas," continued Lee. "Anyway I have hard enough tlmein this short existence of mine," he snlled bitterly. "VJhat shall I do with J.mmortallty?" "Someboty tj» said," pi.xrsued T^e,"thi3 man is not Intelligent to doubt -he is a PHLIEVER." "!iy frlorid," I aald, "hope nnd religion are a peculiar mixture. They make lots of people happy but they also made Jewish t>cople go to nas clwmbers slnjjljxj Hebrew son^s, instead of fighting the Nazis." 152 . "That won't happen Co me," saidd Le. "I don'c need hymns to pep me up when I die. and I don't know where I shall go a£ter death and I don't care, but I shall not be like a rich American - who eats, sleeps, drinks, amuses hir.i3el£ and then dies painfully leaving all his belon^iiij^ and a large bank account. 1 shall die poor and free." 1 was frequently asked - was Lee Aa good husband? Now we have seen his unpleasant characteristics. But he often helped Marina in the house- hold work. He gave her all the money he earned. Sometimes he complained that site was too laze - and so he did the job himself, cleaning dishes even washing clothes. He was tender to the baby. As far as sex is concer- ned, we have heard Marina's complaints but we know that the greatest mys- tery in the world is what happens between the married couple at ni;>ht, behind the closed doors. And we never looked in the keyhole. I don't remember Lee ever saying that he would go back to the Soviet Union, even when his marriage was going on the rocks. If Kiarina had any brains, she should kitaw have known that a man like Lee, who was not a money-maker but barely a wage earner, would never provid;_ her with all the luxiu:ies, all those desirable items, that America seemed to possess in such limitless quantities. She picked at him, annoyed him, as if she desired a separation, which she finally achieved through us. 153 This letter from Hirlna's ex-lover that Lee Intarcepted, vThy did she let It drag araoLind. tiayba she v*antecl to end this unsuccessful marriage? V^Tiat annoyed us also was that Marina liked to ridicule Lee. She called him a fool, a moron, "you are always thinklnf; of politics Instoad of making money - you act like a big shot J" Marina had a bad habit of constantly corrcctlii3 Lee whan he was epeaking Russian and that anjioyed him and me. Lee, for a man of his background, had a remarkable talent for Russian and tlarina foolishly tried to blow up his occasional mistakes or ridicule his 3li£,ht accent. It's difficult to know two lan^ua^es to perfection and Lee's English was perfect, refined, rather litterary, d^jprived of any Southern accent. He sounded like a very eduoatsd Asisrican of undetermin^te background. Sut to know Russian as he did V7as rfitnarkable - to appreciate serious lltterature -- was something out of the ordinary. He had affinity to the Russian ways of life, customs, nius ic and food . Therefore to criticize this remarkable fellow was an act of nastlness oi: idiocy, especially for >iarinn who knew only two ETi3,llst words -"yep" and "no". That 's how she went arourid and did her shoptjlng pointing at the articles with her finger. 154 Lee asked, me once - "what is your pjlLosophy of Ufa? You ir^ke me talk a Lot but teLI ou: jokes instead o£ being seiicas." "Well, Jokes sooietimas express more than thick, serious doctoral theses," I answer sd. "Frankly I am not Interested in politics, 1 lost aost of my relativss - and so did Jsarine - through various wars and revolutions. What I believe in - live and let live. But let the minorities and the poor live decently, then I for that type of a govarnaent. I had voted :iepublican so far but I am considering switbhing to the Democratic party. There is a guy ther« there by the name of Suiei'.e tIcCarthy whom I like. I also con- sider that each country deservas the government it has, let tha comi-nunists live the way they want, same goes for the socialists or evan dictators. For instance the CeriLana definitely deserved Hitler." Lee i-.odded a^ireeiaent. "This couJitry has too r.-.any dur.in problems to bust into ot her countries and impose our '.' origin. The arrival of the pilgrij:as and elind.nation of the Indians. United States is dishonest country because it's based on the spoliation of its rightful owners. This country is based of hate aiid intolerance. Aijd finally," concluded Lee, "1 think American i^.riglos hate this couritry because they ruined it to such an extent. Just look ariiund - ugliness and iX)lutlon. "Vpu exa^ad'ate, Lee,-' I arj^ued . " ihere ate lovely places in eacli town." "The plastic ahettoes of the rich, you call thaai lovely," he ariswered angrily. "In tills country of great economic wealth, the jobs are nard to find even in times of prosperity. In depression. It's awful." "One thing you are right about," I said, "there are few happy people here. I reinejxer an old joke: 'In Ajierica the poor i^at poorer, and the rich tjet. ..Porfirio ilubirosa." He did no laugh, Lee probably did not know wito Porflrlo Kubirosa was. 157 "What kiiiJ of a country thia is, if an Alabnaa ignorant redneck calls a Black profcasor fron Dillard University - 'a nis^Grl'" And Lee conti- nued angrily. "Yoj like Joke3, 30 listen to this one: 'two white policernen tit In their office ionewbere L\ Mississippi. A voice from outjlde calls:' a sheriff, cone over a man is drowni:iij.* A fat-bellied sheriff rises, i;oeB out and comes back shortly. "Goddanilc', he says, 'another ni^^er tries to drown hlr.iaolf, the bastard vvrrapped himself in chains, cannot swim.'" Yes, Lea could be justifiably anjry. But he hated ?Hl mofit of all. 'Tnos sob's annoy ma aid Marina constantly, Thej' keep on inquiring about cie and her. Tiicy intinats thst I am a suspicious character and that she is a co.ami!iisC. Anc! so I car..not. hold a daceiii job..." "I r-sreo with yuu.Lee, why c'on't you vrrite FBI ? letter ana conplain?" "I did that and promised to blov; their god -damn office," he said angrily. '-S we know now, ths existence of this letttr vas carefully concealad by rci fxoin the 'Jarrcn CoiTtnittee. A banker, .Crierid of aiine, to whom I introduced Lcs, knew the situation cr.d shied ewcy frox him. He did not vjant investigators ir his v7orroom. Lee cculd have r.»vcd r.v/ay frow Uallas, and 4^e did already inove from Fort worth here, but those lousy inveGti;;;.'tors followed him everywhere. That's U3-792 0-79-11 158 wiry the Csvslds L-oved to Vcw Orlsans, but this happened after cur dcrpar- turc to "ait I. I v;ouU V.fve £dvlse. Put I ar.i ^s. Chrlistian, .^o I forgive hlin. So.ne othsr ^ood friends understood vhat wc were trying to do for the Osvsl^.s - trying to l.?.prove their po.^ltion aAterlally, socially and emo- tionally. Annd so, testified ilarina, Lee became soriievhat cf a recluse, and all tnat giving backfired makir.^ Csvalds' lonely Life miserable and empty. It could be tnat this was intentional; some elderly/, peopls are jealous of nn un- usual couple, 6eeuiin£,ly in lovi, so they g&t ai:tacl up ir. their affairs. Lee disliked aiid even despi<:ed bureaucracy in every form here or in the soviet Union. "Uere they are nasty', he said to me once, "in the Soviet union they are naive and stupid'.' This outburst ca.r.a out after I asked him: "how in tm hell did you i,et oat so etisily oat of I'ussia?" "1 outsc.iaitfcd those Russian bureaucrats. K.ari! They are just an ar.iorphou! bunch of people, fiiey make a ntista'/.e and i,o to a concsr.tration camp like a bunch of sheep." 160 Co;r.parlnj Soviet U-vLo.i and fats country, Lee told r.a one day: "both aides Ua^e loade a lot oC mistakes, enormous nistjikfis, but which side is riijht and which sida ia isTori-, I shall l.o deimed, I <'oti«t know." A:id he added seriously. "I hji)e at l-ai^t CViijiR will he ri^lit and vrf.ll do \v.3ll." I 161 r.FFe.'t.^ of the 3-r.pTt ;'t Lo~i. Saver.'.l Intorvlcv.'ers anf. even ^oocl friends aekec' n» const£»ntLy the snme question : "yoM helonj, to a different solw-'rt- of socitty - vrliy o'ld you get mlxfti! up with these 'loM clr.s-' people, t'le Csv.'ldsT" Most of t-b*? ronsorts -.v-ere oxplslned Ir. previous cu^i'ters but there was another Important explanntion • In I9i^0 T lost niy only son of p cofij^enltal desea'je - Cyif.lc Fihrosln - a.' In s>;ort . Althouch the fntnl Issue was ex- pected, v.'''ion It hiapponed it affected ip.e so strongly thet I knew that I had to £ot "away from It oil". I pshfd ray vlfc Je.intie to give her successful desiiinliig profession nnc^ join ms on an r-xpeciJtlon on foot by the trails of Mrylco fr.d ?t7.1 of Central Arr.erica. This effort helped ne innT.er.sely and then we rict the OevtIcIg very shortly -%ftcr our returr. Le?. understood ths r.ntucr of my ordeal - Ri'id so did Marina - which was a Xvasisn w-ty of £?ln^ bj-c'c to nature, to b?. alone in the vjilderr.css with the iTia^e of the lost por^or. Ir, our nlr.ds. And no \:t ■sx.jerisnced a co'.titiu- rio'i 'clth a departed child. I'uC ^ralkir^,; a.nonj the poor and duspossessed opanad our eyes to tha roalitias of life. H'ifore that, like nost paopla It this c-)u.it?-y we uars hiiatlinji a.vtar our buyineas, quite successfully most of the tinis, and dismissed poverty aiid inaquality from our minds. I bei.-!a ne rec.>ptiv/rt to so.ae of Les's idois, listened to them, discussed 162 thera fr^iely aid car.e to IdoV. at his as ?. friend, Atrr.or.r. a son. Car e: of his cMld'-.ood 9nM ilow Orlor.ns ?n(l hir- Parly contacts with Lntln Amnricins, he unctovstood complo:, snrii-fcndal problems and was gearchin-, for solutions. Marinr. was not involved in thsoc dlscucslona . ; TVius, .:>osslb1.y I llentlfled hec- with my lost son, unconsciously, of course, aiTl as f.^.r a«, si;e is con-;orne3 he coulc! bs my son. Miyba this is the reason vhy Lee accspt-^d our piternJilistic in his private life. Lo9 truyto-1 Teannc arir: I i.Ttpllcitly and felt t'at whatr-vor wa tri&o' to do v.r.ild ':■(! bf.'.cf icial tc him. I o^n t'.-.inl; of ?^i.othor ilc-m-',t of our .-losenes? . At o-ip period in my life, I '■.'.'■.a an officer in tha Foli?h cavalry whore I al.jiys prided rayself on ex;ellf.'Pt r:-lations with th^ soldiers, naybe I treated Lee alr^o like a eol'"ler firmly byt fairly. And en Jeanne 'e ??.rt there was the same ele- ment vis-K-vis !>r5na, v'-o ^."3 ^bovt her daughter's a'j,<-:. ••'-d so the Osvalda irl;jht hsve cor.slc'cred -js our foster parents. After the fcrcs'l fjenaratlon, Lfo crr.it- to cur hr>use every day. Cnce he brouJ:t sone vii^itr.^ cards ! r printed for me at Tf;i;i,srt 'r . A tottchlrc 163 gestuirs a-ic' 7 sttTl. '<-c;p th^r.c cr.r'_, Tie brought niy car-is lio rp;jo.irod coirplGtcly hoiT?," Iio ho^-otl tne, "I v.int to talk to 1-ior ard tha child." V7e co-inulto^' fiacV. of pi . ">y oonsensus v/e :,r.vc T-ec ".irlnc-'.'G teloplione anrl ->'idr'i'ss, ='j.-'t-'St t'.irin?'K '..'ill. We jubI: dW rot l.ellovc t'.-.nt she would be afr.'.id oc T-oo . '-liet'L-.nr err doclpion ---ss a rljjht one, vie. dcii't 'raiow but sta-_-':ln:^ r.hnf: o''!5rin:i T-r>a hc^aT-. calll-.i^, '■'.s '.-i'e at nil tlnos of c^a^' an:? ni^ht, dla'-.'.i^Mn.'^ c-rA-.-yTody v.ntf.l r.hls f:V,rr,J.n~ connlr-, tbs I'-^-llerB, enkod Mf.rlra to I'ovp oft. T'-il'-.s tlr.'ft vf! h.-'d rotb.liij to do with tlie racue .".ml It aecns that flarir.a l-rrfi>fp^^ tc hr with h.^o nrr? novrid first to Y.rr,. Katin Ford'r. place - a Runslrn rrfi'^or !Tsn:l(»d to ".n Annricai- p.colo^ist - and later shs roved to ar.other family v.rrrcd "ays (shr. vpg also a Tusnlan rcfii^PG. and be rn Arrc— rJ.car. adveitlslr.^ exGc'itl..>e) . rNientually f^c rc-turr.ed beck to Lc-c-. Put before: that she ^£ve Lee each tltiiS hsr t^lsp^O''- ''"^-^ sddrsss. t'srlra re- turned to her domicile after i. tesrful scene - which we did not see- 164 Supposedly Lee swore her his love, stood on his laities anu prokdsed to make souie uioriey • Likter on we were cold that liariiic;. had itoved away iLXi>a Lba £or a £ew days in Fort Worth, and theit wuiit bacU to hlu. .. Xl»e separation we were involved in so painfully was too biiort to have a positive et'tect, I told Lee. lie should have been i.iore patlfeat aiKl we were angry with ourselves for this untervention in th=ir lives. And life was catching up with us - time becatrtts veiry valuable for both of us. Jeanne had to finish soma urgent desiinina jobs and a.y loiig awaited project of a {^eolo^ical saxvcy of naiti was con.ivi^, to fruition. At the aaiae tiaie 1 »;<»s chosen cliaixuian of the local Cy&tic fibrosis cam- paign, which tifcant writing letters, teeing lots of j-tople, pi.rtlclpatlng in various mefctings and above all - raising tioney. JeaiUiC was. aiost useful spending her energy most usefully, raising lar^e aniouiits of sroimy from our rich neighboxors and from the executives of the cloLhini, industry. The cam- paign was a great success. And here is another coincidence: luy ex-wife and i had bt.irted this ?Cy8' tic I'ibrosis loundotion on u snail scale iii Dallasand eventually It became a national or^a2ii2,ation with headquarters In Atlanta. At tlie ttaie of our frifciidsiiip.witn the Osvalds, Jactiueline iiermedy bacaiua iui honorary 165 chairman of our PoundaCion £or which, we all, afflicted parents were profoubdly grateful to her. Lee Osvald was aware of this fact and out of friendship to me, he expressed several times how much he admired our President's wife. 166 Our meetlngB at the end of 1962 Somebody familiar with things Haitian know how difficult is to organize anything worth-while in that country. But I have always been very fornd of tlhiti and especially of people there. Fortunately iry many friends were helpful and we were assured now that «ny survey was develo- ping a firm base. Also I was trying to organize a company to help deve- loping the sagging economy of this impoverished but beautiful coxintry. So the time was short for us and we were seeing the Osvalds rather seldom. One night he came alone and seemed very depressed. "Lee, my friend," I told him. "You like Tolstoy, don't you. He said many clever things but this one applies to you. 'Man must be happy. If not he has to work on himself to correct this miunderstanding which makes him unhappy.' I think 1 know what your 'misunderstanding is'" Lee nodded sadly. "My tragedy is," he said, that my suffering is inflic- ted on me by a person close to whom I want to be and from whom i would want to find protection and consolation." These words, which 1 remember distinctly, touched me greatly. "You try to change Karing into your image. It's difficult, if not im- possible. You should like her for what she is, not for what you would want her to be. Do you my point?" 167 "But she l8 becoming like an American middle-class wife," Lee fought feebly. "She thinks only of foolish comforts. She is becoming like the rest of them, talking of washers, driers and other gadgets as If they were the most lmi>ortant things In life," "Lee, you are too demanding. She Is new In this country and Is affected by It. Take It easy. Try to be friends with her. Somebody saldr'frlendshlp Is a. quiet and exquisite servant, while love Is a ferocious and demanding master'" "I am a fool and I am very unhappy," aald Lee quietly. "But thanks for advice anyway. You are a very good friend." When he left I thought. Here Is a good fellow whose tragedy Is a com- plete mlsxiderstandlng of himself. He wants love from a woman who does not understand hlro. And he himself does not face squarely the Issues. What is the most Important to him? In the meantime the despair Is like an organism which destroys him. He begins to lose hope. And so Lee went back home and to his miserable life. But he seemed to be resigned to unhapplness and we have not had any complaints from Marina -no black eyes and no burned cigarettes on her delicate white flesh. In the meantime a big parte was to be given for Christmas of 1962 by Declan Ford - the geologist - and his wife Katla - the Russian refugee- 168 who knew the Osvalds well but tried to steer away from them. They were probably annoyed by Marina's stay with them, as far as Lee was concerned they were rather Indifferent to him. Being younger than most ex-Russlans, Katla was a relatively liberal person. After we received the Invitation, Jeanne called Katla and asked her permission to bring the Osvalds who were extremely lonesome as the time. KATIA WAS NOT TOO enthusiastic at Jeanne's suggestion but with a little of arm-twisting she accepted, but asked specifically not to bring the baby June. Or maybe the baby was Just a pretext and Osvalds had no money to hire a baby-sitter. So I got on the phone and 8ald:"0svald8 are lonesome, Isolated, nobody sees them Except us and we are not giving a party this year. We will not come without the Osvalds." "Marina will not have anyone to speak to If we invite her to another, purely American party. At your party she will find some Russian-speaking people. I have a solution, I shall find a baby-sitter for June," Fortunately Jeanne's friend, an American- Italian lady, a good Christian, volunteered for the Job and stayed with June that whole night. That Christmas eve both Marina and Lee were well dressed and looked very elegant. Lee didn't always had to be a non-descrlpt Individual, he had sometimes a very pleasant appearance and could dress well. 169 The eelf-appolnted baby-sitter, Anita, liked June and took care of her In a typical v/arm, Italian manner and thr Osvalds and two of us, chatting pleasantly, to Ford's attractive house In North Dallas. It was a clear, cold night and a slight layer of snow, unusual for Texas, cheered all of us and gave the city a Chrlsmas-llke appearance. H)8t of the guests had already consulmed lots of drinks and they were chattering excitedly In a dozen languages. The loveliest girl of the crowd was a Japanese musician, Yalk4, staying In Dallas for a short time with her friends from Tokyo. She was a delicate, elegant, sophisticated girl, restrained and dignified, a little lost In our Dallas society of noisy, self-assertive, aggressive females. Marina did not look too well, she seemed to be afraid of the crowds r she liked to opefate with men one-to-one, and appeared bashful, like a country-girl. Lee, on the other hand, blossomed and was the hit of the party. Naturally a good conversationalist - If he wanted to - both In English and Russian, he was outgoing and friendly possibly because the people were more liberal than usual, his bahavlor was exemplary. Serious, attentive and polite, he answered questions Intelligently, If the person who asked the question was serious. He reacted well to the surroun- dings. 170 Somebody played Kusslan tunes on the pLano and some good voices could be heard. Marina unfortunately was not musical and Lee was engrossed in conversations. I stayed around him and noticed that several fomen flirted with him and sisplayed their charms. Some were quite attrative. But Lee*s greatest conquest was this Japanese girl Yaiki, I had mentioned before, and whom I also found the most interesting wonnan of all. He noticed her also and angled towards her - or possibly it was vice-versa - anyway soon theji were engrossed in a conversation. Of course Lee had served in Japan and there he had learned a lot about the country and the people. He had told me that he met there some interesting leftist youngsters. Maybe Yaiki had met G.I.'s like Lee before - although he certainly was not an average G.I.; whatever it was , bjit they were engcossed in each other and I left them alone. Marina stayed arouhd, but not being able to understand she fretted and did not know what to do with herself. As far as I was concerned, I was delighted. Hqw many times I'd heart her call Lee a bore, a fool, a bookworm, how many times she degraded his masculinity and here the loveliest girl of all was in a trance. Now Marina became just a Jealous woman, she even forgot to smoke cigarettes and to drink wine - bith were free and plentiful - she just watched Lee with narrow, jealous eyes. "We should go home," she muttered to me. "It's getting late. I am 171 worried about June." "Don't worry, she la well taken care of. And we are having a good time," 1 answered, enjoying the situation sadistically. And Lee this time was not to be budged. It was the first time that I saw him truly shine In the crowd. He enjoyed the evening and Insisted staying there to the end of the party. The other Russians at the party, unknown so far to the Osvalds, like cultured Russian Jews, were amazed by Lee's almost perfect command of the language. He spoke very fast to an elderly lady and she said: "I have lived here In America thirty years and I cannot speak English as well as you, young man, speak Russian," The party finally became boisterous and noisy. Lee and Yalko lost , track of each other. But she found me and asked timidly : "what an interesting friend you have. What's his name?" "Lee Harvey Osvald." "Oh, what a lovely name." "I agree with you that Lee is an unusual and Intelligent young man, but many others, the majority, disagree with me. They don't seem to understand him." "I do," said Yalko. "He had so many true things to say about Japan. He is 172 a very sensitive person and he understood my country. The «ew Japan is very complex." "Yes, Lee Is not one of those GI's who believe that for a bar oc choco- late and a pair of stockings you can conquer a woman - and for a larger stake - the whole country." "Where does he work?" She asked bashfully. I gave her Taggart's address and the telephone number and tgought to myself: "he J he} A real romance is in the making..." At last something good was happening to ay friend Lee, new horizons are opening for him. Unfortunately I cannot say whether this romance has materialized, as I my life became hectic and I did not have much time for the Osvalds, their conflicts and even Lee's love life. They did communicate however and I wouldn't have known about It had It not been for llarlna who came over one day furious and told mefl found in Lee's pocket this Japanese girl's address. Mliat a bastard, he is having an affair with her." I did not say anything just smiled and thought: "good for him." "That Japanese bitch," she cried bitterly, " we had a fight over her - and look at the result." She sported a new black eye. 173 "She provoked me to a fight, " Lee told me later, showing his scratched face. "This time she fought like a mad cat." The situation was nornnal a^aln, they were at each other's throat. H3-792 0-79-12 174 Rare meetings in 1963 This last incident, due this time to Lee*8 romantic interlude, showed us that it was only up to them to iron out their difficulties. We even began to agree tiixk that the Russian refugees were perhaps right in eli- minating this unhappy couple from their lives. We did not show to Lee or Marina this change of our attitude but our meetings became rarer. When we saw each other we spoke mostly about Lee's Job, our coming departure and about June's health. Only one evening led to dome serious discussion. I remember Jeanne complimented Lee for his serious attitude towards life; she was tired of people teasing her and did not en- Joy this American passtime. My teasing annoyed her also. "Excessive vanity is related to Jokes and constant teasing," she told Lee. "People who tease are trying to be brilliant at others' expense. That you don't do, Lee, neither to us to Marina." The teasers and constant Jokers," she continued, "want to show themselves superior." Cee was grateful for the compliment. He sat on that sofa of ours and told us something very touching."! think that I shhll be moving away from here after your departure. When my heart is heavy - and it will be when you will be gone - It will be hard for me to remain in one place." "Dont impose new changes on Marina and the child, think of them," said 175 Jeanne. "If everything works out well, we shall Invite you to stay with us in Haiti." Then she gave the Osvalds this advice: "you seem to be still in love with each other. Cultivate thlo love as you would cultivate a fire, adding affectionate actions like little pieces of wood. Otherwise the fire will be extinguished," "Study, Lee," I had to add my piece of advice. "Study is the best con- solation against worst adversities. Some philosopher said that, It's not my own Idea," "Kids," said Jeanne. "We shall miss you, although you have 'been giving us a lot of headaches. We shall be basking In the sun of Haiti, drinking the beauty of our favorite Island and eating sunshine and tnangoes." "Maybe it won't be so pleasant," said I, "not wanting the Osvalds to think of their dismal lives on Elspeth Street in Oak Cliff. "Remember life in America Is fun. . .fun. . .fun. . . and then worry .. .worry. . ,V7orry. ,." I quipped. "Try to have more fun that worry." As a result of our admonishments Marina promised not to smoke and Lee said:"I won't put out cl£aretteE on your arm, since you v;on't be smo- king." Peace for a while in the Osvald family. 176 Practical ls3uG3 of life took over, I had to spend all the time on my ijeoloatlon by the Marines. An elderly NtcarAjuan ^eolo- 'Ist told us the story of a h£ndsoiT«» and husky telephone llnenwn, who se- duced the lonesome wife of the Yankee Ambassador -the names was mentioned but I forgot It - End his subsequent appointment as chief of police, which w.^s equivalent to a dictator for life. Mis and children's. Th*seH dlscvisslons with Lee tokk place 13 yaars ago. To-day the fre- quent support of the United States of ollssrchr,, crooked generals and ruth- less dictators Is discussed openly In the Congress, Senate and In the United Nations. But In 1963 such conversations ml^ht have been considered subversive. N'ow, after VletTiam and Watergate we all see a little clearer and talk more freely. "Lee, how do you understand the Latin American pltustlon so v7ell?" "I am from Vev C?rleans, as ? Kid I met a lot of refu3ees from all these banana republics, no better source of lnform?itlon." In this way both Lee and I were non-conformist, even revolutlonarlep. But my lon» years of experience In Latin America, followed by my son's death and the ensuln?, saddness, ma^de ne commlscrete with the fate of the poor and of the starvlns. A younger man, I was career and money raad, a hustler... Tut Lee was the same since his childhood, which made him such a beautiful and \«)rthwhlle person to tie. 184 1 had been in the Social Reijlster, played with the jet -set, knew itmurr.erablc rich people, including ttte Couvler family, father and mother, and Jacqueline and Lee when they were youn^; ^irls - all this foolish ac- tibity makes me to-day disgusted with rayself . ITow all this opportunis- waate of time is meanin^leas but Jeanne, niy wife, and Lee had always been on the side of the underprivileged and she had lived in Oiina and saw new-born babies thrown in the j^arbajie because parents were too poor to feed them. To Lee, cominlseration for the dejected came naturally. Poor as his faailly was In New Orleans, he never really exparienced honker. By his inner nature be belonged to the socially motivated people. In our last meetings Lee often expressed his concern about this country -past and present. Its origins - according to him - by the hypocritical pilgrima, tlurou^h InJian ■;enocide, invasion of the continent by the greedy and hungry European massss, who, c.eetin;, racist attitudes of the Anglos, became even more racist themselves. Before busing confusion arose in this country, Lee was keenly aware of the racist cancer eating America's healthy tissues. "All people are sob's" he often said, "but the strongest and more ferocious always wljp, physically but not morally." Jeanne often participated in our discussions. Let me explain her background a little and to clarify why she got along so well with Lee, 185 i>oclaL atcltudea are unpredic Cable and do not depend on your parents or on your environment. Jeanne's family in China was well to do, her fa.ther built a roalroaU, sue lived a luxurious childhood, but she preferred from early days to give than to receive. She remembered the Chinese as humble and kind people, dismally poor, who hated to fight and rather insulted each other and stamped their feet. Even in huge families, violence was sledom seen. These subjects were interesting to Lee who discussed them with my wife. She told him of the formation of the puppet state of Kanchukuo, of the Japanese invasion and of the ensuing cruelties, of her flight from the Japanese to the United States. Lee compared her experiences kxXM of the old militaristic Japan with the present Japanese aiovcment, which he knew so well. And so both of them got along fabulously well, instructing each other on the Far-Eastern situation thirty years ago oiid now. Since Marina never participated in these discussions, we would talk with Jeanne of this curious couple after their departures from our home. "The opposites attract," was Jeanne's opinion. "I chink ic's sex," was my opinion," buC whaC Cype of sex I don't know." But Ciiere must have been a strong emotional bond between those two. They always came to each ocher, excepC juac before cne assasslnacion Lee 186 be££e^ Mnrlrn to co-^'p nrd llvo vlth blm, he hsc! a ji;b vltl; tliu Book Depo- rltory, Gverj'tblnc sbcnoi fine. And "jirlna rnfueed becaust Lee could not buy a w?ishln^ macMne to which she had had access In Mrs. Tayne's house. From tVils Incident csiie the theory attributed to me ty some publication (Esquire, I thlnk)>"A washing machine theory of Kennedy's assassination". Supposedly I compared Marina to a typical Texas v'oaan who would not go back to her husband because he could not afford a new Cadillac. But In poor Marina's case It v;a3 a washing machine... The comparison Is not bsd hut I did not enunciate It since for ■j\e Lee Is Innocent of Kennedy's cssapslnf.tlon. I cannot prove it but the later ftvents, w!i4ch will be discussed, tenc! to prove Lee's Innocence. I did not know Lee to te a dangerous tr.an, a r.u'n v;ho v;ould kill like a maniac without r'ny reason - with reason ary man Is a potential killer - and wc proved that he was rather an admirer of Kennedy's. Lee's conl-xtlons when we knew hlir, were fairly liberal, equalltarian, not even coirmunlst but rather socialist. *^6 sesmed to have abandoned his ecrly, rather vague, Marxist believes. V.q dl-5 not try to Influence mz in any way nor did I try to exert ar.y InflvKnce on bin. "That's ;7hy It's so easy to be with you," said Lee cne f^fy, "everyone tries to Influence me one way or another, in the Soviet Union, In Japan, hero, and you leave rr.e strictly alone." 187 Cur file-: rccurre-] frcqaently in our cor.verar.tio.'is and even ■.'ariiia partlcipfited In thcas discussions, "t'.ow could you have dons such a thing I at your ?^e?" she aolced Jeanne. "And to loo'.t oo trim, strong nnd beautiful? "Effort and conatant exerciae. Control over your body," would lecture Jc.mne. But tc no avail. Nelthsr was I successful to con\;incG Lee to be Siicrtier. "Get your troubles, your sadnesses, your gtiger out of your sys- tcir^ tiirough hard physical e:tcrcise," I advised tlreu-. bofa. "It worked so well In our case. Unfort'Jiiiately nalther of them would follow O'xr advice. 188 Lee aV Adutrnl gi?r.t.-r T.—.\to~^. . Tiicrs wafj n hiatus In ou-r meotlr.;;; vrlt^i the Osvalds as I had to fly to Haiti to rl2" ■'' contract there and then spant 3one time in Uew York pre- parin'?^ for the survey. Jennne during that tit-.c did not aec the Osvalds, she was flnir.h.lns hot dccl^nlni; aasicncaients s.nd wcs pachtn;],. We v.TOuld take a mlniiwjm of thln^^s to 5'nltl, leavins our furniture and hea-,ry items in a vja- rehouse In Dallas. Then I cam back from New York ?.nd asked Jeanne to Invite the Csvalds . They arrived itrme^iately and broii;;ht hahy Juno rlon:,. I rc-member this was a beautiful, rprln^ day, wafm enoujh to svyim. And so Jeanne called Frannie, the wife of AdnJrnl Chester Rruton, both jood frlt-nds of curs and i'lcide:*- tally lc»n3.-tltrG enemies of Tvlchard "CL-ton, whom they kr.ew from his Califor- nia days i*lien he m?de his career ruining ;iood citizens' reputations. Admiral Bvuton w?s a -jubm^rine h'iro of World Vlar II and I do not recall whether he hoc" four of five naval cro<;ses. He rsver talked aboat theia and a most humble and charming person. Frannie Bruton, an e::-cchoo?.teacher, a painter, an admirable wonan in many respects had invited us that sr.no. day to a 3wlnunin£ party. Jeanne asked her If wc; could brinj a couple of frieiida alons 7;!IU>-7:X2and we mentio- ned the name of Onvalds. 189 Although we had spoken to her about this unusual coupl^e, Fraiinie was nou sure who tliey were but asked us to bring them along anyway. And so \is arrived to liruton's lovely place with a liuge swiiniiilng pool and Frarinle was delighted to see us. Uiien I reniindeu her tiiat Lee was an ex-Doarlne, she went to get the aduiral who was a con^ienial nian ai»d liked to meet the enlisted luen. In the meant iiriellarina sat by the swiuiaiing pool with the baby, ^he either did not kniwM how to swim or disliked snowing her iigure which was not Coo hot. Jeanne gave her a conservative bathing suit but she re- fused to use it. Lee sat quietly, immersed in his thoughts. That was fre- quent with him wiien he was in new surroundings. Ueiore diving in, 1 told hiva jokingly : "Lee, isn't that funny that you ^.et punished for your actions -which are only an appearance - but you don't get punished for your thoughts, rfl'ilch are tne real thing." While he was pondering over that, 1 continued :"Cfiis is a nice place, makes you tnnk of oppressed workers etc... bat you should sea the places of the realk moguls of finance. Ihis is & poor ad.iiiial's retirement home." Frannie and Jeanne were tal buy paper and used the bxbx^ of old newspapers to write on or to do ner arithmetic. And the Admiral was also a poor farm-boy from Arkansas;, iie got his education in the N'avy and is both a lawyer and en electronics en- gineer." . wished I do not know why I wanted to talk so much, but this time I •KUn&Bsi to convince Lee that all is not bad in this world and that comforts obtain ed honestly are not to be despised. But Lee did not say anj^jirting. At that tiaie came the Admiral Cinescei Bratou, not tall, broad of shoulders, a typical submariner. "Waen I was in a auoaiarine in tafc i'aclflc he used to joke goodnsturedly.''! couldn't turn around in the tower be- 191 cause I waa constantly excited thinking of all those women on the main- land. So I had to forge ahead, and that's how I got my Navy crosses." Ue used to call him Henri, in the French manner, because he loved to speak French to us and so did Frannie. Both spoke French very well and were well read. Later they went to live in France. But this day he greeted everybody and began talking disgustedly of his new job with Collins Radio, actually an important position he took after his early retirement from the i Navy. He did not like the commercial aspects of his work. "I should have stayed in the Navy a bit longer," he said irritably, "I am not made to be a salesman." Then he began talking waroiy to Lee, asking him about his duties in the Marine Corps - but my friend remained cool and aloof - although Henri was kind and continued chatting amicably. j "That, Marine Corps was the most miserable period inn wy life," he said disgustedly. "Stupid work, ignorant companions, abusive officers. Boy, wgs I happy to have gotten out of it. To hell with the Navy." Here 1 saw for the first time his profound dislike for the military and especially for the brass. The term "admiral" Irritated him. "He is somewhat of a rebel and a little bit a Marxist," I told the 192 admiral, trying to smooth over the disagreeable Incident, I never saw Henri mad, but he was this time and I knew that he could hardly restrain himself from telling Lee to stand at attention first and then to order him out of the house. Instead he Just walked away. Lee did not continue being Insulting and spoke politely with Frannle about his stay In Japan. "You lived in the compounds there, belns officers wives, and did not have the chance to meet the real people In Japan, like I did." "I wish I could have," answered Frannle diplomatically. Marina was the personification of charm that afternoon. We had to tran- slate what she said, of course. But she loved the arrangement of the house, as we took her around, the luxury Ireally quite relative) of the furni- shings, FranAe's paintings (she was an excellent amateur painter) - the whole thing. And the surroundings ware an Incredible contrast to the gloomy apartment of Eisbeth Street. And so she smiled politely and even flirted with the Admiral. Excellent snacks were served later by our hosts, not a real dinner, and nothing out of ordinary happened any more. Henri was a good host and restrained himself while Lee, finally relaxed, told some funny, if slip.htly derogatory, about his Marine Corps life. 193 "We had a sargeant In the Marines who was as racist as any German SS trooper," he bagan telling us. "But then his sex habits..." "Please, Lee," I stopped him, learned "I could sing you the Marine anthem but, fortunately, I never it," Lee tried to be funny again. quite I cannot say that this evening was a great success. But we left of the late, still amicably, because roost of the conversation at the end evening was carried on in French between four of us. Four years later was saw th6 Brutons again in Washington D.C. They moved to Af lington permanently and we spent a couple of days in their house. Naturally the subject of the assassination came up and the Brutons were absolutely flabbergasted. They did not associate the rude young ex-marine with the "presumable" a ssassin of President Kennedy. They pro- bably did not catch tim Osvalds' hames when they had met them and then they had traveled extensively in the meantime. Frannie became quite excited that she had entertained "that horrible individual." Henri, being an adventurous man, was rather amused than ap- palled by this fortiltous acquaintanceship. "Well',' he said Jokingly, "we met Nixon and we also met Lee Harvey Osvald..." 194 Neither of the Brutons were ever approached by the FBI agents and had never been asked to teattfy at the Warren Committee, nobidy seema to have known of this strange meeting. It seema to me that I Jad mentioned It to Albert Jenner, of the Warren Committee, but possibly he did not take me seriously and then It may be that the Commltte would not bother an American admiral. The "so called foreigners" were to bear the brunt of the suspicions and Innuendoes. 195 Easter of 1963 In April 1963 we were at last ready toa leave to New York first and then to Haiti. I could begin to work on tsy long-awaited contract, which was officially finalized, signed by the President Francois Duvalier and published in the Haitian Congressional Record. All our light belong- ings were packed , furniture ready to be sent to the warehouse. During the commotion before departure we saw little of Osvalds and we knew that they were living practically like hermits, nobody visited or invited them, except maybe the Paynes. On April thirteenth, if I remem- ber correctly, we sat exhausted in the evening. "This is a big holiday," said Jeanne. And the Osvalds are alone. Even Marina is abandoned by the conservative refugees is she had gone back to her "Marxist" husband." I agreed with Jeanne and coouniserated with Marina. Being left alone was a penalty for her because she preferred Lee notwithstanding all the fights and the beatings . Jeanne had previously bought a huge toy rabbit, practically June* a size - a fluffy thing for the poor child. Osvald's new apartment was on Neely Street, a few blocks away from the old place on Elsbeth Street. This was our first visit to their new abode which was infinitely better than the previous one. They had the second floor here, all to themselves. 196 Huge trees shaded the structure and In the back yard the climbing roses hung up on the trellsses. The house Itself was m£ white frame of the usual type of southern structure. We rang the bell. The lights were off as It was obviously late for our sedentary friends. Although It was about 10 P.M. we had to keep rin- ging a long time. Finally the front window opened ."Who Is there?" Asked Lee*8 familiar voice. "Jeanne and George, open up, we have something for June," I answered cheerfully. Lee came down, opened the front doorand then led us up a dark staircase. Now Marina was up also and the apartment was lit up. It was clean and spaceous but aUbost void of furniture. "Isn't this a nice place?" Confi- ded Marina In Russian. "So much better than the old hole-ln-the-wall." We agreed and congratulated them on finding such a good place. She was cheerful and Lee was smiling also, which hadn't often fappened of late. He was happy that they were left alone by the emigres and even by the rare Americans they knew. Lee's feelings for the emigres could be compared to those of pro-Castro Cubans towards all the refugees crowding the streets of Miami. 197 Lee appeared satisfied with his Job and proud of being able to provide a better place for his family. This was the first time we did not see any conflict between him and his wife. Of course, wh4t follows will prove that all was not honey In the Osvald family. Karlna served soft drinks and began discussing some domestic affairs with Jeanne. Lee and I walked to the balcony and began to chat. He was very curious about iny project In Haiti but so far neither one of us were sure It would materialize. Now It was "a fait accompli" . Lee envied my profession and a chance I would have to help an undeveloped country and the poor people there. Incidentally he knew Haiti from his readings - he was av«are the oldest Indep^ent Black Republic In the world. He had lear- ned that Haiti had helped United States during the War of Independence, a fact nott known to many Americans of his age and background. He also had heard about United States' Intervention In Haiti after World War I -actually at the end of the war - and of the long American occupation of that country. He even learned which part of the Espagnola Island the Republic of Haiti occupied and her size. "You are very lucky going there. It will be an exciting experience," he said. And this opinion was valuable and encouraging to me because most 198 faarty«yif*xyxAiiB of my friends and acquaintances had £ very dim view of my whole projectand thought It would be dangerous and a waste of time. It turned out to be one of the most useful and pleasant experiences of our lives. But roost of these advisers knew little about Haiti - and I mean well educated, prominent people. To them It was an Insane, tro- pical, Black Republic - rather a ferocious dictatorship. Some had pre- dicted the worst disasters If we lived there. Then we talked pleasantly of his Job, of June who was growing nicely and we also spoke of the unfortunate rise of ultra-conservatism In this country, of racist movement In the South. Lee considered this the most dangerous phenomenon for all peace-loving people. "Economic discrimina- tion Is bad, but you can remedl it," he said, "but racial discrimination cannot be remedied because you cannot change the color of your skin.". Of course, he greatly admired Dr. Martin Luther King and agreed with his program. I Just mention it here, but he frequently talked of Or. King with a real reverence. In the meantime Marina was showing Jeanne her bedroom, kitchen and the living-room. There she opened a large closeA, nexto to the balcony, and began showing Jeanne her wardrobe, which was considerable. On 199 the bottom of the closet was rifle stand Ingcompletely openly. "Look! LooR!" Called Jeanne excitedly. "There is a rifle there." We came In and I looked curiously. Indeed there was a mllltxry rifle there of a type unknown to me, something dgHgllng in front. "What Is that thing dangling?" Asked Jeanne. vslght "A telescopic 1J*J«H," I answered. Jeanne never saw a telescopic sight before and probably did no under- stand what It was. But I did, I had graduated from a military school. "Why do you have this rifle here?" Jeanne asked Lee, "Lee baught It," answered Marina Instead, "devil knows why. We nned all the money we have for food and lodging and he buys thos damn rifle." "But what does he do with a military flfle?" Asked Jeanne again. "He likes shooting at the leaves." "But when does he have time to shoot at the leaves and the place?" Asked Jeanne curiously. "He shoots at the leaves In the park, whenever we go there." This did not mgke nuch sense to us, but liking target shooting our- selves we did not consider this a crazy occupation. All this time Lee stood next to me curiously silent. 200 "Did you take a pot shot at General Walker, Lee?" I popped a question spontaneously. And then a guffawed. "Ha! Hal" Thlnkls thld a pretty good Joke. Lee's reaction was strange. I often tried to reconstruct It. He did not say anything. He Just stood there motionless. It was naturally a very foolish joke because there was an attempt a few days before at General Edwin Wglker, a rather notorious character who was asked to resign his post In Germany by General Elsenhower, If I remember correctly. Anyway be was an iltra-rlghtlst who had tried to run for gover- nor of Texas. And he got surprising number of votes, some 200,000 on a po- litical platform somewhat to the right of Hitler's. This Joke Just popped out because General Walker lived fairly close to us, on Turtle Creek. Everyone knew his house with a huge American flag In front, sometimes replaced by a Confederate flag - and much later by South Vietnamese and Rodeslan flags. As I said, Lee's facial expression remained calm. He became Just a little paler. Uttan this was the last time I saw him and yet I cannot say with precision what his reaction was. I think he mumbled something unintelligi- bly and I did not ask. For sure he was eitibarassed, possibly stunned. And Marina was definitely shocked. 201 Neither Jeanne nor I laughed much at my Walker Joke. And certainly not Marina nor Lee. Only later we realized how stunning and Inexpected this joke was to them. It hit the nail on the head. Marina testified at Warren Committee that I KNEW that Lee shot at General Walker and sha also testified under oath that Lee did shoot at General Walker and had missed him narrowly. 1 do not blame Ganeral Walker, we called him jokingly Genral Foker, whom 1 never had the pleasure of Meeting for calling me a dangerous radical, t stupidly laushed at a bullet which nsxxsKtyx. might have killed him. » . This joke cost me a lot of money by hurting badly many of my business contacts. Marina testified also that Lee indeed considered General Walker a fascist and tried to kill as the most dangerous man for this country. Marina's testitr.onles turned out to be constradlctory and vague but there is another thinfe which makes me believe that Lee possibly tried to shoot Oeneral Walker. A man, whose name I do not recall, a Jewish man, whom Lee met at the Ford's Christmas party, described General Walker as tM most dangerous man in the United States, a potential nco-fascllst leader. 202 I noticed that Lee kept on asking why. And the other fellow explained clearly his reasons. Lee might have been Influenced by this statement. Another possible reason is the inscription on Lee's photograph, which we received posthumously and Marina's inscription on it. I shall talk about it later. This innucuous remak of mine influenced our lives, but we heard later from Alfbeit Jenner, counsel of the Warren Committee, that Marina's tes- timony was even more damaging to me. She supposedly remembered my saying: "Lee, why did you miss him?" That I naturally did not say and Marina w as so vague in her recollec- tions that even the Warren Committee did not take her seriously. Actually I think Marina believed that I knew somehow of Lee's shooting at General Walker and that's why she was so afraid that evening that I might tell the police or FBI about it. Lee, on the other hand, never considered me capable of treason and then he KNEW of course that I was completely unaware .of his attempt. Lee was a little scared of ray extra-sensory perception - which I still have with xtty students - Had I known anything about it, I would have per- suaded him not to try any such crazy foolishness. 203 Lee often commented with ama;;etnent that I could guess his thoughts. And I do believe in existence of ESP, especially among people attuned to each other. It happens to me constantly that I guess who is on the line when the phone rings. I know when somebody close to me writes me a letter or wants to get in touch with me. It even happened that I thought suddenly of a well-known person - but barely known to me -turn on the TV and there he would be. This happened I remember with Captain Rickenbaker whom I knew slight- ly but admired a great deal. We were sitting in a living-room with friends in New Orleans and I said suddenly : "turn on the radio. Captain Rickenbaker is going to speak". And he did. Anyway this evening of Easter of 1963 ended in an amicable manner. We walked in the small garden end Marina gathered a gorgeous bouquet of yellow roses and gave it to Jeanne in appreciation of the rabbit she had brought' for the child. The Osvalds were also happy that I did not mention any more the rifle or the Walker Joke, instead of making an issue out of it. It was our last meeting and a friendly one. We said that June looked less now than Chrushcheff , she was growing up. She did not have such a bald head, her eyes got bigger and she was less chunky. 204 Lee himself mentioned It, caressing the child: "look, she is much better- looking now than our great Russian leader." "I hope she keeps his amusing and friendly personality," said Jeanne. He is gone now, God bless his Bible-quoting soul and his earthy per- sonality. His sudden bursts of anger and beating of the table with his shoe, are all gone and belong to history. Millions of Russians miss him. After this Easter visit things began to move so fast for us that we could not see the Osvalds and we did not even talk to them on the phone. 205 Our move to Hattt. Our move to Haiti ended our personal contacts with the Osvalds. But other contacts were not interrupted, including the strangest one, the posthumous, which I will describe later. Soon a£ter arrival in Port- au-Prince, capital of Haiti, we received a post-card from Lee, giving us his new address in New Orlea/ns . At our last meeting for Easter neither of Osvalds mentioned that they intended to leave Dallas. So, this was surprise for us. Obviously they moved from Dallas at about the same time we did, but we, we do not know. Maybe they were Just lonesome. Maybe Lee wanted to remove himself and his family from General Walker's ne ighbourhood ? And so Lee gave us this, now famuous, addfess on Magazine Street in New Orleans, Louisiana, the town where he spent most of his youth. Incidentally it was written 6n English. The card got lost somehow and Jeanne failed to put the exact address in her book. So she still has under Lee Harvey Osvald's address - 214 Neely Street, tel. RI. 15501. and the business address of his reproduction company. We did mean to send them a Christnnas gift but the tragic events of November 1963 odcurred in the meantime. 43-792 0-79-11+ 206 Any time we Look at this address-book we think of£ Lee and wish he were alive, not only because we liked him so much, but also because he could h ave proved his innocence, or, if he were involved, to tell the whole truth about the conspiracy. He always had enough integrity to tell us all the truth, even if he had done anything wrong. Remember, he did not deny - or accept - his guilt in shooting at General Walker. What I had to say here, and it bothered me for a long time that I did not do it before, relates to the type of person Lee Harvey Osvald was, the reader will have to form his opinion of his guilt, or lack of it. Several new elements will be brought in here, which, in our opinion, are favorable to Lee. Both my wife and I still miss him and are deeply sorry that he met such an untimely death at the hand of such a repulsive in- div dual. I And so we led a delightful existence in Haiti in our beautiful house overlooking the Bay of Port-au-Prince, doing usefl work with my inter- national group of geologists: one Italian, one Swiss and one American, as well as the Haitian helpers. Incidentally, I may have gotten this asslgnement because there were no Haitian geologists in the whole country at the time. There may have been some in ex.ile. i 207 But after November 22, 1963 the situation changed for us. Information trickled from the Embassy personnel, and through the iliaml papers that I had been Lee Harvey Osvald'a "best friend", that both Jeanne and I "befriended" the assassin of the' President of the United States. Of course, we ourselves did tell the political officer at our itibassy that Indeed we knew Lee and Marina and that we were ready ,to help In any Investigation, we also wrote to our friends about It - all our letters were Incidentally Intercepted by FBI - and finally I wrote a letter of condolences to Jacqueline Kennedy • a mother, whom I had known better than her illustrious daughter. Mrs. ilugh Auchlncloss of Washington D.C., ex Mrs. Jack Bouvler of New York and Southhampton, was a dear friends of my in-laws and mine. In this letter I expressed me grief over the death of a great Presi- dent and a wonderful man. Being Influenced by the barrage of one sided propaganda in the Mewspapers, on radio and TV, I added to this letter: "I am deeply sorry I have ever met Lee Harvey Osvald and had befriended him." Living abroad and not having any inside information on the case we were "brainwashed" by the media which emphasized and explained cor.stan- 208 tly that Indeed Lee was unquestionably the lone and only assassin. Without any factd and Lee dead, everyone in Haiti considered him the assassin. Even cynical and well informed European diplomats 4m Haiti were of the same opinion. But they began to grumble asking themselves the same question: "where is the motif?" Now something unusual happened. A gray-suited, bulky, Miami suntanned, with false teeths and an artificial smile, Mr. W. James Wood, an Agent of FBI arrived In Port-au-pr4nce for the sole purpose to mSKe me deny a statement I had made to my friends and to the political officer at the Embassy. What was this disturbing statement? I had contacted a government man In Dallas, the only one I knew personally, probably a CIA agent, or possible an agent of FBI, g very nice fellow by the name of J. Walton Moore. Looks like It's a specialty of these government agents to have a capital letter Instead of the first name. Purely An^loOSaxon, you know... Anyway Kt. J. Walton Moore had Interviewed roe upon my return , from a government mission to Yugoslavia and we got along well. He had lived In China, was born there as a matter of fact, In a missionary family. So I Invited him and his wife to the house and he got along 209 I used to see Mr. Moore occaolonally for fabulously well with Jeanne. lunch. A costaopolitnn character, most attractive. A short tirae after meeting Lee Harvey Osvald, before we became fritjnds, I was a little wor- ried about his opinions and his background. And so I went to see ^fr. J. Walton Moore to his office, in the same building I used to have my own office. Reserve Loan Life Building on Ervay Street, and asked him point blank. "I met this young ex-Marine, Lee Harvey Ocvald, is it safe to asso- ciate with him?". And Mr. Moore's answer was: "he is OK. He is just a harm- less lunatic." That he was liaritilecs was good enough for me. I would decide for nyself Wiiether Lee was a lunatic . . . And that was the statement which greatly disturbed V;. Jap.ies Wood and his superiors. And that same statement disturbed later Albert Jenner, a counsel of the Warren Comialttee, when I gave my testimony. Ao disturbed Jenner was and ho knew that my testinwny i;£3 truthful, W. James Wood who cawe to see us in Haiti was more then disturbed. He tried to make me deny this statement And so vie were sittins in a luxurious Embacsy room, staring with animosity at each other, |H0 this repulsive, replete bureau- crat dared to tell me: "you will have to change your statement." "What do you meani" I asked incredulously. "That false statement of yours that a government man t Id vou that 210 our President 'a essaasin was a harmless lunatic." "False statement; Man, you are out o£ pour mindl" 1 answered sharply. And so the fjray-euited man in no uncertain terms threatened me: "unless you change your stateraent, life will bo tough for you in the States." "Nutsl" Was the only answer I coulc' make. After meeting l-tr. W. James VJood, I imciedintely bej^an having doubts of Lee's guilt. Adn while I was talking to him, the convefsation lasted quite some time, he constantly tried to intimidate me reminding me a lot o£ undesirable people I had met in my life and puritanically challen- gtnc^ me on the grounds of moral turpitude, i.e. too arnittee would pay all our expejises to iJaehlngton 215 attd bf.ck to Haiti. Of couroe we were most anxious to cooperate as much as we could to eolve tlils crimo. Hut Jeanne refu-Tec. to travtil v.'ithout our two do^s - Manchester terriers - £ind, after the e:ichanse of wires, I-tr. Ran- kin accepted the additional "do^ expense". were blissfully unaware It was unfortunate that Nero and Poppaea, our terriers^ that this trip was caused by Lee Ilairvey Osvald v;hom they liked so nrjch. For them this expedition was a ball. We stay ad at the old Willard ilote^., not far from the Veterans' Admi- nistration nuilding, where the Com.niCSee was located. I was the first to testify. The man who too'.c niy deposition was Albert Jonner, ^a lawyer from Chisago, who much later became well known in connec- tion with the Waterjiate case. Jenner yas a well knowa trial laxyer and I have to adait that either he was much cleverer than I or that I was im- pressed by the whole sotting and the situation as it unfolded in Washington at the time. Anyvjay Jenncr played witli me as If I v;ere a baby. Also people I met there were rather icpressive. Allen Dulles, head of CIA at the time, who did not interfere in the proceedings but was there as a distant threat. Jud^e Warren hiuiaelf, a rsther syapathotic, pviternal figure who had a weakness for Marina, wo found later. Roprcsentr.tiveE Geral Ford, friar.dly and youthful- lookinj. The last ten years cjanged him 216 considerably. And then Innumerable, hustling lawyers, all of them trying to figure out how a single man, Lee Harvey Osvald, could have done so much damage with his old, orlmltlve, Italian army rifle. Having around such a galaxy of legal and political tale nt, you don't have to be tortured, you would Impressed and Intimidated to say al- Dvast anything about an Insignificant, dead ex-Marine, And, during my lengthy deposition, I said some unkind things iking about Lee which I now regret. The reader must Imagine xny situation, sitting there and answering an endless flow of well prepared and Insl- duous questions for more than two days. .. Was this an Intimidation? "We know more about your life than you yourself, so answer all my questions truthfully and sincerely," Jenner began. I should have dald,"lf you know everything, why bring us all the way from Haiti?" But I did not and began to talk. And my answers were very nicely edited jxpsxt in the subsequent Report. "Say the whole truth and nothing but the truth," he Intoned. Jenner was a good actor, very cold and aloof at first, he switched to flattery and smiles when he felt that 1 was yetting tensed up and antagonistic. "How cosmopolitan you are! How many Important people you know! Yes, you are great I" said Jenner ingratiatingly. And probably this 217 flattery worksd wall on ni3, j-rovlnj to me that Albert Jenner was such a gooi friend of mine. So I answe-ai all Cha o.ua.jtiois to tho bast of .-ny ability, "Ith utter sincerity, without o/en as'.tinj to have my lawyer present and he, tha saaaky bastard, did not say a word that the whole teatixony wouW be printed and distributed all over the vwrld. And so ay private l£fe was sha^Tialessly violated. Durins this time Jeanne and tha dojs ware languishing in the old Willard Hotel. At the end of this lor.3 tssti.T.ony Jenner seemed convinced that I V3.3 not Involved in any way in this "already solved" assassination. ?.e bg^an showerln;^ ccmpliments on :r.e and I felt like a star of a porno- graphic movie, nefore leaving, I told Jenner of the harm thia affair was ctusing me, I'vilnly of the attitude of the Arrerican Airbassador, Of the reflexion on rsy work in I'aitl. He inserted therefore some nice £tatea:ients, putting ms: above all suspicion. 151^^ deal! The harm was already done. And how coulu I have bean sxispected of anythin3, being so far av7ay from Dallas, unless President Duvalier and I used vodoo practlcesand inserted needles or shot at a doll ressenblin^ President Kennedy. Since everytln^; was known, Jenner concluded my useless testiirony with the followliiii word3:"you did all rii;hC. Keep up the life you have been le^dinji. You helped a poor faaiily." And he added 218 as sr nplde "rftmen-.bcr, Foretimes It Is ^sngcrouB to be too generous vl.th }<)ur tine .-nd hslp." Tlien fcllov7ed oi't ant^ c half dr^ys of tettiiicry for iry \;ife and our KJinchestcrs . Tney v7Gre not "r.ir.tcrlal v.'itr.esses" but Je.inr.G refused ca- the^ortcally to Ip.rve them ir. the hotel. If our cio:;s could have talked, their tcptlir.onlGS \,ro\ilC. have bcsn more valuable than ours. As Jeanne and I discussed ovir experiences as witnesses, ir.cjny details came to our rdnds. For ir.!;;tarc£:"I,f!c Ili'.rvey Osvald muut have asked you a question r.bout yo^jir political philosophy. '.?f:ht did you say?" Ask.ed Jenner slyly. "Live ard let live," 1 aikswercd simply. Jenner or^de sosie comments on thr.t bat ^entrAlly s'jeucJ saticfiec. I raid to Jeanrn later; "it vjis an \-nplcas'::t ex^Jsrience, but in Russia ve v?ould have been sent to Siberia for life." She agreed. Jeanne's opinion re^ardln^ ot-r experiences v/pre soais'.vhat different from mine. 1 \7as j'.nxious to lear up m^ namo and return to Haiti. "I conpidered it a favor of naine to come ar.d help the Coir.mittee," she had said. ''I was corr,^lGtGly rcla:<£d . l\\e coiu'.bel v/as pleasar.t and re- nervcc. However, instead of asking; pertinent questionc, for 5.nstance •whun did you Meet the Osvaldu?' and "hov; msny tiines you talkeii to him 219 and Marina and about what?* Instead f■ they asked me:«whene were you bom? Who were your parents?* I never suspected that my personal life would be broadcast, although 1 had nothing to be ashamed of. Still It's my pro- perty, my life, the whole report was a washup, a coverup." Later we shall say whom the Warren Committee tried to cover up, maybe unconsciously. "I caan never forgive the cheek of asking me how many children I had," continued recollecting my fiery wife, "how many Jobs I changed, and why, whom I had worked for, how many times 1 went to Europe on buying trips, whow much I earned. I had expected to speak only of Lee and Marina. So I have a grudge and If I could, I would try to make them pay for the harm and Insult thet ttgne to me. Where Is the privacy we are supposed to have here?" Said Jeanne bitterly. "And so I spoke of my wonderful parents, of ny life In China, ny arri- val In USA. Poverty, hard work, success finally. But I hoped that this would be a country free of prejudice, of racial discrimination. Flnancla opportunities In USA were not the prime reasons for my coming here. My faith, or lack of faith, all was polluted by this porno-exhlbltlonlst questioning. Finally we began discussing Lee In a desultory manner," concluded Jeanne. 220 Naturally our testimonies regarding Lee and Marina coincided. We said the same things In our ovm ways and we never even bothered to read our own testimonies. Obviously everything we said coincided pei^fectly. When you said truth, you don't have to remember It, so we did not dis- cuss further details. "Finally," remembered Jeanne, "they made me Identify the gun. Nero, the Manchester was there, he sniffed at the gun, he could have made a better Identification than 1. For me the gun seemed familiar, but whe- ther It was the same we saw In the closet, I couldn't say. It seemed to have a telescopic sight. So I told Jenner -'ask Marina, she could Iden- tify the gunt " We both felt that the minds of the members of the Warren Committee were already made up, they were obsessed with the Idea that Lee was the sole assassin. The Idea of Cuban refugees with mortal grudge against Kennedy did not interest them. We both were intrestigated the same way. Any time we said anything favorable to Lee, they passed It up. And Jenner jesultlcally kept asking questions which were incriminating to Lee. An amusing detail of Jeanne's interrogation: Jenner shied away from Nero - fHO Jeanne promised that he would not bite, that he never b4t Lee who was a good human being r to which Nero would be willing to swear. 221 We discussed also what we had heard from the committee members - most other witnesses were nervuous and contradicted themselves, probably Intimidated by the awsomeness of the proceedings and the fact that many were not even naturalized cltlznes. And so some good people spoke very unkindly and untruthfully of Lee just because they were frightened and they wanted to please the Committee. They really should be forgiven. All the favorable facts we mentioned about Leewere subsequently mis- Interpreted In the printed edition of the report or not mentioned In It at all. Both of us we furthermore felt that Jenner was displeased whenever he heard some favorable facts about Lee. Then we asked ourselves : why did Warren Committee spent all the money bringing us back and forth, keeping us In an expensive hotel, doing all that hellishly expensive Investigation around the world about us, even carrying our mutts to Washington and back to Haiti? Why such a waste of the taxpayers' money If they did not want to hear the truth? We discovered that we both told Jenner Independently : "why don't you sned good detectives to New Orleans and to Mexico, find who were Lee's contacts at that time and what he was up to at the time of the tragedy. It seems that a Senate Committee Is going to do just that now. In the summer of 1976 . 43-792 0-79-15 222 We wondered why the Committee paid so much attention to the testimonies of people who had known Lee and Marina In Dallas, long before the assassi- nation or others who had known him long before that? And the answer was - just to fill uo the pages and tranquillized American populace. Jeanne dispute with Mrs. Hugh Auchlncloss, Jacqueline Kennedy's mother In the evening when we finished our deposition. Jeanne asked her: "why don't- you, the relatives of our beloved President, you who so wealthy, why don't you conduct a real Investigation as to who was the rat who killed him?" "But the rat was your friend Lee Harvey Osvald," was the cold answer. Thus the mind of not only the membefs of the Committee but of President' family were all made up. Jenner kept asking me constantly - "why did Osvald like you and didn't like anybody else?" As If there was some homosexual llhk between us.... "I don't have the slightest Idea, maybe because I liked him..." "Maybe he liked you because you were a strong person?" Jenner asked agal9 Intimating that maybe a was a "wolf" or a devil Influencing him to do evil. "Maybe he Identified you as an Internationalist?" Intimating again some dark connections I might have. "Maybe," I answered. "I am no admirer of any particular flag." "You and your wife were the only ones who remained his friends? Con- 223 tlnued Jenner his line o£ inquiry. This question was alked of both of us . And we answered both in about the same terms: "to us they were warm, open, young people, responsive to our hospitality." Albert Jenner the brought to my attention part of a letter I wrote to Mrs. Auchlncloss from Haiti. He used this as iny admission of Lee*s guilt, and I had explained already under what circumstances this letter was written, "since we lived in Dallas we had the misfortune to have met Lee Harvey Osvald and his wife Marina. I do hope that Marina and her children (now she has two by Lee) will not suffer too badly through life l,and_tha^ \the stigma of the assassination will not affect her and the innocent children." This was try foolish letter and tny speculation, not Jeanne's. And again, after the impact of this letter read to me, Jenner very cleverly mamboozled me into a possible motive of Lee's guilt. "The only reason for Lee's criminal act," I continued, "would be that he might have been Jealous of a young, rich, attractive presidentwho had a beautiful wife and was a world figure. Lee was Just the opposite; his wife was bitchy and he was a failure." 224 Now, away from the pressures of the Committee, I consider this state- ment of mine most unfair. It would not have made him a here to have shot a liberal and beloved president, especially beloved by the minorities, and Marina was not such a bitch, while Jacqueline was not so beautiful. Especially she was not beautiful Inside when she married that gangster of international shlppln Aristotle Onassls. If you read the Warren Report, there la another leading question by Jenner:"as a humanitarian person you cannot Imagine anyone murdering ano- ther person?" A childish, naive question, a> f course. "I cannot Imagine doing It myself," I answered equally supldly, but at least I did not express opinion about Lee's guilt. Lee, an ex-Marine, trained for organized murder, was capable of killing but for a veiry strong Ideological motive or In self-derence. But a few more words about my letter to Mrs . Auchlncloss, Mrs. Kenne- dy's mother. The copies of these letters were given Warren Committee by Allen Dulles, her close friend, as well as the copies of her letters to me. On January 29, 1964 she wrote to me: "It seems extraordinary that you knew Lee Harvey Osvald and Jacqueline as a child. It ceftalnly Is a strangi world. And I hope, like you do, that Lee Harbey Osvald's Innocent children 225 will not suffer. Very tired by oxir testimonies, we were Invited after our ordeal to the luxurious house of Jacqueline Kennedy's mother and her step=father, Mr. Hugh Auchlncloss. This luxurious home was located In Georgetown and Auchlncloss' money originated of somma association of Hugh's family v/lth flohn D. Rockefeller, Sr. of the oil fame. We spoke about another coinci- dence In our lives. I flew one day from Dallas to Washington and Mrs. Hugh Auchlncloss happened to be on the same plane. She was flying from some health-farm In Phenlx, Arizona, where rich women stay on a diet, ex- ercle and put themselves In an acceptable shape Again. This was the year of presidential election and Mrs. Auchlncloss, a staunch republican was for Nixon and was sure than her son-in-law, JFK, did not have the slight- est chance to win the elections. I, on the other side, was sure that Kennedy would win the elections and was going to vote democratic for the first time. I told her that the mood of the country was for her charming son-in- law, and she answered that I did not Understand American politics... Eventually, we had to talk sadly about the assassination. Allan Dulles was there also and he asked me a few astute questions about Lee. 226 One of them was, I remember, did Lee have a reason of hating President Kennedy? However, when I answered that he was rather an admirer of the dead President, everyone took my answer with a grain of salt. Again the overwhelming opinion was that Lee was the sole assassin. I was still thinking of poor Lee, comparing his life with the life of these multi-mllllonnaires, I tried to reason - to no avail. It seemed to me that I was facing a conspiracy, a conspiracy of stubbomess and si- lence.Finally both Jeanne and Janet (Mrs. Auchlncloss) got very emoSional embraced e each other and cried together, one over the loss of her son- in-law, another over the loss of a great president she admired so, much. "Janet," I said before leaving, "yovAmcH Jack Kennedy's mother-in-law, ,^ere and I am a complete stranger. I would spend my own money and lots of my time to find out who were the real assassins or the conspirators. Don't you want any further Investigation? You have Infinite resources." "Jack is deat and nothing will bring him back," replied she decisively. "Since he was a very beloved president, I wouldn't let a stone untur- ned to make sure that the assassin If found and punished," Implored Jeanne "We both have grave doubts In Lee's guilt." Later we discussed for a long time why a woman so close to President 227 Kennedy, nor Robert Kennedy and the rest of Kennedy family, as we disco- vered later, would be so adamant on this subject. A later chapter, dea- ling with Willem Oltman's strange adventure, will raise further grave doubts in readecis mind. Would it be possible, as much as it sounds like a sacrilege, that Lee was a "convenient" assassin to all the relatives and friends of the late President Kennedy? Convenient not in any derogatoi sense but Just because was a PATSY, a patsy not involved in any revenge arising out of JFK's biggest and costliest mistake - the Bay of Pigs. Isn't better to think, maybe subconsciously, that the assassin was a crazy, semi-literate, ex-Marine, screwed-up, Marxist lunatic, with an un- desirable dlschargeand a povertji-strlcken childhood, unsuccessful in his pursuits both in USSR and in USA - and with a record of marriage verging on disastrous. It's better to hold to this belief for them and for the rest of the country eather than to fl,nd out that the assassination was a devilishly clever act of revenge caused by the Bay of Pigs disaster... This would explain Lee's desperate scream; "I am a patsy!" But we were still In the Auchlncloss' luxurious mansion, about ready to leave. "Incidentally," said Mrs. Auchlncloss coldly, "ny daughter Jacqueline never wants to see you again because you were close to her hus- band's assassin." 228 "It's her privilege," I answered. Hugh, who was a very silent man, asked me suddenly : "and how Marina Is fixed financially?" "I do not know, I Just read that she received quite a lot of money from the charitable American people - maybe eighty thousand dollars." "That won't last her long," he said thoughtfully and, almost without transition, pointed out to an extraordinary chest 3et:"thl6 Is early Persist valued at sixty thousand dollars." We said goodbyes amicably to the Auchlnclosses and drove off back to our hotel. "That son-of-the-gun Hugh has an Income running Into millions',' Z told Jeanne thoughtfully. "Such figures are beyond ray comprehension," sha said sadly. 229 Our return to Haltl._ Ranktn's letter Inviting us to come to Washington When we had received and testify at the Warren Committee, we knew that we would be of poor help, as we had been out of contact with Lee for over eight months prior to the We could not say what happened to him and Merlna fter we had assassination. left Dallas. But, naturally, 1 was anxious to testify In order to clear my name and to be able to work on ay Survey. colony In Port -au- Prince were In an aproar when they But the American to testify. "How horrible I" said were told that we were going to Washington you afraid?" slad the others. Even my old friend at the Emba- some. "Am't he was an assassin and you weee so deeply In- ssy, Teddy Blaque, sald:"but volved with him. .. would never come back to Many thought that we would be put In Jail and our lovely house In Port-au-Prlnce. Ambassador In Washington was reassured by the Fortunately the Haitian people, the Ambassador transmitted this Warren Conuntttee thAt we were decent Duvaller and we could r3etum safely to Haiti. message to the President harmed by the Intervening publicity and But my contract became hopelessly taken by the American Embassy towards us. by the peculiar attitude 230 And President Duvalter, the astute Papa Doc, knew through his Informants that our Embassy would not protect my rights any more. And the old fox was absolutely right, the payments for my Survey began drying up and In later years I never received any cooperation from anyone In our Embassy or in the State Department In trying to recover the large balance of niy contr> act still due to me. I cannot even give a complete resume of Incongruous theories and suppo- sitions which eveolved - and are still eveolvlng to-day- In feverish minds of various writers and reportb^'as a result my past friendship with Lee and the colorful excerpts from the Warren Committee depositions which were leaked out. One theory had It that Lee was txianx. operated by me via long distance, from Haiti to Dallas. Impulses were transmitted very deviously because I, a geologist and a famuous scientist, had previously Inserted a transistor In Lee's skull (either under the skin or deeper I do not remember). A book was published In New York describing this whole operation In detail. Since Papa Doc disliked President Kennedy, we would sit In his office, . surrounded by "TonbAa-Macouts" - and would operate poor Lee, who would blindly obey us. 231 As a credit Co the American readeri I may say that this book did not have much success and I seldom meet anyone who had bothered to read it. However another book was published In Liixembourg - to avoid crimi- nal prosecution - and it had an enormous success in Europe. "L'Amerlque brule" - America burns - contains over 400 pages of outrageous innuen- does agalnbt the American insituations . The writer, Jeames Hepburn, an invented name is actually a group of European newpapermen who had be< assembling dirt about the United States. This collective James Hepbniin calls both Lee Harvey Osvald and myself CIA agents. Let me translate this nonsense which appears on page 356. "Osvald was suspected, as any other agent returning from a mission un thh enemy territory of having been 'manipulated'. He was put therefore under surveillance by CIA and then interrogated and 'tested' by one of the specialists utilized at the same time by Washington (CIA) and by Houston (oil men) and whose 'nom de guerre' was George S. de Mohrenschildt, and whose nickname was 'clinaman'" This 'well-informed' book which still has flashes of success in Eurc -pe, goes on describing yours truly :"the 6hlnaman was 'presumed' to ha\ been born in the Ukraind and was an expof fleer in the Polish cavalry. 232 He was recruited during the war by O.S.S. (Office of Strategic Services) and was registered In 1944 et the University of Texas where he obtained a degree of geological engineer, specializing in petroleum geology. The CIA used him In Iran, in Egypt, in Indonesia, in Panama, in Guate- mala, in Nicaragua, in San Salvador, in Honduras, in Nigeria, In Ghana, in Togo, in Haiti etc. where he worked - in principle - for the Sinclair Oil Company. George de Mohrcnschlldt was closely connected with petroleum circles (and member of Dallas Petroleum Club, of the Abilene Country Club, of the Dallas Society of Petroleum Geologists) and had close personal connections with the managers of the following companies: Kerr-McGee Oil Company, Continental Oil Company, Cogwell otl Equipment, Texas Eastern Corporation and also with John Mecom (of Houston). He was a distinguished and cultured man (Mr. Hepburn obviously buried me already) who was part of the Estab- lishment and frequented the Social Register of New York. His wife, a Whlte< Russian lady, born in China, worked frequently with him. Another of his covers was the International Cooperation Administration (IfC.A. - sic) in Washington." This "book" also accuses Lee of working for a photographic firm in 233 Dallas, a cover for CIA, which specialized in making and reproduction of maps and confidential docunents for the United States Federal Govern- ment. But enough of all this nonsense. However, let us remember, that all these idiocies and distorsions were based on the Warfen Report. If I were a CIA Bsent, I would not have been so miserably treated by the American Embassy In Port-au- Prince, and especially by the Ambassador. It is discouragina to say that the Warren Report contained mostly the "words which were put in our mouths" so to say. However, there were a few good and truthful facts in this report. For instance, a friend of mine, an investment banker in Dallas, testified that he met Lee and that he found him intelligent £nd alert. Another young man, who had lived in Fort Worth, also had some kind words for my friend. 234 Effects on our lives . The publicatton of the Warren Committee Report brought an Immediate end drastic change In our lives In Haiti. Only the close and true friends understood the real reasons of our lnvolvca>ent with the "presumed assassin" of the generally beloved President Kennedy, In this manner the phony friends were weeded out of our lives but still too nany people. In addi- tion to the publicity caused by the Report, were contacted by the FBI agents at various times asking imbecllllc and insulting questions. Im- plying grimly the vrarst suspicions about us. The same thing happened to Jeanne. A good friend recalls that an FBI agent aoked for the whole day of his precious time Just to talk about us. Discussing Jeanne's back- ground In China, the agent asked our friend: "Is she loyal to the United States?" Our friend answered without hesitation: "yes, she Is, In my opinion." "VJhom are you kidding..." said sarcastically the FBI agent. Insulting and stupid articles appeared In the newspapers and In the magazines all over the world, end still do, about Jeanne and I, calling us "mysterious associates of Lee Harvey Osvald." >' Just a few months ago Chicago Tribune and San Francisco Chronicle 235 published articles Implying that I had received a considerable amount of money In BahEir.as 9ust to keep quiet about the myatrsry of Kennedy's aosa- sslnatlon. A shyster In Washington by the name of Fensterwald assured a European newspaperman of similar monetary operation. I should have probably buss the authors of such vicious allegations, but this would have added additional publicity. Evan a nice and fair book by GeralD Ford, "the Portrait of the Assa- ssin", in which he mentions us very favorably, had disastrous effects on cur lives ;"OhI you were mentioned in that book about the assassin..." Money was offered for interviev/s, v;hlch we refused to accept. Overseas telephone service in Haiti wss Inadequate - very few people had private telephones - I happened to be one of the few with the telephone In my office, but not at home. This p§flce telephone kept buzzing for months: some unknovm voices asking me insidious questions -."what was your relation- ship with Osvald? What did you think of him? Did you have the same con- victions as he did? Did he kill Kennedy? Wliy ere you hiding in Haiti?" Some man cglled me froai Hon^-Kong Just to ask me a single question: "wlw are you?" And this was so false, because I had been working on my contract 236 to attack Papa Doc and his 30venrtr,ent : the dead body was then exhibited on tlje plaza near the airport with all the supplies and arjiuinltlon. The exhibit was attached to the chair and the swnrm of files around him was like a funereal smoke, \i?hen ffcMlllan, an experienced newsman arrived, he saw the consmotlon and the crovxls surrounding the body, I did not want him to see the smeoome and drove around It a t full speed without comrr.cnt. Later In the evening, however, around the drinks, he be^an to talk about it Incidentally wh^n we Invited NcMlllsn we were not sure whether he wan- ted to talk to us about Osvald or about the situation in Haiti, which v;as the center of attention at the time. Since I was in charge of the ge4- lojical Survey and the only American working independently in H?.iti at that time, I thought that McMillan wanted an interview with roe. And I certainly knew the situation well, and it was different from what the Ame- rican press had described. In my opinion Dr. Duvalier was an advocate o f the poor Blacks ajjalnst the rich, French-educated Mulattoes. 43-792 0-79-16 238 Tills was a simpltfted version of the situation but better than the full condcrmatlon of the Devaller regime In Graham Green's "The Come- dians". Anyway » I didn't want him to see that dead inai} attached to the chair v;lthout giving him some facts surrounding the execution. What an Impact his report would have on the public in USA If he would start It with th statement about the dead body and the files. We brought McMillan to our house because he seemed as a very pleasan individual. He had told us that he defended Blacks' equal rights and that somewhere In the Cerollnas, where he lived, KKK burned crosses on his lavm and forced him to leave. Anyway we wanted all our friends who came to visit us in Haiti to know the true facts about the reglme- the good and the bad. Later on when we sat on our terrace to the sounds of the delicate tinkling of "anolls" - small lizzards - and lookLng at the fatastlc view of the City and the dark Bay, McMillan mused aloud :"why didn't you want me to see the cadaver?". He stopped suddenly as a huge tarantula moved Slowly on its long legs close to him, He shuddered. "Don't worry, I reassured him, "this big ones are not dangerous, only the small ones. 239 "Very simple, I didn't want yon to see the dead gvierllla, without ycllln3 you the facts surroundln:: his denth first." I axplained . "After all, Papa Doc Is ray enployer." But Instead of llitenlns to me, or even answering, McMillan launched Into the diatribe about the ;;reat program NBC were preparing about Warren Report, that we would be the main pereonallties in It etc. He even offe- red to brlns in the v?hole TV crew, if we accepted. But sick of all this unwanted publicity, we refused firmly. Fortunately George McMillan turened out to be an interesting and pleanant a ^ood t^.nnls playar. He did not waster his time altogether and we being boycotterj by the Americans in Haiti vj-sre glad to have with us a liberal, Indepen-.lent person. Ke left Haiti two days later nking us to re-conslder our decision and mentioned a substantial fee. I aske3 several friends for advice regarding this TV n\atter and they and Invisible all answered that remaining silent >> would ham us. "Vou are the only ones who could say a few kind words about Osvald," wrote one of ray best friends who had net tee and wasn't entirely convinced of his guilt. "This national TV appearance vjould dispeal the dangerous; aura of mystery in your relationship with Lee," wrote anotehr. I 240 Aiid so, a£ter battling it between us back nnd forth, we reconside- red our decision, I called KcHillan and arran^iements were made imne- diately by WBC to bring us nnd our faithful pooches to New York City. The weather was stormy, we had circled for two hours over the city, but the ordeal was over a.id we landed safely. NBC hooi-k^sAx. reserved for us an apartment at the Plaza Hotel and the next day we spent the #i whole afternoon in fron the the camefas. And a^ain, as the interview progressed, it became obvious that the producer and KcMtllf.n tried to make me say something derogatory about L Lee and to dra^ out of xe insidiously so-ne damajlni; comment to his me- mory. To their, he v;&g definitely the assassin and vra, possibly, the cen- splrators or his secret advisars. As Jeanne and I v;ere positive in our ncn-Ecnsational statetnents, the whole Interview did not make any sense. VTe were invited to Nev; York on wron^ pronises that either we vjould produce some inside Inforinatlon or v;ould prove to millions of Amerlcns who would watch the show that Lee was the only assassli.. Since the '.Jarren Comanlttee, slanted as It was, could ncvo.r find any reason in Lee's Ir.volvment in this crime "of the centurjr", the promo - I 241 ters of the HBC show hoped that i, as his best friend would finally cxjilaln h is insans action. And that was the reason why we were brou^h In to New York. And to Jeanne and I, who did not have an^ more Information than any- one reading nowspapera and masnsines, Lee rem-'^lned the came person we tosw - ejiccentric, interestlc, v;arra, close friend and we never conslde- roded hisi seriously as President Kennedy's assassin.' Of course, insanity is a possibility but all the previous incidents mid conversations \-n.th. Lee did not sujest inpending insanity. lior was he ever to us a poor loser, a stuj^id hii,h-school dropout, a bloodthir- sty revoluttonc^ry nor a person jealous 96 other people's success and njonep. Such peo;~le are met evorydays on the streets of any American city in g^'oves . The enclosed picture of Lee v.'ith the rifle and Ilarlna's inscription would indicate that he ni^ht have been considering hvrntin^ fascists -and in his mind General V.'alker ire-s one - but certainly not our presi- dent Kennedy. A few days later, vjhile still in Mev; York, was sa\; a complete 40 minutes preview of our appearance, and a^aln we saw what a poor Job we did trying to present Lee's side. And later, the worse parts of thesi 242 forty minutes interview were used for an hour show, called "The Warren Report" that so many millions saw. It was wlike a McCnrty er§, the time of the government's witchhunt agalnct the "leftists". This was a general hunt, government's and media' s a5Rln«(t a dftfenseless dead man. Onpon return to Haiti we knew Immediately that something went awry with our relationship with the Haitian government. Usually, we used to go through customs first, cheerfully greeted by Mr. Jolicoeur, a clown> like hut charmln» public relations man for Pap§ Doc. This time our lug- ya'^e was searched subreptlnlously while mllltla examined our papers In a dlfferont parts of the bulldlne. When out luggage and we were reunited - the bulk of ipaps nnd Information I had carried with me were stolen. Since they were ny property, I lodeed a strong protest with our Embassy and the Duvelier's cabinet. Both parties lausjhed at me.... Wliat maps? What search? Where were you? Hov/ naive can you be... I 243 Our return to the United States » The Incident with the stolen maps destroyed my desire to continue working for the Haitian Government and the American Ambassador declared In a hysterical wayj"! hate you. You cause me nothing but troublel" "I am a Christian, Mr. Tlmmons, I don^t hate anybody. But I wish you would help me to recover my maps." Before this Incident the Haitian Government Insisted that I try to develop some of the resources I'd discovered In Haiti: Copper, tita- nium, bauxite, excellent oil possibilities. Therefore, whenever I left the country I took the bulk of inforlatlon (not all, fortunately) with me and each time 1 acted as an agent for the Government. Here, with my maps gone, the trust was destroyed and I began preparing for de- parture. Since the Haitians owed me a large amount of money for the Survey, I was able to dispatch most of iny valuable information through friends to a safe place to the States. Anyway, most of my work was completed and I began worrying that the Haitians would detain me as a hostage. Just recently an American citizen, an ex-alr force officer, domiciliated In Haiti was accused by kkH Papa Doc of dealing with his enemies abroad. The poor fellow looked for asylum In our Embassy - but 244 It was refused to Him (all other embassies do give asylums to political reftigees, ours doesn*^. In addition to this the chief of police came and assured the Ambassador that nothing would happen to the poor ex- US officer. And so he was carried out screaming and shouting and no- thing was heard of him again. My friends In the know told me that he was beaten to death In the dungeons of the presidential palace. Such a fate was not to our tafete. Since nobody expected our Imme- diate departure, we made a very secret deal with a small German line - plying the trade In the Carrlbean Islands - using the good offices of the Gemaon Ambassador, and the little ship accepted us on board late In the evening. How we avoided the customs etc? I still had a lalsse passe from the President Duvaller and nobody bothereed to st4p our truck with our furniture and supplies and our personal car. Late in the evening the only person who came to say good-bye to us was the delightful Ambassador and his charming Austrian wife, we drank a few glasses of champagne and departed Into the dark Carrlbean. Incidentally on the manifest of this ship we tcfcpaaxaAxsx signed our names as follows: Jeanne - a cook; I- deckhand. And that's how we landed In Miami, having skirted very close the Cuban Coast. 245 The crew, most international, was composed of a German ex-submarine commander, an engineer - a young Norveglan genius who could repair any- thing on board, and a medley of Haitians, Jamaicans, Trinidadians and other picturesque Carribeans. Since Jeanne decided to cook some delicious European melas for the captain and the crew and I, in excess of energy, painted the whole deck, a pleasant surprise awaited us in Mi4mi. When I asked the captain for the bill, not only for us but also for the car and the luggage, the answer was: "it was a pleasure having you on board. You earned more than the price of your transportation." The only way to reciprocate was to invite the officers to a suptious dinner. From Miami we drove slowly to Texas. Incidentally as we were skirting late at night Lake Okochobee on a deserted road, a brilliant comet cros- sed the dark, tropical sky, lightin3 the weird scenery around and even scaring our dogs. A comet for some is considered a good omenxocbut for us it foretold very bad times indeed. In Dallas we hoped to meet some good, old friends, quite a few had come to Haiti and enjoyed our hospitality. Instead we encountered suspi- cion and an outright hostility. Surprised at first, we soon discovered the reason - the Warren Committee Report. 246 N^he transcripts of Immediately after our testlmonlisT^whlch we signed without even bo- thering to read - It was supposed to be truth and nothing but the truth - who would want to quibble over the words. After our depositions we were soo sick and tired of the whole affair. Me put the matter of the Inquiries by these various agencies and even our our own testimonies completely out of our minds, and, while driving an open car back to Dallas along the coast, we breather In the fresh marine air and wanted to forget the whole tragic Incident. But in Dallas we had to face another situation. "Have you read the Warren Report?" a lawyer, good friend of ours, asked us . "No," I answered, VI heard there Is a comprehensive resume of various depositions." "Am't you going to reat It. It contains some sixteen volumes and one of them Is almost exclusively about the two of you." The a<^a od suspicion, of Innuendoes, of gossip, of seml-lles and concealement polluted the air arotind us. But the events forced us to read what we had said In Washington D.C.and especially what has been said about us in ■ these voluminous sixteen tomes. 247 still we postponed reading these dry, bureaucratic, Inslplc pages until one day wfc sat with some friends In Fort Worth (they had known Lee and Marina also but had avoided Interrogation by some hook and crook) and they loaned to us the volume In which we figured so promi- nently. "Read tt carefully and don't miss a word. Actually you should read all the volumes and you will understand the attitude of many people towards you." And Indeed, after reading several depositions, I was ready to vomit and I understood what Albert Jenner, our'lnqulsltor" at the Warren Committee had mentioned: "you will be the only people In the wprld to know exactly what others think about you.". He did not dwell further on these words and did not Indicate that our depositions and those of other people we knew or had even remote relations with, would be prin- ted, after careful editing, to probe the nebulous point that Lee was the sole assassin. It turned out that some decent people volunteered to testify on the condition that their testimonies would remain secret and available only to Warren Committee members. But FBI Insisted that all depositions should be printed and distributed to the public. The shades of J. Edgar Hoover must regret that decision after It was discovered how many falsehoods hla organisation was Involved In. 248 Adn never again these patriotic and decent people will expose them- selves in the degrading positions of "informers". It was saddening to read the opinion o£ an old business associate that "he never trusted me completely". My ex-sexcretary divulged that 1 had made many suspicious and Intriguing trips to Houston, Texas - such an exotic and mysterious place to her underling's mind. A scu- rrilous remak was made by an old Russian emlgree, a biddy whom we mever considered bright but harmless "that Chinese woman never even believed in God," she declared indignantly, as if religion wa; not a very personal matter. "He alsways wanted to be the concnissar of Texas," was an opinion of a slight acquaintance. And finally the testimony of my ex-son-in-law, Gary Taylor: "if anyone hgd finagled this assassinatio or had influenced Lee Harvey Osvald in that direction, that person would be obviously George de ftohrenschildt. Of course, in the meantime my daughter had abandoned him and he kept a grudge against me because I had not approved of their teen-age marriage. Reading all this I even thoui;ht of writing a short book, assembling these opinions and give the book the title "I arranged Kennedy's assa- nalnat^lnn .' 249 Or another title that woald attract customers : "My affair with the teen-age Jacqueline Bouvler and how I got rid of her husband." The same people, Russian refugees and Americans, who had detested or Ignored Lee andil Marina, made money out of them later, especially out of the resulting unbelievable promotion of the "poor Russian Marina," - 'that defenceless, God-fearing , miserable wife of that brutal monster Lee Harv^ Osvald." The story reminds me somewhat of another specimen, Svetlana Stallna the daughter of the greatest assassin the world had seen (including Adolf Hitler and Atllla the Hun), communist and dalghter of the fe- rocious communist, who came to the United States In search of God... But back to Marina. She finally "made It In the United States", Just like her girl-friend put It In her letter from Soviet Russia In 1962. She became a success, had her cover In Time, money poured from the naive Americans. Her arrival In this country was superbly f un- filled: Lee Harvey Osvald had finally become a real money-maker after his death. Poor fellow, even his tomb was stolen and desecra- ted from the public cemetary near Arlington, fexas. Lee became sunject of articles and books - and will be for a long time -bv the scavengers from a ooor man's death. 250 I would not dare to cAll our dear President Gerald Ford a scaven- ger, but his book was the first one, directly accusing Lee Harvey Oa- vald - on "his" Portrait of the Assassin.". Naturally the book was gho; written, inept and uninteresting, yet he was the first one (he or his ghost-writer) to have the Information assembled by the Warren Committer Again, I have to give crdtit to the American people, the book was a failure. Newspapermen kept on calling us, they were geniuses at discovering our whereabouts, we did not have a listed number and stayed with some friends. They should have used their talents investigating Lee's acti- vities in Atlanta, New Orleans and Mexico City just before th6 assassl. nation. Garrlsson did it and his career as district attorney was ruined. People who had the slightest connection with Lee and whose tes- timonies v;ere not exactly "cosher" as far as the official version was concerned, died mysteriously. The owEBrr of the apartment house on Gillespie, an excentrlc lady who, like us, waa extremely fond of Haiti - she almsot had a fit when whe saw Haitian car licences on our car - asked discreetly for police protection for us» 251 V^lth the exception of the European press, the majority of the Ame- rican books and articles accepted an olmost prepostrous thesis Introdu- ced by some lawyer of the Warren Committee that the same bullet killed Kennedy and gravely wounded Governor John Connelly. Yet, Connelly him- self distinctly remembers two consecutive shots and he had never chang- ed his testimony. Only some more logical and cynical writers mentioned the fact that there was no reason whatsdever in Lee's action; but they approve the thesis that Lee was aiming at Governor Connelly, whom he had reasons to dislike, but being a usual flop and f up, he killed Kennedy instead and only wonided Connelly., , Notwithstanding these superficigl conclusions, favored in USA, ftng the general opinion ^^opped acceptpS the th in other countriesjiffiiraac thedls Of Lee's guilt. Many people susspected LBJ, as a party which profited directly from the assassination and who always thoroughly disliked JFK and the whole Kennedy clan, who used to cold-shoulder him and his wife... It's not for us to Judge but the latest discoveries of FBI's flnagellng add some credence to this theory. After all LBJ was a most devious man and Jointly with it he ignorance was also out of the ordi- nary. They say that he was not sure of the location of Vietnam. 252 And so, here again, Lee Karvey Osvald was the most convenient patsy. Abd so, little by little, even naive and credulous Aaiericans, annoyed by this constant harping on Lee's guilt, by the serving of platitudes and repetitious statements, began to disbelieve in Lee's guilt, or at least the began to doubt the non existence o£ any conspira- cy. After all, Americans are business -minded, i£ somebody performs an act as assassination, without any rime or reason and without any finan- cial reward.... something stinks in DaibQmark. We, peraoaally, retained our doubts to ourselves, saw fewer people than before, restrained our social life and eliminated false friends ant acquaintances . A dear friend of ours, a ckcRfxxKjiBrfcEXxfBr staff writer for the ' Dallas Herald, insisted on interviewing e33a&e from Lee In February of 1967 we finally found a suitable place to settle down^ befoee that we moved from ano place to another and visited our children in California and Mexico. The place called conveniently "La Citadelle" was exactly fitting to ua and was ample enough to accomo- date all the furniture which had been stored in the warehouse since the beginning of 1963 . . It was about time to settle as four years Btori ge at the Solthwestem Warehouses bagan to axhaust us financially. I thought of abandoning the whole junk and leave it to the whrehouse -it's good sooietixe to start anew, but there were books.... Adn so we went to the warehouse with an old, faithful friend, al- ways ready to help and to pick up some old junk for himself, and, befoi our furniture was taken out, we bagan looking through the accumulation of various and sundry items that could be eliminated. . I was less int« rested in this task, so I chatted with my friend, a good guy who had followed us on many of our trips, while Jeanne was finishing the selec* tion of things to take and to discard. Suddenly, he rushed out of the warehouse with a crazy look on her face, shouting excitedly: "Look, look, what 1 found!" 1+3-792 0-79-17 254 She dragged me to the pile of open crates and I saw Inside a slightly familiar- looking green box. "What the hell is this?" "This is the box with the records I gave Marina before our departure," i she shouted. "How did they get there? We left them such a long time ago?" "I havn't the slightest idea, I considered them lost." Jeanne was short of words, this was so weird. "I had used them myself to leardn En- glish when I came to this country. They served me well. Then I loaned them to Marina long before our departure for Haiti." "Remember how punctilAously honest Lee was," I sad. "He would not keep any of our belongings. But how the hell did they into this warehouse? Possiblyhe remembered where we were storing our furniture. Or, maybe he gave the package to Glover to whom we had loaned some of our furniture and who finally added it to the rest of stored boxes at the Southwest Warehouse?" This remains a mystery to this day, because we lost track of Glover, a good guy who got so frightened of his very slight acquaintanceship with the "President's assassin" that he moved out somewhere without leaving an address . My *£fe began taking taking the albums out of the box and as she opened 255 to see If thft records were not broken, ehe shrieked almost hysterically "Look, there is a picture of Lee Oavald herel" This was the same, so controversial picture of Lee, which appeared on the cover the the defunct "Life". Many newpapertncn and "investiga- tors" had assumed and had written hundreds of pages that this picture was a fabrication, a "fgke", a superimposed photograph. Frankly we did not care but now, right there, was a proof that the picture was genuine We stood literally frozen stiff, Lee staring at us in his martial pose, the famuous rifle In his hands, like in a Marine parade. It was a gift for us from beyond his grave, "What did he mean by leaving this picture to us?" I wondered aloud, "He was not a vain kind of a person." Then Jeanne shouted excitedly again :"look there Is an Inscription here. It read: "To my dear Friend George from Lee," and the date follow - April 1963, at the time when we were throusand of miles Away In Haiti I kept looking at the picture and the inscription deeply moved, iny thoughts golnj back when Lee was alive. Then I slowly turned the jftexmcs photograph and there was another 256 epitaph, seemingly in Marina's handwriting, in Russian. In translation it reads;" this is the hunter of fascists! Ha! HA! lU!" a«6in Here Marina wasMoaking fun of her husband. Jeering Lee*8 very serioui anti-fascists feelings, which we knew so well and described in several chapters of this book. It's hard to describe the impact of this discovery on us, especially Lee's dedication and Marina's inscription. This message from beyond the grave was amazing and shocking. From the grave we did not even dare to visit, because FBI considered with suspicion all the visitors at Lee's burial place. The confirmation that Lee considered me his best friend flattered me but Marina's message expressed a chilling scorn for her husband. Anyway, if he were a hunter of fascists, and we agree with such a descfption, why was she making fun of him? I First of all it makes in doubt her assertion that Lee tried to shoot General Walker, secondly for a Soviet Russian refugee the word "fascist" is not a laughing matter - some fifteen million people lost their lives fighting them. And how many more died of cold and hunger? We kept this photograph for ourselves and showed it only to a few close friends. Their reactions were interesting: to some the photograph indicated that Lee was a maniac, a killer, it constituted a proof of 257 hta aggressiveness, of his guilt. To otherd, just the o^ppelte - *-t gave him the aura of a militant Idealist. The man of such anti-fascist Inclinations COULD NOT be the assassin of the most liberal and race- conscious president In the history of the United States. We did not show the photograph to any authorities, to them Lee Harvey Osvald's case was closed and we did not want any further Involvements. Neither did we show It to any Investigators or reporters In the United States. But I did write a letter to a friend, one of the editors of Life Maga- zine, explaining that I had a message from Lee Harvey Osvald and 1 did ask him to keep the matter confidential. I added to my letter a short resume of the facts - how this picture got Into our possession. Immediately I received a call from my friend saying that fclfe had a team working on Csvald's case, a team of Investigators, because the magazine had doubts of Warren Committee's conclusions. The next day a reporter assigned to the assassination case called me and we talked for a long time . He was Intimately familiar with all the dettalls, psychological and technical, of this unbelievable complex case, hevlng v.-orked on it since November 1963. Like ourselves, he was at Marina's Inscription ans gave it the same meaning as ourselves. 258 "We shall use to as a main feature o£ our special edition 1£ and when we know something definite about Osvald's involvement or of his innocence^ he said. j | Agalns I asked the man to keep this matter confidential temporarily and he promised to do so. , Obviously either Life's people were talkative or, more probable, our ■■ I telephone was tapped. This we found at several occassions. Now we know much more about "Watersate" type tactics of our government I agencies, especially FBI, but at the time kxtiis w^e did not have anything to conceal - except the existence of this picture - and this only for our own sentimental reasons. Whenever we heard a suspicious noise on the tele- phone, we laughed, spoke in foreign languages or made offensive remarks at whoever was listening in. Some voluminous files must be hidden some- where containing "transcripfis", translations - and obliterations of our conversations. I [ Again, being fiithful taxpayers for years and years, we could but marvel at the unbelievable waste of our money. But what dras it compared to 140 billion U.S. dollars spent in Vietnam. But one bad habit leads to another ... i Now something should be said as to why we did not contact ^farina 259 regar'.arlna" - and t!wc description fitted her perfectly. 262 Unusual vlsitorg. The photograph we found in the record album Is identical to the one Life Magazine published shortly after the assassination. I think Marina took it, at least she so testified. Only the dedication to me and the inscription by Marina constitute new elements. This picture, unquestionably did a lot of damage to Lee. It shows him in a militaristic • pistol I pause, holding a rifle, a racohaex on his sidd. But let's not forget that Lee was trained by the Marine Corps to hold, show and respect weapons. The Beretta we saw in his apartment was well oiled and immaculately clean. Another bow to the United States Marine Corps. 'But whatever later testimony tried to prove, I knew that he was not a particularly good shot. He did not have that cold stare in his eyes - incidentally he had rather attractive gray eyes -he did not have a very steady hand and a stiff stance which indicate to anyone fami- liar with things military a good marksman. To Jeanne and I he did not have an ugly expression of a killer, and we knew professional killers, Jeanne in China during the Japanese occupation, I in other parts of thh world. He owned a pistol but we never discussed why, I assumed for self- defence, he lived in a very disreputable part of Dallas. I 263 Maybe Lee Liked Co shoot at the leaves, but he did not have a de- cisive, self-assvured, automatic attitude of a sharpshooter. On the contrary, he was nervous, jittery, poorly coordinated type, and, as I said before completely unathletlc. Also devoid of any mechanical ability. I had obsexrved boys and men of that type in oiy ovm regiment and they were totally unfit for military performance - and usually very poor shots. We had tried to keep the existence of Lee's photograph as secret as possible. Just a few friends saw it and Life's reportr knew of it. Something, however, leaked out and about two weeks after my conversa- tions with Life's writers, I received a strange telephone call. A slightly accented voice said, and I quote: "we are from Life Magazine',' and he mentioned the name of the reporter I had spoken to, "we are here in Dallas and would like to see you?" "Certainly," 1 agreed immediately. "Come over." They knew the address and an hour later two men appeared in our house. A strange pair; one slight, Latin-American type fellow, the other a big bruizer, beefy, powerful, Anglo type. They sat down, announced that they represented Life Magazine, the Latin mentioned 264 his repertorlal qualifications, the beefy character said he was a pho- tographer. Indeed he was loaded with cameras of all types. The names were respectively - Smith and Fernandez. Smith m'entioned also that he was a staff photographer for Fortune Magazine, which put me comple- tely at ease. "We would like to ask you a few questions the other Life reporter failed to discuss with you," s^ld Fernandez. I obliged him. These questions were unimportant, mostly about Lee's habits and his character. Then they became more specif ic."v;as he so- ciable? Whom did he know well? What were his relations with fellow- workers in this country and in USSR? Did he have many friendsi in addi> tion to us? What did he do in Mexico? Whom did he meet there? Could he speak Spanish? Why did he go to New Orleans? Could he drive a car?? And many other questions, which I do not recall now. I answered these questions to the best of my ability, but natura- lly many had to remain unanswered, since I was out of the country and did not have any contacts with Lee during that time. The question may arise: why was I so frank with Life Magazine people and let myself pumped out so naively. The answer is that one of my most admired friends used to be a staff writer for Life and he 265 ^ \ hadL^r formed .i " \'^nextfemel^~1ctnd and difficult Intervention on behalf of my father stranded In Europe during the war. Incidentally, I felt very much at ease with these two character because I had a visitor at the time, an economist from the East, a very athletic fellow and a good friend and he was there all the time. Later In the afternoon Jeanne arrived, very surprised to see the unusual guests. I explained who they were. "But you hav>J a very strong Spanish accent?" she asked Fernandez, "Yes, of course, I aa of Spanish origin and I had worked as a repor- ter for Life mostly in Latin America, So, excuse my poor English," This sotinded reasonable enough. Then Smith, "the photographer", producer a series of excellent, very clear photos of some twenty men, mostly of Latin appearance and asked pointedly if we had ever met any of them. We both looked carefully at these strange, sometimes brutal, faces. "I am not sorry not to have met any of them," I quipped. "They look rather disreputable. Who are they?" Somehow this question remained unanswered. 266 "I have an excellent memory for faces and I am positive not to have ever seen any of them," I added. Jeanne, in a more cheerful and confident mood pointed out three better-looking one8:'*This one has a cute moustache! That one has an interesting look about him. And this one is so handsome! Oh, 1 would like to meet these three men," she concluded laughingly. This cheerfulness was met by a stony silence, a kind of a hostile attitude. Fernandez did not say a word. He seemed. disappointed. Smith broke the awkward silence and asked: "Kay I take a few pictures of you and the dogs?" The mentioning of the dogs conquered Jeanne and we obliged a|ain. Many photogrpaphs were taken. The conversation lingered for a while longer. Fernandez became more amiable and called our dog Nero in the Spanish manner "Senor Neron' w hich pleased Jeanne no end. Finally the two strangers left, promising to contact us again from New York, to give our regards to my friend there and to send us copies of the pictures. A few days went by. We both were busy and didn't have time or occa- sion to discuss this visit. One evening, lying in bed, I asked Je nne: I 267 "What did you think of those two characters who came to visit us the other day?" "Rather suspicious," she said. "I was thinking of them at this very moment. This Is ESP. How did you know they were from Life?" She asked. "Did they have. any Identifications?" "None," I mused. "And 1 did not ask for any. But they knew exactly what I was talking about with the Life reporter In New York. Fernandez remembered all the questions and all my answers." "You were ver careless," satd Jeanne convincingly. "Don't you know that the house has been bugged on and off. More on than off." She was absolutely right. These men were Impostors. Next day I checked with the Life office In New York. Smith and Fernandez did not exist as far as Life was concerned. But It Is very possible that my naivete and the very certainty that we did not know any of the men on the photographs, put these two men at ease, othei^d-se we might have joined the other twenty or thirty people who had died inysterlously just because of their accidental knowledge of soem details or people which might have affected the official version of Osvald*s guilt. 268 We never communicated to anyone, except to a few verjn selected and faithful friends, what had occurred. Tfte Government agencies would have made a usuai mess out of this situation and we might have become victims of an eventual revenge. But to o4r minds, this visit was very significant: people at whom KkBiBX we glanced so casually, were unquestionably Involved In some way In President Kennedy's assassination. Now they have disappeared swallowed In the mass of our population or, possibly, they had left the coiintry altogether. It's a nystery to solve but not for clods from our bureaucratic mass of officials, uhsophlstlcated, under-educa- ted, and like the Englishmen said during the war of our GI's:"over- pald, ov^r-fed, o ver-sexed and ....over here. And Lee's opinion comes clearly to my mind: "the bureaucrats all over the world are the same..." And I am adding my own definition: most of them would not be able to make an honest living In the world of business and free competition. 269 Who are the real criminals? Over twelve years went by since the tragic events of 1963. Kennedy's widow remarried. Questions arose in some decent people's minds: did vshe espoused Jacqueline know' what type of an individualYor idutt:x was it a huge bank account, not a real person. The Dean of women at the University of Texas where I had been lecturing at the time, was pale with indignation when she heard the news. Then Mrs. Aristotle Onassis became a widow again. And then Robert Kennedy wa« assassinated carrying with him the reason for the strange warning he had given ray friend Willem Oltmans... Worst of all. Dr. Martin Luther King was shot in a cowardly way by an ignorant redneck, possibly encouraged by another redneck - but clever and powerwul that one - J. Edgar Hoover, vho hated and de- spised the Blacks. The award of the Nobel price for Peace to Reverend King was an ultimate insult to hira. Then the shrews and unscrupulous CIA agents and their associates assembled large fortunes by illicit profits in Corea, Vietnam, Thailand, Camboja and Laos... And the discoveries will forthcoming - of deals, corruption, dou- blecrossings, discoveries annoying to me because they have to do with taxes I had been paying for years. And in this manner American money will be soon "Chinese" money. 43-792 0-79-18 270 In a way, the high-school dropout, that "inferior American, Lee Hairvey Osvald, had foreseen all that by calling our bureaucracy - stupid but crooked. But, knowing him the way I did, he would have also understood "Gulag Archipelago" and would have approved Solzenitzin** indignation.* • Vly wife and I spent many an agonizing moment thinking of Lee, ashamed that we did not stand up more decisively in his defence. But who would have listened to us at the time and would have published anything true and favorable to him? If you, dear reader, are interested not in the assassinations but 6n organized murder for profit, follow the artilles in the French publication "Le Canard Enchaljie". You will learn that Aristotle Onna- ssis* fortune, made during the war, was based on a very simple for- mula: old tankers are overlnsured, duly sank by the NaziK submarines, motley, Ignorant crew members drown and their no less ignorant poor families receive peanuts in a way of compensation. Repeat the operation dozens, maybe hundreds of times. Later, when a huge fortune is made, acquire exclusive rights for transportation of Arab oil... If you believe in just punishment, Aristotle's rotten soul will remain foi?ver in the Greek-Orthodox hell. 271 Conscience is the most stretchable substance - Ari's friends foiuid him cheerful, amicable, cosmopolitan, Intelligent - although his education was not more advanced than Lee*s, he danced well and sang Greek and ArgentinigN folkclore songs. Only his end was somewaht gruesome. • . Our performance at the Warren Committee was very lukewarm and not decisive enough in favor of Lee. I hope he will forgive us.... And 1 hope also that Mrs. Marguerite Osvald will also forgive us. Lee's innocence or his being Just a patsy is our conviction. And now we can speak more objectively of the reasons of our convic- tion. That the younger generation in America does not believe in Lee's guilt is a fact but why should old fogies, like ourselves, have such unorthodox opinions? Let us talk of the clever "leading on" by the choice lawyers of the Warren Contmittee, which forced us, Lee's friends and acquaintances t& appear somewhat antagonistic to him. The general opinion setup in the United States at the time puts pressure on you, warps your judgement, changes your v/ords. 272 In these short chapters we tried to correct the distorted image o£ this good friend of ours. Some will say that the introduction of the late Aristotle Onassis in thftse chapters may be in bad taste - others may find an interesting and significant relevance. Somebody else will prove who fired the fatal shots, will prove or disprove Lee* a involvement or lack of it in the conspiracy to commit the assassination. If there are good Catholics involved in this affair, maybe a confession will solve the problem. ^ r ■ Ue like to speak of Lee's occasional, clever repartees, of his fre- quent outbursts of Justifiable anger at the existing situation in this rotten world of ours, of his deep concern for the starving and poorer than himself, of his worry and his pity for the racially segre- gated, for masses deprived of their Just rights by the clever mani- pulators . Had Lee lived most of his life in the totalitarian coxintry, he would have landed in a concentration camp for his outspoken opinions -for his loose tongue* More should be said of Lee's interests in the world affairs. I can hear his clear speaking voice, sincere, simple, without affectation - its attractive modulation. 273 Lee did not have a trace of a nasal, Southern drav^l, his was a voice of a thinking, refined individual. Incidentally, I never heard Lee use any four-letter Anglo-Saxon vnirds, no profane language in English or in Russian. This was most unusual for a man of his background, I mean New Orleans and Fort Worth slums and the United States Marine Corpd . But do not thlnlc he was a sissy, as there is a v;ide-spread belief that if you do not swear, you are not a red-blooded American. I am guilty of constantly cussing iryself and the students with whom 1 asso- ciate happily these days, consider me OK end a good guy* Segregationists are still here but they are losing ground. Still we have a long way to go. A iDBct±s ^-rofdasof of medectne from Kentucky but bom in Alabama, believes that intermarriage and any sexual inte- gration is the only way to combat racism. The ones who disagree "should be shot", says he. Lee sgceed with this opinion, I remember. We wish that our dogs, Nero and Poppzea (both gone novr) could have barked on his behalf. Such a testimony would have been very flattering for Lee, and you cannot fool an animal says a truism. And yet, they were mefiant little creatures and trusted vary few. 274 We cpostgnCLy shout - "communists at fault", "It's a Marxist con- spiracy", instead that most o£ our hishaps come from ovm mistakes • commited or good actions - omitted. What fiendish names were given our friend Lee Harvey Osvald - communist, traitor, misfit, insane killer! In the meantime our tap capitalist, Barold Lamar Hunt called John V. Kennedy a "traitor" and a confrontation between the US Government and tfte Soviet Union, during the missile crisis, a "dispute detween two communist states". Everything is relative: we waster 140 billions and 45,000 lives (our o» only) to prove that democracy is right and See Harvey Osvald wanted to improve our image around the world in his own way, imuianlzing United States. Remember his nice but naive defence of the American ways to his friends -workers, during his stay in Minsk... Listening to Lee describe his experience in the Soviet Union, one saw clearly that the Soviet Union was not a UTOPIA but Just another liva- ble country, enormous, with endless problems, full of good, friendly people - and many others, stupid, cruel and limited. Judge the man after reading this book: no easy solution is offered, no criminal presented on a dish, I am not even offering an analysis of 275 his complex personality. Make up your otwi mind. Why, with passing time we became more and more convinced that the whole story of Lee Harvey Osvald hAS not been told» we are adding Just another chapter to it. It should be useful, as I had known him well» better than anybdy else, accoring to the Warren Report, better than his mother and wife, according to the lengths of our depositions. How the oppressive weight influenced my testimony can be seen so clearly by me now, looking at it after several years, as if it were somebody else deposition, deprived of a warm feeling for Lee, full of ray own stupid jokes, which make me sad now. I was not expressing myself rcallj, I didn't defend Lee vigorously and passlonaftely enough, »;hich I am sure he would have done if he had to defend me in a similar situation. I was cleverly led by the Warren Committee counsel, Albert Jenner, into saying some things I had not really want to say, to admit certain defaults in Lee, which I wasn't sure were his', in other words I consider myself a coward and a slob who did not stand up to defend ^ proudly a dead friend, whatever oiflds were against him. That big, clever boy, the trial lawyer handled me like a baby: first he bullied me» then he led me to tell him carefully all about my life by saying :"don't conceal anything, we know more about yourself th^H 276 you do." I should have answered: "if you doj. why ask the questions? Why all the rigomarole?" And thenip later. In a friendly manner this time, Jennnr would put forward some suppositions regarding Lee, suppositions which seemed innocuous enough at the time but sufficiently cleverly termed that would make me admit that possibly, just POSSIBLY, he might have com- mitted a crime... After all, he was so cruel, he put a cigarette on his wife's bare flesh... A torturer! It makes me remember now that Lee v&s keenly aware of the fact th|t it was the white man he had brought in "scalping" during the American- Indian war. And later, fomehow, the Indians, cruel and contera- tuous were charged with this unpleasant procedure. A Imost everyone has a skeleton hidden in a closet, so did I, X shall talk later about it. But it was such an in8ignificant,fmall skeleton... 1 should have taken a stronger stand. Instead, I talked, talked, talked, drunk v;ith words and descriptions.... Talking about oneself, as everyone knows, is the sweetest passtime. And JennT rot me into this talking mood by calling me "distinguished, handsome, vt- 277 rile," - lntitr.3t&d that I knew people all over the world, th4t I led a very colorful life, was a great Casanova, member of the Jet-set, he lauded rnv university degrees. In reality the bastard despised me, my Independence and especially ray liberalism. Jenner was an Impressive trial-lawyer, loraewhat like Bailey, it was hard to resist him, he knew how to cajole and how to threaten. In reality Jenner spoke much more than I did, the Warren Report so well doctored, does not show It. At lurtchtlme and between the sess- ions he offered me sucgestlons, tried to find answers - a clever plan and R good preparation, makes me think of the Tukhachevskl trial in the Soviet Union. There, of course, drugs v/ere also used, Tlie results on paper were proving General Tukhachevtky |s treason, the results for the Soviet Union was the fall of the lied Army and Nazis' original, gi- gantic success. 1 an not comparing myself to ike Tukhachevsky, but ra- ther the whole Warren Report and its desastruous effect on the Amerlcar credibility. In my case, such a long deposition had a sopophoric effect on me, you set deadly tired of these official proceedings, you begin to agree vri.th the questioner Just to get out of this boring room, away from thi 278 annoying, dry individual. You only dream to get away from all this non- sense, to go back to your sxinny house In Haiti, to my few real friends there, to ray interesting work and to the week-ends of skindiving in the beautiful, transparent waters of the Carrlbean near the Arc^ccifn Islands. !ty Idiotic interrogation had lasted almost tliree full days and then- the same torture vas Inflicted on ray wife, somewhat shorter and enhanced by the presence of our I-lanchestors , Nero axKl Poppaea, who testified, silently, vu'.fortunately, for thsir friend Lee, The final conclusion, after oboervr.tion of all this buiich of lawyers is a short pvui,. "Have you ever met an honclt lawyers?" sotneone asked. "Yec, 1 did, only recently. He paid for his ouii lunch..." Jeanne's best su^sestlon, eliminated from the VJarren Report, was a sugi^estlon, similar to mine : ''don ' t try to Bolve the criire of the century be deposition, i.e. gossip, nJJiety per-cent irrelevant to the issues. Have good cletectlvee hired, we are suppoaed to be the heaven of private dicks. Don't use FBI's or CIA's or any other federal agents, they are recognizable a mils au*ay." During our \jalklng trip through Guatemala, wehre v/e happened to be 279 there Just before the Bay of rigs. The town v-as full of crew-cut Americans, not speaklns a word of Spanish, out of place. I told Jeanne "but thase are Marines, or rather Marine pilots. Vfliat the hell are they dolni; here?" No question that the same idea occurred to all the pro-Castro Gua- temalans, and the country is full of them... And raessajjes were sent on time to Fidel Castro... i I^okine over Marina's deposition recently, I was amazed how closely i our opinions on Lee mntcbcd, they alnost coincided, as if they had been to us. ''The wftight of the evidence" tnust have influenced both dictated j horrl of us. First we were both angrj' at Lee for putting ua Into such a ble situation. Bad enowjh for me, but think of 1-Iarina»8 plight, espe- cially the first days after the assassination... I cannot talk of her feelirijiS, but 1 know how deadly scared che was, in a foreign country, not UnoT%'ing the lansua^e and used to the Stalinist tactics. innumcrabl Vte know, Jenner and Dulles told us , that tortna had made mistakes - perjuries if you wish - being under a tremenduous pressure and frightened out of her wits. The pressure we were under was of a different type, yet very stron^i. We had lived here for a long time anA uoT-o fomiliaf with thtt "American" wavB. 280 But v7e cannot forget the attitude of the American Enbassy in Haiti, the Ambassador's animosity towards me, the hard and soft ap- proach of the FBI agent, the possibility of losing ory contract in from Washington Haiti. A mysterious letter at the Embassy ^(this I found through a few remaining friends there), warning the personnel there against us. There was a pressure from our friends, by the Radio, newspapers, TV - finally this powerful Warren Committee - all saying "disassociate yourself from this assassin Lee Harvey Osvaldl" Everybody was on a bandwagon condemning this Insignificant ex- Marine* Now let us ask ourselves a question: was there a conspiracy on the part of the Warren Committee members, this powerful and Impressive group of people to promote a deliberate lie, to Inculpate an Innocent person? No, I don't think so, they acted naively and sheepishly for z a pxirpose which seemed right to them and good for the country. The country was In an upheaval. It was necessary to pacify the public opinion. And the dead eccentric Is the easiest subject of condemnation. Personally, I think that such a mentality is tragic and detrimental to this country. It's the same self-Illusion as throwing Prince Sihanouk out of Cambodjf, accusing him of being a "red prince". 281 Then financing and supporting to the bitter end his enemies. Fortuna- tely for thd "Red Prince" he is well and back In his country, v;hile his enemies are either dead or exiled. And now I am sorry to cast an accusation at John F. Kemiedy's family, especially on his brother Robert, who wanted to sanctify the President's memory and to nvake us all - all American citizens - forget our President's biggest mistake, the Bay of Pigs. Willem Oltmans strange incident, described here, is explainable by this attitude. Also our conversations with Jacqueline Kennedy's family. The Bay of Pigs resulted in an unbelievable hatreds and desires of revenge among the Cuban refugee groups ^as v.'ell as among Castro's followers, but to a lesser degree because their losses v;ere smaller and the result was Castro's triumph. But the desire of revenge among the refugee groups here v;ere thus covered up anci v;henever somebody like Carrisson in New Orleans v/ould try to establish a connection between the assassination and the Bay of Pigs, he would be put down as a drunkard, incompetent and silenced. Rarrisson was ccir.pletely completely discredited and lost his district attorney's position. His latest book is a fiction dealing with the assassination. 282 Willem Olttnans and his clairvoyant. A£teii our return £rom Haiti, we were literally assailed by a great number o£ Journalists, who wanted to interview us. The most inte- resting among them was Willem Oltmans, United States representative of NOS Television (Dutch State Television) with headquarters in New York. Oltmans, a Dutchman but educated in the United States - a Yale gra- duate - told me how he became interested in the President's mudder in 1964, while we were still in Haiti. He flew to Dallas on March 9, 1964 on an American Airlines flom Kennedy airport in New York to address the next day the Criterion Club in Wichita Fallas, Texas. At the counter in New York he ran into Marguerite Osvald. The two sat together durihg the following dinner-flight and It was during this Journey that Oltmans first began to doubt the truth as to Lee Osvald being the killer of President Kennedy all by himself and miserably alone. It was Marguerite Osvald who told him that the chief of police in Dallas interrogated Lee for forty-eight hours, without making a tape-recording of the hearing and even keeping his notes. When the Warren Commission asked the Dallas police officials whether they did not think Osvald an important enough subject to borrow a tape-recorder for the investigation of the murder o 283 the President of the United States, the answer had been negative. Upon returning to the Netherlands, Oltraans discussed his conversa- tion with Marguerite Osvald with the famous clairvoyant, Gerard Crolset in Utrecht, the Netherlands. It was Doubleday who had published In 1964 the blographt of this amazing Dutchman, who has been solving crimes and murders all over the world. Including In the United States. It was Crolset who flrat described to Oltmans in a tape-recorded interview (which Is being kept at the Institute of Parapsychology of the University of Utrecht, the Netherlands )that I existed. Crolset told Oltmans that Lee had a friend In Dallas, In his fifties. He des- cribed some of ay physical features. Including that my name held the letters sch and the word de. Oltmans immediately consulted the chief of programs of National Dutch Television In Hllversum, Carel Enkelaar. He received the asslgne- ment to return to Dallas and try to locate this mysterious friend of Osvald's, who, according to the Dutch clairvoyant, was of noble descent and was a geologist. He, the mysterious X, was, according to Crolset, th« architect of the ambush In which Kennedy had been killed. Osvald was only the fall-guy. Oltmans returned to Forth Worth and visited Mrs, Marguerite Osvald. 284 It was Lee's mother who, following Crolset's description, pointed to a volume of a complete set of the Warren Report and Indicated our name and existence to the Dutch journalist. Oltmans reported back In Hllversum that Crolset's indication had been correct. There was a friend. In his fifties, and his name did match the words de and sch. He was George de Mohrenschlldt. NOS Television then Instrvtcted Wlllem Oltmans to phone me April 2, 1967, to ask for a TV Interview. I repled that I had to attend the World Petroleum Congress In Mexico City and that he should contact me In two weeks. I did not hear from him again until later that year. When Oltmans reported to Hllveraxim that he had contacted me, the Dutch television presidium felt Oltmans was In grave danger. They reaso- ned that so many people, directly or Indirectly connected with trying to unravel the Kennedy assassination had been killed or nysterlously disappeared, that Oltmans was Immediately Instructed to contact the office of Robert F. Kennedy, at the time the Senator of the State of New York. This office was located at the US Post Office building, near 43rd street. Oltmans saw Tim Hogan, Robert F. Kennedy's press assistant, and explained the situation, including Crolset's analysis, that Kennedy 285 had been killed In a plot and that I was the engineer of the ambush. Tim Hogan said the Senator was c^jking a speech In Albany that mor- ning and vms flying back at I P.M. In the "Caroline", He would Inform the Senator immediately relaying Oltman's request whether he could have some protection from FBI. NOS Television had figured that Robert Kennedy, forme ^r Attorney-General of the United States was as safe a person to ask advice In this delicate matter. < Tim Hoaan called back around 2 P.M. In Oltman's apartment In Kew- Gardens, New York. He relayed to Oltmans that RFK had personally plckel i up the phone and talked to J. Edgar Hoover In Washington, D.C. FBI agents were to contact him later that day. Indeed, already at 4 P.M. two agents called at Oltman's apartment. They stayed two full hours, but Oltmans only relayed to them that he was instructed to Interview us In Dallas and that, at the same time, NOS TV had told him to contact Robert Kennedy. When the agents left the Oltmans apartment, they assured him that from that moment on he would be 24-hour8 a day under surveillance of the FBI and there would be nothing to worry about. The next evening Oltmans wanted to visit an Indonlslan friend In Greenwich Village, an architect, who was desl^^jnlng a cover for a book H3-792 0-79-19 286 Oltmans was writing about the late President Sukarno of Indonesia. Driving southward *n Westslde drive at around 8 P.M. In a Sunbeam Tiger, with a V-8 motor, a convertible sports model, with aluminum ra- cing wheels, at a speed of about sixty nlles per hour, Oltmans was belli overtaken by a cab with a passenger riding In the back-seat. The cab cruised for a while next to Oltmans' car until the 53rd Street exit was reached. Then the cab made a fast move, In which Oltmans was cut of In such a way that he crashed In the rails. His car was a total loss. His head was bleeding. He was brought to the Kew-Gardens hospital, wher he Vila examined. Bandaged and sent home. The Insurance awarded him wi- thin ten days a new car, which Oltmans qulcklv^hlpped to the Nether- lands. He himself left a few days afterwards. Two months later, Oltmans received In his bungalow In the country near Utrecht a telephone call from a certain Glenn Bryan Smith, atto- rney from Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Smith annpunced that he was con- ducting an investigation Into the JFK murder for the author of "Green Berets". He wanted to discuss with Olt- mans the Dallas affair and compare notes. Oltmans agreed to a meeting In Hotel Terminus In Utrecht, but only In the presence of Carel 287 Enkelaar, NOS TV boss. It so happened. During the conversation, however, Glenn Bryan Smith slipped in some threats. He cautioned Oitraans in the presence of Enkelaar to stop in- vestigating President Kennedy's assassination because "you would not be the first person to die or disappear in this matter. What they d6 is, they will kidnap you in a New York street, drive you to a private air- port, and dump you over the Atlantic Ocean. You would not be the first person to die this way either." Oltmans says that he remained \inperturbed . He waited a few months more publishing an extensive report on his automobile accident in the leading weekly magazine "Haagse Post", shovdng on the cover pictures of John F. Kennedy and nyself . Oltmans then returned to the United States In October 1967 and came to film us with a Dallas CBS TV crew on October 15th. It was a very pleasant meeting for us. From that moment on, this Dutch journalist, who Initially approached us, because he had received Indications that we might be Involved Indl- rectly through Osvald with the Kennedy assassination, became a very per- sonal friend. He has visited us every year since 1967, He will by now be convinced, that we had nothing to do whatsoever with the JFK assassination. 288 As a matter of £act, he told us, that despite o£ Gerard Crolset*s great gl£ts £or solving crimes, at the same time some forty per-cent of his indications and prognoses are always false. Nevertheless, Oltmans relayed to us as recently as th4 summer of 1976, that this famous Dutch clairvoyant is still deadly convinced that I am the man who tricked Lee Harvey Osvald, and who set up, fin- anced by the Dallas oil lobby, the assassination of John F. Kennedy. I am supposed to have done it from Haiti, probably through some vodoo trick.... I probably should have sued that Dutch clairvoyant but I presume that he is probably broke and an internet i onal law suit would be very costly. Why Lee and I aKreed on FBI. , "■ 289 Recently It was establiohed that FBI hAd concealed and destroyed a letter from Lee iiarvey Osvald written to the Dallas office before the assassination. I do not think we have an exact text of this letter but the newspapers report was extremely angry at the way FBI kept annoying him and his wife end therefore made hio normal pursuit of life impossible. This explains, naturally, why in our conversations Lee had such a dim view of this "great" institution and its leader J. Edgar Hoover. I had a personal grudge against FBI, which I will explain in this chapter and 1 had a personal distasteful impression when 1 saw J. Edgar Hoover one day, in La Jolla, California. I rememfber that Jeanne and 1 were there to visit a partner of mine who had a ranch nearby and made eonie investments in the oil ventures. In the evening, having dinner at one of the best motels, facing the sea, I recognized i^x. Hoover, sttting together with some of our oil magnets, and behaving in such an obsequious manner, is if he vjere a servant of these very wealthy people. And he looked like a pompous v.'aiter, or possibly, head- waiter. 1 knew some of the people sitting with him and a meeting could 290 have been very simply arranged, and thus a lot of difficulties would have been avoided for both of us in the future. But something retained me from approaching the group and I did not do it. Jeanne did not have any special reason to like or dislike the man, but I had a previous experience with FBI which was ridiculous and could have ended badly for me. Outside of my \inimportant experience, similar to Lee^s in a way, the final result is that a letter of paramount importance to the in- vestigation of Kennedy's assassination was concealed, that President Kennedy was killed and the old idol, head of FBI, remained untouched and secure until his natural death. The President did not get the righ' type of protection - while mediocrity or failure, or both, remained unpunished . Now back to my trago-comic trouble with FBI. This will answer possibly why so much money and effort was spent on the investigation of ay wife and of me. I had already mentioned it. Why choose us? Why try to persecute us with such a persistence? The reason we knew Lee so well were not enough. We both traveled a great deal, Jeanne as a famuous fashion de- 291 3L(;ner, and she v/as £amuou2 be£ore I met her and ruined her career with niy ovm adventurous dealjs and this walking tripj I traveled even more as a pntroleu.Ti consultant, had several wives and was part of the "so called" eutabllshment, mainly for buf.inesa reasons. People In the "jet-set" ar the "cafe society" are really very boring, the same world over, while an czcer.tric like Lee, was of great interest to me. In other words, xv-e v;ere successful in our own fields and neither one of us never, but never, paid any attention to politics in the Unitei States, left or rl^ht. I'y early scrap with FBI dates froiti 1941, soon after my arrival in the United States. At that tine 1 was very young, had soaxe njoney which I brought from Europe and made a little oiore in this country and about to ba drafter to the US Army. Frankly 1 was not in a very militaristic aood at the ti.ne, as the CJerjians saved my father from the Russians. '7e are of, so called, Baltic descent, which means a mixttnre of people of Scandinavian, German, French and other lineages, descen- dants of the Icnijhts who had conquered Estonia, Latria, Finland and evan parts of Russia. How, i'iAiOL;1, both my wife and I were ^-ircious lo y^t b;:ck to r'.aiti. Rut nov/, looking £t the re;>ort., I riiink Lhat tliere nrjst have been other rer.sons that millions o2 dollars wax'e rtoeiit on nry unimportanl: life, also lay v;ife'3 and our children's, vlth th~ final result that our cei»osition3 bricame three tiiites •-iiore vol-xaiiious than Marina's. And so much costlier to the American taxpayer . Look at all those ijinuiPcrable places we lived in, in variouss countries and diff£.>rent continents, everywhere these FBI a--ents were sent to and received information through interrogation, bribery or subterfuge. And, natiually, the incident with the rifle 297 ectlvated all this inaflne activity. A;;p.ln Jenner gave ne p hint at the bejlnnins of tlie Interrogation. V'e asksc' 3ie:"dl'In»t you know tbat Osvnld tried to sVioot General Vfalker?" You already know from tha previous ch.'sptera v/hat had actually bappe.nec'i, .md what Marina had oald lator. "Of coursG not," I Hmwfired, "ny poC-shot joko v.ts In a dubious taste but only n joIc3 navaby Doc". M>d FBI could not protect the lives of the ?i:3niv'..2nt Jolui ?. liej-uiedy, of ha.-j brother Robert nor, the aost important, t'^i life of .Or. Martin Lj':h3j kinj. /PI 'li'.i s > ii'jr;'; -,!a,.iAj,f to us brcauDi;, vrhile still In l^iiti, I o£t2.i exi-r=.^ya,i hu o^3irii')ii \.:\mt Leo was r. ,);;tsy, thT: 'no w.^s not inte- I'-^Sce-.l in oi:?.»^.iinj an ?.5s-i33L.uition o^. ths m-'in he li/.ed unJ respected. And I wiis alDO an o..en critic of our ^o/ernrumt a.j«ncie3, because J. ;/rJ_tjn Moorfi whui I ha.', contficted resai'^^in^ Lee, told me that he v/as a "hcirmlcos lun.".t-.ic." And, -ns a reault of this frank criticisii, Fni triad to crucify us In Haiti, to da nn^a our contract there, with the connivence of the Aiaerican Kiahnssy. In the final result I lost a lot of business contacts hscause ??>! h 'd pried too .nuch into my private life and exoosed it in the wrong li^ht. 43-792 0-79-20 302 I an a pntny. . . » Wu are alivij aivl enjoying life j.n a very differenw way. We moved away from the Lusineus world to tlie academic world and It's more re- wording. For this I have t-o thank Lee Harvey Osvald and FiH, Fortunately also, we did not lose our real triends. ;k)W were we sent to ^ coucentratlon camp like ttie Japanese in «orld .inr: III or the Nav£Jos iii XDI ce.r.tuiy in f.rizcna. Aiiu wo do not '^ouiplaLi, life Is interesting and exciting for us.' 'J£ten we wish Lee Vftre l.are with ufc to share soxe of the ^^ood clis'i^es we Ate havin^ in tt.is country and in the v;orld. I'ci v.as too yoin,i when he died. Cat more cltfin we think of .?ha-2y arpecta of: thit ^lu-a.-otne "Inves- tigation'", of the haid dione to this country ard aspeciolly to the da- mage to the rr.3.r.o£y of Lee, my dead friend. Jones, the editor of the ILid Lothian, iexas newspaper, and a sloiple honest man, told ma upon iiy return to the 'dnited states :"J. shall never forget Lee Harvey Csvald's face, bef-tL'n brutally to a pulp, of his terrified ejiprcssion wnen he was beinjj led by beefy policcitnen the day of President ICcnnedy's asfit'.ssination. And thi.; youn.j man kept shouting • 1 am a patsy'.... I am a patsy!....' At.d," continued this elderly 303 newspaperman,"! cwear to God I knew that he vas tullin=, the truth." I had a premonition tMe day o£ Kennedy 's assajjiiiiation, 3,000 allies away, in nalti, that Lee was involved in some way, that he was lu deep trouble. It's strcmjis how thoije tiiinj;;s work... Think on the inscription on the picture we had discovered In our l^ZZ^Z'^' 'low cos.'.ld a hunter of trie fascists be the aasassin of a youn^ and liberal President? /."oald hee address this ohoto^raph so en- dearingly to we, knowiii^ v/cll bow much i liked John h\ iCamiedy, had ha intended to assassinate hi.n? Wojld hia rfife call him, even sneerin^ly, 'the fascists* hunter", i;! her hajb^nJ .-tas Ji.e;^arin^ to asuassi'iat 2 tue Viost liberal President A. Ulrica evar .lad; Whether yja were respon;; ible, tiven partially, even as a patsy, in the conspiracy to assassinate, I do hope tliat tiiis book will cast so.us true li^ht on tl;a ty:-a of peraon you were, ami vill hekp you to sleep in pe£ce. luicwin^ L^ie and hii truthfulness, ny wife and I helieve tjifit had Lee had the chance to spc?k, he v^ould have toid the truth. If he even had some part in the ass^isluf.ciox! , i-i: .vould hcve proudly thrown to the ;;orld his reasons for Lt, 304 Lee was above all an individualist, an idealist who hoped to change the world, not a blind slave led by his prejudices, by an excessive devotion to a defined doctrine, to preconceived notions. He denied that he was the assassin to the last moment of his life. And while Dallas poliece questioned him for forty some hours, he never admitted anything. For some reason, the police chief never reseased to the Warren Committee any notes of this interrogation and he denied that the inteerogation had been tape-recorded. Dallas police supposedly had not a single tape-recorder at the time. As primitive as the Dallas poli> ce had been, such negligence is harly credible. Chief Justice Warren, while interrogating the chief of police who had said "we never got around to buy a tape-recorder", asked acidly: "wasn't it worth while to borrow a tape recorder when the assassination of the President of th^ United States was being investigated?". Tje City of Dallas was certainly rich enough at the time to have acquired a tape-recorder. And so the tape of Lee's interrogation either did not exist or had mysteriously disappeared. In nty opinion Lee would have told the truth during this lenthy inter- 305 rogation, during which he must have been beaten and maybe tortured, he would have cracked down but his last words were; "I am a patsy!" And so he was . What I have been trying to concentrate on was Lee's personality and on what I had remembered, taped and noted , of his opinions, his Jokes and his remarks In our conversatl/ons. Naturally, I could not avoid to relate what our relations with Lee and Marina, and especially my friendship with Lee, had had on our lives. I hope that this book will correct the generally low opinion people In this country have had on Lee. Maybe this new focus on him will have some Influence on the ultimate judgement on the assassination of President Kennedy. Lee Harvey Osvald might have been sometimes violent, like almost anyone amongst us, he might kill a person he hated, he might have been violent to a racist or a pseudo-racist, to someone who might want to hurt him and his family. But to assassinate the President he rather admired, Just for the glory of It, Is entirely foreign to his persona- lity . Lee cared for freedom In this country and he cared for the Improve- 306 ment of the world tension at the time. And this type of a person was being moved from one place to another by the Dallas police, the movements were announced, the crowds were there, and thvia he was shot and killed . Some other aspects of Lee's personality must emerge from this book. Stxst It shows that Lee was not a harmful person, on the contrary a rather inspiring individual,: his deep desire to Improve relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, It took twelve yearri and a man like Kissinger to achieve partially this purpose. At last the latent anomosltles between these superpowers are dissipating. But Lee hoped for more: he hoped that these two powerful countries would become friends and he thrived to achieve It in a naive and maybe foolish, but sincere, way. It Is clear now that the war between these two coBntrles would end In a holocaust. And so, Lee Harvey Osval had dreamed and hoped for a detente and for friendship, not so bad for a high-school dropout from a New Orleans slum. It Is always better for all of ua to be friends than to fight, only ^ Insane people would want to fight now with the available nuclear arse- nal. These Insane people are forcing other to believe In the superior j 307 ty o£ any weaponry. We can kill all the Russians hundred o£ times over and they can do the same to us. So where does a "superiority" lead? It Is my firm opinion that Lee was never sure he was right, but he was always groping for truth, for a light. It must come out clearly from all the material I had gathered here that Lee was above all andl-segregatlonlst, he was antl any people who discriminate against any minorities, against any underprlvlledged. Both Lee ahd I firmly believed that subservience to any dominant political Idea Is wrong, people should try to discover an Ideology which fits them, even though It might be unpopular, and follow It. If not, we would become the same dummies Russians were during Stalin's time. Their servility backfired and they became victims of It. "They did not try to find out who was right and v;ho was wrong," Lee told me during one of our conversations, which often dealt with the Stalinist times In Russia. He had learned a lot In Minsk. "Free people," he had said, "should not remain mere pawns In the world game of chess played by the rulers." Some time ago I saw a program, sponsored by some safety razor firm. 308 which featured Lee talking in New Orleans on the radio. This was re- garding his pro-Cuban activity. The program was taped and Lee*s photos were inserted. Lee spoke rather intelligently but the inserted photos made his look vigly and threatening. It was a nasty way to portray a dead man. Technically the program was awful J had no much sense anyway, but its purpose was to brainwash the American people into believing more firmly that Lee was the sole and only assassin. And we will never know the whole truth until someone will come forward, confess and will accept the guilt. Let's recall some of my conversations with Lee regarding Fidel CAstro. Lee was rather an admirer of Fidel and especially of Che Guevara, a romantic, swashbuckling personage. In his mind Fidel was a sincere man who aimed to the best for his country, to eradicate racial prejudice and to bring a social equality to his people. I do not think he knew very much about Cuba and his information came through his contacts with Cuban students and technicians he had met in Minsk. Lee liked Fidel as a representative of a small country, an under- dog, facing ferlessly a huge and powerful country like United States. Che appealed to him as a handsome, brilliant doctor, who had tra- 309 veled around Latin America, discovering basic Injustices and who even- tually tried to correct thera. He did know that In some of the poorest parlshed of Mexico the peasants considered him a new Savior. Now Che Is dead, the man who killed him was assassinated recently in Paris. So It's all Immaterial. Regarding the Bay of Pigs, Lee thought it was an utter disaster. He wasx sure that we should not have gotten Involved in the infeemal affairs of Cuba. He was against the Cuban refugees, but this subject was not discussed too much between us. He thought that Cuba before Castro was a whorehouse for the American tourists, fleadquarters of American racketeers like Lansky and Co. These were his opinions. As far as I was concerned, i was not sure whether he was right or not, I knew Cuba very slightly myself, I was there a year or so before Castro's victory over Battlsta. To me it was a cheerful, corrupt country; but austerity did not seem to fit the Cuban sunny natures. Lee thought President Kennedy should not allowed any Invasion of Cuba, but he was not vehement or violent In his views on this subject. I have the Impression that the matter was of not much Interest to him. ' Lee never expressed any hatred for Kennedy because o£ the Bay of Plgs^ he Just calmly assessed as a very foolish action. 310 Remember that many Cuban refugees and their relatives paid with their lives for this Invasion, and the ones who remained alive and here consider the disaster Kennedy's fault. I cannot visualize Lee being In cahoots with these Cuban refugees In New Orleans, as soma sources suggest but he might have played his own game, meeltng sone of them, checking Just for the hell of It what their motivations were. The amuzlng and attractive side of Lee's personality was that he liked to play with his own life, he was an actor In real life. A very curious Individual. On the other hand, I can very easily visualize Lee Joining a pro- Castro group. In my humble opinion, as indicated by some events and conversations In this book, the Kennedy family did not want to pursue the matter of finding the real, unquestionable, assassin, nor a conspiracy. And they could have done it with their own. Immense, private resources. If someboy would kill my son or my brother, I certainly would want to be sure who did It. But possibly the personality of Lee Harvey Osvald suited perfectly the political purposes of the Kennedy family. Lee was a "lunatic" and a "Marxist" who killed John F. Kennedy 311 without any reason and made a martyr out o£ him. And so, the matter was closed for ever. \^y lock for more responsible people? Regarding Lee's real or Imaginary attempt at General Walker's life will remain a mystery. There are stories going around that, accoring to Marina, Lee also wanted to shoot Nixoo, whom he considered a reac- tionary of the same type as Walker. This was at the time when Nixon was Vice-President, But Lee never even spoke to me about Nixon, so it eemains pure speculation. The picture appearing with this book, was taken by Marina, so she says in her deposition in January or February of 1962. Dedications were made probably at the same time. 312 Final conclusion for U9. Lee's friends. We are alive and fairly healthy. I returned to teaching and am happy to be with young people. Buy I often miss Lee and hla stimula- ting presence. Real friends remained faithful and good to us, the superficial and false relationship disappeared. Yet, this past friendship with Lee had strangely advlerse effects on our lives. People read superficially this gossipy Warren Report and wonder who these strange people are. They call us, ask foolish questions. Even to-day Insidious articles appear claiming that we were "bribed" (by whom?) to hide the truth about Kennedy's assassina- tion. Subsequent publicity make us controversial and even gruesomely threatening. Up to this day I read strange Idiocies about myself. An example Is a book published In French "L'Amerlque Brule" - America Burns.* The publishers are in Luxembourg where they cannot be sued. In this book I am an alleged CIA agent assigned to Lee Harvey Osvald . Let me tran- slate a chapter regarding my relationship with Lee. -Osvald was put under supervision by the CIA and Interrogated as well as tested by one of the specialists utilized by the CIA In Washin- gton D.C. and by Its Houston Branch. He was an oilman, whose nom de 313 guerre (operative name) was Georae de Mohrenschlldt .- I ceetalnly should have chosen an easier nom de guerre! His nackname was "the Chinaman" and he pretend to have been born In Ukralneand was an ex-offlcerr In the Polish Cavalry. He was recruited during the war by OSS and was Inscribed In 1944 at the University of Texas where he obtained a deforce of a geological engi- neer, ppeclallzlng In Petroleum Geology. The CIA had utilized hlra In Iran, In Indonesia, In Egypt, In Panama, In Nicaragua, In San Salvador, In Honduras, In Ghana, In Togoland and finally In Haiti, where he worked "In principle" V7lth Sinclair Oil Company, de Mohren- schlldt was closely connected with or mixed up with oil circles and was member of Dallas Petroleuin Club, Abilene Country Club, Dallas Society of Petroleuin Geologists. He had very close relations with ma- nagers of Kerr-McGee Oj.! Company, Continental Oil Company, Coswell Oil Equipment, Texas-Eastern Corporation and also with John Mecom of Houston. He was a distinguished and cultured man, who was part of the establlshmen and member of the social register. His White-Russian wife, born In China, often operated with him.- Another of his covers was ICA, Washington D.C.- 314 And so I here standing for judgement. I have never been to some of the countries ncaitioned here (for example Egypt and Indonesia) and I lived and vjorked in many other countries thi? article did not for myself or for some oil i mention. In each case I either worked companies, but I never, never worked for CIA. And I do not think CIA will hire me in the future. As for hhe I.C.A. mentioned above, this was the name of the Sspaxtx taata division of the State Departme nt, a shortening of Inemational Cooperation Administration which dealt with economic help abroad. I was hired as a petroleum technician in that capacity worked for a year in Yugoslavia. I cannat say that I never was a CIA agent, I cannot prove it. I cannot prove either that I ever was. Nobody can. Only fecenlily disclosures have been mAde giving names of the CIA agents who were at the same time our State Department eaiployees and worked in our embassies and consulates in various capacities. Before this the fact of belonging to CIA was a vjell kept secret. And so, almost everything I had done in my life became distorted 315 and Busplclous by vmscrupulous reporters and gosBlp-monsers, The latest infraction into my privacy come from the people who want to write about Lee Harvey Osvald. Tliey rehash the Warren Cc>nimittee information. JuBt a few months ago in the San Francisco Chronicle and in the Chicago Tribune, sug£;esting snidely that I had gone to tho Bahamas after the assassinationto be paid off there by someone, to keep some secrets regaring Lee Harvey Oovald... And uHiat caii you do fbout it? Suing is not my style and I have no tima for it. And so I write to these wjriters and receive letters of apologies . Another painful annoyance to us to think that some of our good friends, in the foraigr, countries where I had worI;od, read this trash and may believe that I was some kind of an agent and that they had be- friended adouble-faced individual. The same suspicion applies to my wife and her friends abroad. Let us hope that this book, poorly written and disjointed, but sincere, will help to cleer up our relationship with our dear, dead frle-nd Lee. I I DEPOSITIONS OF MARINA OSWALD PORTER Staff Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations U.S. House of Representatives Ninety-fifth Congress Second Session March 1979 (317) L 1+3-792 0-79-21 CONTENTS ~ Page Introduction %t^ Deposition of Marina Oswald Porter, Sept. 20, 1977 ^i» Deposition of Marina Oswald Porter, Aug. 9, 1978 <>•*» (318) Introduction During Marina Oswald Porter's public testimony before the com- mittee on September 13, 1978, Congressman Preyer stated the two depositions slie had previously given the committee's staff would be made part of the committee's final report. Those depositions are re- printed intheir entirety in this appendix. DEPOSITION TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 1977 House of Representatives, Select Committee on Assassinations, Washington^ B.C. The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10 :44 a.m., in room 16G28, Federal Building, Dallas, Tex. Present: Ken Klein, assistant deputy chief counsel, and Clifford Fenton, chief investigator. Mr. MuLLOY. For the record, I am Patrick H. Mulloy, U.S. Magis- trate for the Northern District of Texas, here for the purpose of swearing in Marina Oswald Porter for a deposition this morning. Will you raise your right hand? Do you solemnly swear the testimony you will give on this deposi- tion will be the truth, so help you God? Mrs. Porter. I do. Mr. MuLLOY. Further, pursuant to the laws of the United States, I am authorized — I wish I had a copy of the Code — I am authorized to take oaths. direct examination Mr. Klein. Good morning. My name is Kenneth Klein and I am the assistant deputy chief counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations. Today is September 20, 1977, it is approximately 10:55 in the morning. Present is Clifford Fenton, who is the chief investigator for the House Select Committee on Assassinations. To your right is Mrs. Jewel ISIcGrath, who is a stenographer and, as you can see, she is taking down everything we are saying here. For the record, would you please identify yourself? The Witness. Mrs. Marina Porter. By Mr. Klein: Q. Please give your address. A. I live on Route 1, Box 228A, Rockwell, Tex. (319) 320 Q. We are in the conference room in room 16G28 of the Federal Building here in Dallas, Tex. Now, I have been designated to obtain statements from witnesses under oath by the Select Committee on Assassinations. Up to this point I met you approximately 1 hour ago and I have not spoke to you about any of the facts pertaining to the death of President Kennedy, is that correct ? A. That is correct. Q. Before we go any further, is this statement that you are giving us now a voluntary statement? A. It is. Q. You have not been subpenaed to appear here, you are appearing voluntarily, is that correct? A. That is correct. Q. I have advised you that you have a right to have a lawyer present during this statement, is that correct? A. That is correct. Q. Do you wish to have a lawyer present? A. I don't think so. Q. Now, do you at this time have any difficulties speaking or under- standing English ? A. I don't think so. I will ask if I don't understand something. Q. You have lived in the United States for how many years? A. Just a minute — 1962. Q. From 1962 to 1977, that is 15 years ? A. Yes. Q. Do you speak English in the course of your every day activities here? A. I do. Q. If you do have any problem understanding anything that I say, please ask me and I will put it into a form that you will understand. Is it fair to say you have no problems communicating with people in English from day to day ? A. Usually I don't ; if I do not understand a certain word, I will ask the meaning of it. Q. Before me I have a copy of our committee rules. It is entitled Committee Eules of the Select Committee on Assassinations, U.S. House of Representatives, 95th Congress. I also have a copy of House Resolution 433 and a copy of House Resolution 222 and I am making all three documents available to you and I also should note for the record that I made these available to you approximately 15 minutes ago when we entered this room. A. Right. Q. I am going to ask you questions, many of which will pertain to testimony that you gave before the Warren Commission when you testified before that body. In some cases I am asking the question be- cause Iwant to know if you might remember any more, or I am asking it because I have more detail to ask than they asked. A. I don't ?know what the word "pertain" means. Is that a source of information Q. About, in other words — which was the sentence? What I mean is, that many of the questions I ask you, you were asked similar questions by the Warren Commission about the same subjects. 321 A. OK. Q. I would like to see if I can possibly get some more detail on some of the questions and in some cases I will ask you questions the Warren Commission did not ask you at all. A. OK. Q. I realize that it has been approximately 15 years since some of these events occurred and you might have difficulty remembering particular facts or information, so I would just request that you do your best and, if you don't remember something, you can say you don't remember. A. Excuse me, you know how memory plays tricks on you. Do you think if I try to answer some questions to the best of my ability from the memory, it would be not entirely contradictory to what I said be- fore but maybe details may be different from what I said then so can I just go by what I said ? Q. What you can do is— I have here your testimony and if at any point you would like to look at a particular part of the testimony, you can. A. Can you read it for me, what I said, and can I agree with it? Q. As I said, I am interested in most cases in things that were not asked of you by the AVarren Commission or where they might have touched on a subject or not asked you about particular aspects of it which I am going to ask you about. A. OK. Q. But if there is a point where you don't remember a particular fact, A. then OK. just tell us you don't remember that. Q. Do you recall testifying before the Warren Commission? A. Yes; I do. Q. Did anyone ever tell you what you should testify to them? A. No. Q. Did anyone ever suggest to you in any way how you should testify, or what you should say to the Warren Commission ? A. No. Q. To your knowledge, as you sit here today, is there anything which to before the Warren Commission which you now believe to betestified you incorrect ? A. No; I never read my own testimony but whatever I said was the truth. Q. My next question was going to be now that you speak and un- derstand English much better than you did at the time you testified before the Warren Commission, have you ever had the opportunity to look over the printed testimony, your testimony before the Warren Commission ? A. No ; I never have. I had an interpreter, I believe. Q. At that time you had an interpreter. What I am saying is, in the years since then, if you testified now you wouldn't need an interpreter, I take it, is that correct ? A. Yes. Q. What I am asking is, did anybody ever give you the transcripts of what you testified before the Warren Commission and let you read that transcript ? 322 A. I had the privilege of reading my testimony, it was offered to me but I didn't read it. Q. You never did? A. No. Q. Is there anything which you didnt tell the Warren Commission about relating to the assassination of President Kennedy which you can tell us now ? A. I don't think so. Q. Is there any area where the Warren Commission did not ask jrou any questions and yet you know that you did possess some information that related to the assassination of President Kennedy, but they didn't ask you about it? A. I did not study the Warren Commission report so I was not look- ing for faults. Q. I am not saying a fault, I am saying is there any area where they didn't ask questions in a particular area so you did not volunteer the information which you can think of at this time? A. I think I lost you. Would you please repeat that ? Q. What I am saying is this, is there any information which you might have possessed which related to the assassination of President Kennedy where the Warren Commission, for whatever reason, did not ask you a question in that area and therefore you wouldn't have told them about it. Is there anything like that that you can tell us aJbout now? A. What you really mean, if I had hidden something inside that will maybe open up something more ? Q. Not necessarily that you have hidden something. A. Or forgot? Q. An area where they simply did not ask you about it and at the time you didn't remember to tell them about it so it was never told. A. I don't think so. You see, when you listen to the news and tele- vision you don't know where the sources come from, the Warren Com- mission or somebody else, you never question going back to the War- ren Commission and reading it, was it there or not. Q. I would like to ask you a few questions now concerning your background in Russia. A. OK. Q. When you met Lee Harvey Oswald, where were you living at that time? A. With my aunt and uncle in Minsk. Q. What was your uncle's name ? A. Ilya Proosakov. Q. When you testified before the Warren Commission, you stated that he worked for the Ministry of Interior, is that correct ? A. Just a minute, let me translate from Russian to English. Yes; Minister of Internal Affairs. Q. Ministry of Internal Affairs? A. Yes. Q. Wliat did he do for the Ministry? A. He was engineer by profession but that is all I know. He had some kind of ranking, military ranking as well. He had to wear a uniform. S23 Q. Do you recall testifying he was a colonel or lieutenant ? A. Lieutenant colonel. Q. Do you have any idea what his job was ? A. No ; he never discussed his job at home. Q. Since you testified before the Warren Commission, since that time, have you ever heard from that uncle ? A. I did place a telephone call once to my uncle, it was about 4 years ago. At first I wasn't sure that it was him. You neverand know with the Russians. But then I asked him to speak to my aunt he said that she is not available, so I asked him what time it was over there, he said just wait a minute and let me go and check. I knew where the telephone was and where he had to go and check. It took a little while, so then I knew it was him. He was very cold on the telephone, he was like an icicle. I do not expect a relative to be so cold. He didn't answer any questions except yes and no and that was it. Then I asked to speak to my aunt, but she was out of the apartment. Q. Did you ever speak to him about the assassination at all ? A. No. Q. Did Lee Harvey Oswald ever meet your uncle when you were m Russia ? A. He met him before we were married, sure. Q. What kind of relationship did they have ? A. Just polite. They were courteous to each other, sometimes they discussed politics and each of them had a different opinion but they really didn't argue, you know, that loudly. you were not pres- ent?Q. Did they ever spend any time together when A. Probably. Q. Did they ever, to your knowledge, go anywhere together ? A. I don't think so. Sometimes we would visit. Lee would sometimes yisit my aunt and uncle when I would be home with the baby or some- times me and my aunt would talk and they would talk together. Q. Did Lee Harvey Oswald ever speak to you about your uncle ? A. Of course he did. We discussed our relatives. Q. What generally was his feeling toward your uncle? A. That he considered him kind of cool and really— just a minute, let me phrase it right — not very open person, that he was kind of secretive and he said that he had been under — I mean worked with the Government so long or whatever his schooling was, that he does not open up that quick. Q. Was your uncle associated in any way with the secret police ? A. I don*t think so. I would not know. That is my guess. Q. What do you really mean by secret police, doing arrests or some- thing like that? A. Since I don't know what kind of job he really was doing, I cannot speculate so whatever I said could be true or not true. Q. "V^Hien yon say you don't know what kind of job he was doing, was it unusual that you wouldn't know what kind of job your uncle, who you were living with, was doing? A. No ; it is an official building, lots of people would live in the same building live there. There were doctors and engineers, professions. go behind the doors, you don't know what they were doing. knowthey IOnce what his profession was. b 324 Q. Did he make an eliort tx) not let you know what his job was? A. It never entered my mind to ask him what particular things he was doing. Q. Did you live with him ? A. Yes, and it was understood that the job that he is doing is not to be discussed at home. His telephone number tliere was unlisted, only his wife knew it. She gave me his telephone number once and I called him. He was upset and he told me never to call his telephone number again. I thought it was sick. Q, You have no idea what his actual function was? A. Sometimes he brought books home and they would be concerned with — just a minute, I don't Imow how to translate the name of the college he finished — can we go off the record ? Q. Ask the question on the record. A. For example, a person working with the wood, the forest, it doesn't mean a ranger or lumberjack, but you have to study all about grains, mathematics, and things. Q. Are you saying the books he brought home were concerned with wood ? A. The industry, everything having to do with the wood. That is what he mentioned. Sometimes like college kids would have exams and he would be present and check their papers, too, once a year. Q. Did your uncle ever express any views to you about the United States? A. Oh, yes, every time I mentioned something about America and other countries, he said, well, you think everything in foreign countries are better, he said they have just as much junk as we do. He was quite patriotic. Q. Did he ever say he liked or disliked the United States ? A. My opinion was that he did like it because we had a subscription to American Magazine that was prohibited by law but until then we always had it. Q. Did your uncle ever mention President Kennedy ? A. Not that I remember. Q. To your know^ledge, is he still alive ? A. I don't know if I would hear if he died, because he was pretty old then. He had one heart attack. My aunt was pampering him all the time. She was afraid he was going to die. Q. Do you recall the name of the person who introduced you to Lee Harvey Oswald ? A. i forgot most of the Russian names. Do you have any names. Could you have any names with you? I can tell you if it is correct or not. Q. Would it refresh your recollection if I told you you testified to the Warren Commission it was Yuri Mereginsky ? A. I don't remember anybody by that name, but it is probably correct Q. M-E-E-E-G-I-N-S-K-Y? Do you recall A. That is probably correct but I do not remember it. Q. When I say that name, do you remember the person ? A. No. Q. Nothing at all ? 325 A. No, because it was a group of young men around and right now in my mind meI can't introduced remember to this is so andexactly so and what this the is sofigure looked like who and so. Q. Could you tell us what were the circumstances under which you were introduced to Lee Harvey Oswald ? A. I had a date. I was invited for the dance and I promised the boy for 6 months that I would go to the ball with him. We were there. It was another group of people and I was introduced to him by somebody. Q. Was it just — was it a coincidence that you were introduced to him or did somebody intend you to meet him, did somebody want you to meet this particular person ? A. It was coincidence. Q. You have no recollection of the person that actually introduced you to him ? A. No. Q. You have no recollection of the person Yuri Mereginsky? A. No. I wish I knew who it was. Q. Do you recall what year you and Lee Harvey Oswald left the Soviet Union? A. I believe it was June 1962. Q. Was it unusual for a Soviet woman who had married an Ameri- can to be granted permission to leave the country ? A. I was surprised they granted me permission, I really was. Q. Do you have any idea why you were granted permission ? A. I considered it just being lucky. Q. Did Lee Harvey Oswald ever indicate to you whether he knew how come you were allowed to leave the country ? A. He had his doubts as well. Q. He had his doubts as to whether you would be A. As to whether I would be able to leave. Q. Did you ever say to him, "Why do you suppose they let me leave?" A. I don't remember if I ever asked him this question but I sure did ask myself. Q. Did he ever say anything after you were granted permission ? A. We were just very happy that we would be going to go. Q. Do you recall lowed to leave ? when you were informed that you would be al- A. It could be May. Q. I am not asking so much for the date as for where you were, where he was and just in what manner you were informed ? A. I think we received some kind of letter, or information, it was through the mail. Nobody came and announced. Q. Were you both, that means you and Lee Harvey Oswald, present when you opened that particular letter ? A. I don't remember whether I was alone or he read it— had the message. Q. Do you remember what his reaction was when he first learned that they were going to allow you to leave ? A. Oh, whoopee, you know. Q,. Was it a surprise ? 326 A. It was a joyful event. Q. What I am asking is did he appear to be surprised that you were allowed to leave or did he seem maybe to expect that you would be able to leave ? A. He did not expect that. I felt like I was just worthless to the Russians so they just let me go. That is the only explanation I can give because I have a very bad characteristic from work. Q. I should indicate for the record that the U.S. attorney, U.S. Attorney Mighell just entered the room and gave me a piece of paper and then left the room. Did Lee Harvey Oswald ever speak to you at any time about — I mean after you were granted this permission, did he ever speak to you about how it came about that you were granted this permission to leave? A. I don't recall. Q. Would you tell me what physical markings you recall on the body of Lee Harvey Oswald, I mean any scars, anything that you could describe, any marks on his body ? A. He had a thin scar on his wrist. Q. Which wrist? or left.The one he wore his watch on, I don't know whether it was right A. Q. The one he wore his watch on ? A. Yes. Q. Where was the scar ? A. On the inside. Q. You pointed to the inside of your left wrist. A. Yes. Q. Any other scars on his body ? A. I think one behind his ear. Q. Do you recall which ear ? A. No. Q. The one behind the ear, was it noticeable ? A. Maybe it wasn't noticeable ; you had to look for it. Q. Could it be seen without pushing his hair back or was it A. No ; you could not see it. Q. You had to look for it to see it, is that correct ? A. Yes. Q. To your knowledge did he have any other marks on his body ? A. I don't remember. I don't think he had an appendix scar. Q. The Warren Commission questioned you and you testified that at certain times FBI agents spoke with you, is that correct? A. I recall that we had some visits from some men and since I didn't speak English, I have been told by Lee that it was FBI men. Then once that I remember, it was an agent who claimed to be from the FBI. It was Ruth Paine, the agent from the FBI came, and he spoke to me through her. She was the interpreter. Q. What did she tell you the FBI man said ? A. He said^ — he asked questions if I had been approached by any foreign agent at any time since I arrived from Russia and would I tell him or call him right away if anybody would do such a thing. Q. Do you recall the name of the FBI agent? 327 A. Since I have been listening to the news and testified a few times, I think the name is Hastings, but as far as remembering the man being introduced by this name at the time, I do not. Q. Is the name James Hosty , familiar ? A. Yes ; that is familiar, that is the name of an associate with the man who came to the house with Ruth Paine. Q. Now, you testified before the Warren Commission that at some- time in August 1962 Lee Harvey Oswald went outside and spoke to some FBI men for a couple of hours? A. If I testified to it, that is probably — I mean that is true. Q. Do you remember right now as you sit here today, do you remem- ber that incident where he went outside and spoke to FBI agents ? A. Very vaguely. Was it in Fort Worth? Q. I believe that was what your testimony was. A. That is the memory that I have, that it was in Fort Worth. you recall anything he said to you after he finished speaking to Q.theDoFBI men? A. I recall when he came inside he was quite upset over it and wished that they had left him alone. Q. What did he tell you about his relationship with the FBI ? What were his feelings toward the FBI ? A. The information that he gave me and his reasons for being upset was because he said he was annoyed by them checking on him ; the only reason for that is that he just returned from Russia. Q. Were the feelings that he expressed about the FBI— did they ever change or was he always annojed at them? A. I think he was annoyed all the time. Q. Was there any time when he ever appeared to like them or to be friendly with them? A. I don't think so. I think he was reserved and polite and that was it. I didn't hear the conversation. If I did, it was in a different language anyway, I mean from mine. Q. I am talking more about what he would say to you at times when he was alone with you about his contacts with the FBI. Did he ever appear to be friendly toward them ? A. Not to my knowledge. Q. This agent Hosty A. Excuse me, what do you mean, invite for a cup of coffee and be very hospitable, is that what you mean? Q. You testified before the Warren Commission and to us just now at times he was angry with them for bothering him. What I am asking you is, were there any other times when he might have said to you, "Gee, I like the FBI ; I think they do a good job," or something like that? A. No; he never said that. Q. This agent James Hosty who spoke with you at one time, have you ever seen or spoken to him since the date of the assassination ? A. I don't remember. Q. Since you spoke to the Warren Commission, have FBI agents come and interviewed you at any time or spoken to you at any time since you testified before the Warren Commission ? A. I testified for the Warren Commission I believe three times. 328 Q. Right. A. You mean after the third time did they ever contact me? Q. That is correct. A. If I have been in contact with them, it does not have anything to do with the Warren Commission testimony. Q. My question, I will make it more specific, did they ever contact you or you have contact with them on anything relating to the Warren Commission or the assassination of President Kennedy ? A. No. Q. Are you aware that a short time before the assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald delivered a note to the FBI office in Dallas addressed to agent Hosty ? A. When I heard this on the news, I was surprised. Q. When you heard it on the news, was that the first time that you ever knew anything about this ? A. That was news to me that a note like that even existed. I had my doubts because knowing a little bit of Lee's personality and my knowledge he had been annoyed by the FBI and wanted to be left alone, I wondered if he would go — I don't know the right word for it— and threaten somebody with a note. The content of the note I found out through the news media. I seriously doubt Q. Forgetting what the news media said the content of the note was, you had no indication from him that he has ever written a note to them? A. I do not remember that. He slightly mentioned something. I do not recall at all because I was surprised when I heard it on the news. It didn't bring any memories, like, well, I forgot. Lee said, "Well, I am going" — he mentioned he was going to talk to them and tell them to stop harassing him, that is true, but I don't recall that he mentioned anything about the note. Q. Did you tell him that they were harassing you ? A. No; I just told him about the incident that the man came alone and what he asked me and it made him angry. Q. It made Lee Harvey Oswald angry ? A. Yes. Q. Did he say what he was going to do, that he was going to do anything about it ? A. He said he was going to ask them to leave me out of all these visits. Q. Did Lee Harvey Oswald tell you that he spoke to the FBI when he was arrested in New Orleans ? A. I don't remember that. Q. Are you surprised to learn that Lee Harvey Oswald, upon being arrested in New Orleans, asked to speak to the FBI ? A. I didn't know that he asked to speak to the FBI. Q; I am saying if I were to tell you that, that he did do that, would that surprise you ? A. Really not, because I think the FBI is a Government branch and beside the police, to call somebody else when it is something international, is what I would you call.don't call the police ; you would call the FBI, that 329 Q. When the Warren Commission took your testimony they asked you if to your knowledge did Lee Harvey Oswald ever work for the FBI. And you testified he didn't. [Witness shook her head no.] Q. Is there anything you have thought of or learned in the interven- ing years which might make you either change your answer or question whether he might have worked for the FBI ? A. You know, so many different speculative things have been raised through the news media Q. I am not saying things you read in the newspaper, I am saying from your own personal memories- A. No ; not from my personal life. Q. Let me say this before going further. All the questions I am ask- ing you I would like you to answer from your own personal knowledge and memory of events and, unless I specifically ask for it, I would hope you would not answer any questions based on what you read in the newspaper or saw on television. A. Yes ; it is very confusing. Q. I want to make that clear. A. Whatever you are asking right now, it will be from my personal memory. OK. Q. Have any people ever contacted you either before or after the as- sassination and identified themselves as members of the Central Intelli- gence Agency ? A. No. Q. Have any people ever contacted you either before or after the assassination and identified themselves as agents for any U.S. Govern- ment agency ? A. No. You are a Government representative, so Q. That is correct, so other than myself, has anybody ever contacted and asked you or told you anything relating to Lee Harvey Oswald or relating to the assassination of the President ? A. I give the answer no first but now, since I look back, I have been surrounded ask for identification by FBI agents all theand Secret Service men all the time. I didn't time. Q. The FBI and Secret Service, any other Government agents ? A. No. Q. Now, you testified before the Warren Commission that after Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested in Dallas you had one opportunity to speak with him ; is that correct ? A. That is correct. Q. To the best of your recollection would you tell us everything that was said at that time by you and by him ? A. To tell you the truth, I don't remember the details of the conver- sation. The thing I recall was it was in jail and it was a glass window and we spoke by the telephone, or through the telephone. Q. Did you speak in English or Russian ? A. In Russian. He pointed with his eyes on the telephone and the way I understood it was that he tried to say it was bugged so be careful what you say so we just spoke about the casual things at home. That is all I can recall. I was thinking you probably have documents of the conversation. 330 O liust wanted your remarks. . how he was feelmg . A I just asked him what the bruise was about, He assured me not to worry, everythmg would be all right. you Q When he told you everythmg would be all right, did he give any mdication of why he thought it would be all right ? -. ^ • ^ 'f A He did speak to his mother as well, or brother. Smce i didn t speak English, I thought maybe he gave them places that they migHt call for help, a lawyer. He mentioned to me something about Ked Oross. If I need anything that is where I should call. • • i, rp ation he was working m the iexas Q. On the date of the assassincorrect? School Book Depository ; is that A. That is right. Q. Did he discuss with you that job at any tune? , •. A. If he did, I don't remember what he was telling about the ]ob, anything specific. i ^ i i.i, i. Q. Did he ever have any conversation with you about whether he should take that particular job? A. I don't remember. not, a job was a job and it wasn't very easy for him to find a job.Why I would welcome any job he could get. Q. You testified before the Warren Commission that you spoke to him on the Thursday right before the assassination. The assassination was on Friday ; is that correct ? A. Yes. I don't remember the dates but, if you say it was a Thursday, I believe you. Q. Do you remember seeing him A. The night before ? Yes. Q. The night before. Did he discuss with you at that time the fact that the President would come to Dallas the next day ? A. Yes ; he did. Q. Did he discuss the fact that the President would be passing by the Texas School Book Depository? A. No. I kept asking questions be<^ause I was very curious about President Kennedy being in Dallas. It was very exciting and his answers about it.were very, very cold and he looked like he didn't want to talk Q. You also testified before the Warren Commission that he had mentioned on that day renting an apartment in Dallas ; do you recall that? A, We were separated not for the reasons of having a divorce or something like that, it was because of the financial difficulties and there was only one way we could manage to save some money, if we lived apart. He wanted to come back ; we were planning to get together as soon as possible, so he did mention the apartment. Q. Do you remember him saying, on that day before the assassina- tion, ifyou wanted he would rent an apartment in Dallas for you and him to live together ? A. I think so. Q. Did he indicate to you — I withdraw that. A. I think we had an argument that week or the night before, I don't know, because when I tried to contact him at his apartment by the 331 number he gave me, they say there is no such person living there so he apparently didn't give the right name to them so I was very frus- should trated—hide. I don't know why he shouldn't use his own name, why he Q. Do you recall testifying before the Warren Commission that he was very secretive ? A. Yes ; he was. Q. How else was he secretive ; what else did he do that was secretive? A. I would like to learn English, I would like to meet neighbors be- cause itwas very lonely to live all by yourself. He didn't want me to speak to anybody or even try to. He didn't want them to find out I was from Kussia. I didn't think it was that embarrassing. Q. from were Did he ever tell you why he didn't want people to know you Russia? A. The way I understand, it looks like in this countiy people would be very suspicious of people coming from Communist country and he doesn't want people to stare at us or give us any difficulty ; that was his explanation. I found out differently ever since. Q. Did he hide the fact that he had been to Russia? Did he try to hide that from people? A. I think so. Q. Did he hide the fact that he wanted to go to Cuba? Did he hide that from people ? A. Sure. Q. Do you remember this particular discussion the day before the assassination about him renting an apartment in Dallas? A. I think so. Q. What was your answer to his suggestion that he do so? A. I really don't remember. I don't remember if I was still angry with him ; I really don't recall. Q. Do you recall if he said when in particular he would rent this apartment? A. The location, no. Q. Not the location but when he would rent it? A. In the very near future, maybe a week or two. you recall how he got a job in the Texas School Book Deposi- Do building Q. tory ? A. Through a friend. Q. Do you recall what particular friend ? A. I think it was Ruth Paine, but I am not sure. The way I remem- ber right now I think she was the one who was very helpful and she spoke to somebody she knew who worked there. I was very happy she helped him find a job. Q. Were you present when Lee Harvey Oswald first learned he could have a job in the Texas School Book Depository ? A. I don't remember. Q. Was it you who told him about the job ? A. Maybe it was Ruth. I probably was present because it is all in the same house. Maybe he went over there and they told him he can have a job. I really don't recall at all how it was all about. a32 Q. At the time that he took the job in the Texas School Book De- pository, were you aware of any other offers that he had for jobs in other places? A. You see, I read since so that is a very confusing Q. I am not interested in what you read. A. I don't remember if I knew or not. Q. If he would have had another job offer at the same time for more money, can you think of any reason why he might have taken the job in the Texas School Book Depository instead of another job? A. I do believe he did like Ruth and, since she went to all the trouble to get the job for him, I think that would have been the courteous thing to do. Q. Do you think cause he liked Ruth ?he might have taken a job for less money just be- A. No ; it doesn't sound logical. Q. I am asking you, you knew the man. A. I wish I £d know the man. I thought I did but apparently I didn't. Q. From what you knew, would he turn down a job for more money ? A. To tell the truth, we were very poor and 1 think a better offer of a job would probably be more likely he would take. Q. Did he ever indicate to you he could have had a job A. Unless he didn't like the person maybe, he would not. Q. Did he ever indicate to you he could have had another job which would have paid more than the job at the Texas School Book De- pository ? A. I don't remember. Q. Did he like photography ? A. I don't think so. That is a very expensive hobby. Q. To your knowledge, did he own — well, did he own a camera? A, I really don't remember. Q. Did he own any kind of A. I remember in Russia, he took pictures. It was our camera or somebody's was our camera camera but he because I know he was taking was carrying it with pictures. him. I do believe it Q. When you lived in Texas did he own a camera? A. I don't recall but, according to some pictures we had he might have because he had some pictures that were taken recently, I mean during our living there. I do believe he probably had. But I would not recognize the camera. If somebody said was that yours, I would not claim it. Q. Did he ever to your knowledge have any photography equipment, like developing or other photography equipment ? A. I don't remember. Q. You don't remember anything? A. I don't remember. What would that include ? Q. I mean any kind of equipment that would relate to photography other than a camera, for example, equipment so he could develop film, anything like that ? A. I don't know anything about photography. Q. Did he have any kind of equipment that you ever saw and A. Didn't he work once with some kinds of photography ? He could use their equipment. 333 Q. I can't answer the question. I have to ask you the questions. A. Oh, I am sorry about that. Q. Did he ever have possession of any equipment for developing film that you know of ? A. I can honestly say I do not remember. Q. I want to mark these two photographs. On the back of the first one, which I would ask be marked JFK committee exhibit No. 1, it says in the bottom right-hand corner copy from the National Archives, records group No. 272,No.under that it says CE-133B. I will ask that be marked JFK exhibit 1. No. 1 for referred [Thehibit above to photograph was marked JFK committee ex- identification.] Q. Now, this second picture that I will ask to be marked says copy from the National Archives, record group No. 272, CE-133. I would ask that this be marked JFK conmiittee exliibit No. 2. to photograph was marked JFK committee ex- 2 for referred [Thehibit No.above identification. ] By Mr. Klein : Q. I will show you those two photographs which are marked JFK exhibit No. 1 and exhibit No. 2, do you recognize those two photographs ? A. I sure do. I have seen them many times. Q. What are they? A. That is the pictures that I took. Q. What do you recall as far as the circumstances leading up to you taking these pictures and when you actually took them and what happened ? A. I do believe it was a weekend and he asked me to take a picture of him and I refused because I don't know how to take pictures. That is the only pictures I ever took in my whole life. So we argued over it and I thought the pose, or whatever he was wearing was just horrible, but he insisted that I just click, just push the button and I believe I did it twice and that was it. I do not know whether he developed them, at home or somewhere else, I have no idea. Q. What is he wearing in those photographs and what is he holding ? A. What was a surprise for me was for him to hold his rifle and a pamphlet, some kind of newspaper. It puzzled me, it was a ridiculous way to pose for a picture. Q. Does he also have a pistol in his arm ? A. I don't see that, it looks like it— yes, I see now. Q. And you recall testifying about these same two photographs when you testified to the Warren Commission ? A. Yes ; I remember them asking if I ever took the pictures and I had completely forgotten because it was only once in my life and I didn't know how to take pictures. Yes, when they showed me that, yes, I did take the pictures. ? camera you took them on, was that Lee Harvey Oswald's Q. The camera A. I believe so. Q. Was it the same one he had in Russia or a different one, do you know? U3-792 0-79-22 334 A. I don't know, but I do believe it could be the same. Q. What did he tell you to do with the camera as far as taking the pictures ? A. He just told me which button to push and I did. Q. Did you hold it up to your eye and look through the viewer to take the picture? A. Yes. Q. And after you took the picture what did you do after you took the first picture? A. I went into the house and did things I had to attend to. Q. How many pictures did you take ? A. I think I took two. Q. When you took the first picture you held it up to your eye? A. Yes ; that is what I recall. Q. "V^'Tiat did you do next ? A. I believe he did something with it and told me to push it again. Q. The first time you pushed it down to take the picture? A. Yes. Q. And the first time, what happened before you took the second picture ? A. He changed his pose. Q. What I am getting at is, did you give the camera to him so he would move the film forward or did you do that ? A. He did that. Q. So you took the picture and handed the camera to him? A. Yes. q! What did he do? A. He said, "Once again," and I did it again. Q. So he gave you back the camera ? A. For the second time ; yes. Q. Did he put the rifle down ? A. You see, that is the way I remember it. Q. Did he put the rifle down on the ground between A. I don't remember. I was so annoyed with all this procedure so the sooner I could get through, the better, so I don't recollect. Q. But you do remember taking the picture ? A. Yes ; I am the one who took the picture and the weather was right. Q. What did you say ? A. Somebody speculated the picture couldn't be taken ; the weather was wrong. Q. I am not interested in what people speculated. A. There is nobody to blame for it but me. Q. When you took the first picture and you gave him the camera, did you walk over to him and give him the camera or did he walk over to you? A. I don't remember. Q. Are these the only two pictures you ever took in your life at least up to that time? A. Yes. Q. Have you taken any pictures since then ? A. I try at home, to photograph the kids at home with a Polaroid cameta. They didn't come out right. 335 Q. When you took the picture did he tell you to hold your hands steady ? A. Yes. Q. Did you try to do that ? A. Yes. Q. After you took the two pictures — were there just two that you took? A. Yes ; as far as I remember. Q. When you say as far as you remember, could there have been more that you took ? A. I don't think so. You mean the same day, if that is the only pictures ? Q. The same day at the same time are you sure you only took two ? A. I remember I clicked the thing twice. If it was four times or six times, I don't have any more pictures to prove it. I remember definitely two. Q. Could it have been more than two ? A. If it could be more, I would tell you I remember, it was four times or a whole hour. Q. I am asking are you sure it was two or are you not sure, or it was at least two ? A. At least two. I am not sure because I do not remember all the de- anothertails. Iremember session. definitely two and it wasn't clothes changing and at is are you sure you didn't take three, for Q. What example ? I am getting A. No ; I am not sure. Q. Do you know what he did with the film after these pictures were taken ? A. No ; I don't. Q. Did there come a time when he showed you photographs ? In other words, when he had the film developed and showed you the photo- graphs ? A. I really don't remember that. He probably did. Q. You don't remember if he ever showed them to you ? A. There is a lot of things I don't remember by now. Q. I am just asking, I am not saying you you should or shouldn't remem- ber, Iam just trying to clarify what are saying. Are you saying you don't know if you ever saw these pictures while he was alive and you were with him ? A. Right now it is not clear in my memory. I have seen the pictures so many times, I don't know if it was the Warren Commission report, the news media, or I saw them at the apartment. Q. You are not sure when you first saw the pictures ? A. I am not sure. Q. Do you know if you ever saw them in his presence, that is Lee Harvey Oswald ? A. I do not remember right now. But if I did, in the testimony be- fore the Warren Commission, if I said I did, I did. Q. But do you have any recollection now ? I A. No ; I don't. ■r Q. Do you have any recollection of him ever saying anything about these particular poses or the photographs ? 336 A. Let me turn back, what strikes my memories, George de Mohren- schildt came — I am not trying to confuse you, you know, give you a false statement. I try to get my memory to go. Wliat strikes me, I think I was surprised that he showed pictures to George de Mohren- schildt because I thought the rifle and the gun, first of all I was always against it so, if in my memory I remember being surprised at him showing pictures like that to George, so apparently I saw them at the apartment. Q. You remember him showing the pictures to George? A. Something strikes my memory that how dare he show pictures like that to a friend. Q. Do you remember if George said anything ? A. I don't remember if George said anything. Q. Would you think about it for a few moments and tell me if you can remember anything else about him showing either or both of these photographs to George de Mohrenschildt ? A. I don't want to cast shadows on somebody that is maybe inno- cent and comments they maybe did not make. Q. I am not asking you to say anything good or bad about Mr. De Mohrenschildt, just simply tell me if you remember that particular incident, him showing these pictures to George de Mohrenschildt. A. It is so hard to dig in your memory 13 years ago. Q. Take your time. A. I vaguely remember because it still strikes my memory it sur- prised me that he showed them to him, so apparently it was at the apartment. Q. Wlien he was arrested and you spoke to him at the jail, did he say anything about these photographs ? A. No. Q. May I be excused for a second ? A. At this time it is approximately 5 minutes after 12, and at the request of Mrs. Porter we will take a break for a few minutes. [A short recess was taken.] By Mr. Klein : Q. It is now approximately 10 minutes after 12. I didn't speak to you at all during the break, did I ? A. No ; I didn't see you during the break. Q. You left the room ? A. Yes. Q. The same people are present, Clifford Fenton, Mrs. McGrath, myself, and you, you being Marina Oswald Porter. When you took that break I was asking you some questions about these two photographs which we marked JFK exhibit 1 and JFK ex- hibit 2. I just wanted to clarify one thing. You said that Lee Harvey [ Oswald was the one who moved the film forward after you took the first picture ? A. Yes ; I did. Q. Do you recall exactly what happened? You snapped the first picture; did you give him the camera at that point? A. Iwhat know don'tto remember. I think do with it and I did. Ion probably he insisted a second did take because so he hadI don't to do whatever had to be done with the camera. 337 Q. So you didn't. A. I didn't know the procedure to take one picture from the other. Q. So to move it forward, you must have given him the camera ; is that right? A. Yes. Q. Do you recall whether you were standing in the same place when you took both of these pictures ? A. I think I was. Q. What is the address where these pictures were taken ? A. I don't know. Q. Where was it? A. It is in Dallas. I think it is the Oak Leaf area. Q. You were also telling us that you remember that he showed one or both of these photographs to George de Mohrenschildt ; is that right? A. I vaguely remember or try to remember. Q. Do you remember anything about that, what was said, who was present ? A. I do not remember what was said but I believe George and G-E-A-N-E-A, his wife, were there. Q. What did you say ? A. I am trying to clear my memory. I do not remember the details of the conversation, but why I think I remember this incident was I was surprised at him showing these pictures to George. Q. Do you recall anything he said to George when he showed them to him? A. No; I don't. Q. Do you have any knowledge of what happened to the originals of these photographs ? A. I assume the Warren Commission or FBI or police have them. Q. Do you have any knowledge of what happened to them after Lee Oswald had them developed ? A. What happened to them ? Q. What he did with them ? A. He probably kept them in his closet where he kept all his junk. Q. Do you know that or are you just guessing ? A. I am just guessing because I didn't have them among my things or anywhere around, lying around the living room or bedroom. Q. To your knowledge, were any copies made of these photographs before the assassination ? A. No; I don't. I can see the position of his hands are changed. Q. Do you know whether Lee Harvey Oswald might have given a copy of this photograph to anybody ? A. I don't know. Q. Did he ever speak to you about these photographs at any time after taking them ? A. No. WTiat was there to talk about ? Q. And you never had a copy of either of these photographs ? A. Apparently they were in the apartment. 338 Q. I am saying did you have the original or a copy of these photo- graphs before the assassination ? A. Apparently they were at the apartment. Q. I am saying personally A. Me as a memento, no. Q. Did you ever possess a copy of these photographs, have it in your possession ? A. For me to keep ? Q. Yes. A. Not that I remember. I wasn't that enthused about these pictures. Q. Did you ever write anything on the back of either the original or a copy of one of these photographs ? A. No. Q. Did you ever write a note or anything to George de Mohren- schildt on the back of the original or a copy ? A. No. Q. Are you sure of that ? A. Yes. Q. Who had the money in your family ? A. Lee. Q. Who possessed it? A. He did. Q. He possessed it? A. Yes. Q. To your knowledge did he ever come up with money that was un- accounted for, you know, all of a sudden he had more money than he should have ? A. He just gave me a grocery allowance ; that is all I had. Q. Were you aware of how much money he had at any time? A. No; it is not my habit to go and check through somebody's pockets. I knew there was some money he tried to save but I never went and tried to count, unless he told me to. Q. Did you ever see him with an amount of money or did he give you an amount of money and you wondered where did he get that much money ? A. No. Q. Do you recall that when you left Moscow that he signed a promis- sory note to the U.S. Embassy there for $435 ? A. He told me about it, that he had to borrow money from the Government. Q. He paid that back ; is that correct ? A. To my knowledge he did. Q. Are you aware that he paid $10 a month for a number of months but then in December 1962 he paid $190 ? A. No ; I don't know about that. I know he paid little by little. Any- way, we had to save for it to pay it. Q. Are you aware of that, that he paid $190 at one time ? A. No. Q. Then January 9, 1963, about a month later from December 11, 1962, a month later he paid $100? A. I don't know that. Q. Then January 29, 1963, 20 days later, he paid $106 ? A. I am not aware of that. 339 Q. Does it surprise you from a period of December 11, 1962, to January 29, 1963, which is approximately li/^ months, he was able to y —Does it surprise me right now ? p^A. Q. Almost $400. Does it surprise you that he could pay almost $400 in 11/^ months ? A. Yes. Q, Is this the first time that you ever learned about it, right now ? A. Yes. Q. Do you have any idea how he could have come up with that much money ? A. No. Q. Did he ever mention to you paying off this note ? A. I have just little peanuts he gave to me. How much was left I don't know. Q. Does this seem like a lot of money for him to pay off in a month and a half ? A. Yes. Q. From your knowledge of his finances ? A. Yes. How much did he make per week, do you know ? Q. Do you know how much he made per week ? A. He told me like $55 a week, then another job was $65 a week ; that is what I remember. Q. Now, if that was his salary, you don't have any knowledge of how he came up with the sums I just mentioned ? A. No ; I don't remember anybody giving him the money or he had an extra job where he earned the money. I could guess maybe his brother lent it to him, the money to pay the debt. Q. If he would have had an extra job, would it be fair to say you would have known about that ? A. Yes. Q. Do you think it would be possible to have an extra job without your knowing about it ? A. No, because then he would have to come later from work than he would come. If he had an extra job, he would let me know. Q. So you would have known if he had an extra job? A. Yes. His brother was very helpful, so that could be the source of his extra money. Q. Did your husband ever mention the name Hunt ; H-U-N-T ? ^ sure ? No. you Q.A. Are A. Yes. Right remember now I am sure, if I said before then maybe I just don't the name. Q. Did you ever hear about a letter — withdraw that. A. That he supposedly wrote ? Q. I don't want to hear what the media may have said, I want to you ?have any knowledge of him writing a letter to anybody named ifHunt know A. No. Q. Did he write many letters to people ? I A. No. Q. Did you ever see him writing a letter to anybody ? 340 A. To his mother while we were in Russia. Q. Other than in Russia ? A. He wrote to our friends in Russia. Q. Did he enjoy writing ? A. Yes ; I think so. Q. When you met him in Russia, what kind of work was he doing ? A. He was working at a radio factory. It is something equivalent to our Texas Instruments right here. Q. What did he do in particular, do you know ? A. I know it was a very plain job. Some kind of mechanical job. Q. Is it correct that when you testified to the Warren Commission you said that he was living in an apartment in Russia and that you had always dreamed about that particular apartment ? A. Yes. Q. How did you suppose he had enough income to pay the rent for that apartment ? A. In Russia you don't pay as much for your apartment, you pay only a certain portion of your salary. If you make $400, you pay $40 for the same apartment, if you make $600, you pay $60. Q. It was not unusual he could afford that apartment ? A. No. It was unusual for young men without family to live in an apartment like that, but they usually granted better positions for a foreigner in Russia. Q. Was it unusual for a single foreigner to live in an apartment like that? A. No; it was not unusual for a single foreigner but, if he was Russian, he would not live in an apartment like that. Q. Did he have many Russian friends ? A. Yes. Q. Do you remember his closest friends ? A. I remember one name — there was one young man who visited us quite often — maybe you can help me to remember the name, I don't remember. Q. I don't have the name. A. All the names I mentioned in the Warren Commission. He had one that I don't think I ever met, maybe once, or maybe never met, but he mentioned him, that he spoke to him at work, then one that visited us. Then he had — we had close friends that I met through him, Mr. Ziger. Q. Could you spell that as best you could ? A. Z-I-G-E-R. Mr. Ziger. Q. This is a friend A. They were immigrants from Argentina. Q. He knew them in the United States ? A. He knew them before and through him I met them. Q. In Russia? A. Yes. Q. Did he correspond with any people in Russia after coming with you to the United States ? A. I think so. Q. Did he write them letters ? A. Yes. 341 Q. Did the;y write him letters ? A. I do believe we received some mail. Q. Do you know what happened to those letters ? A. No; I wrote some of my friends and I got answers but, after all this happened, my letters never go through. Q. I am not as much interested right now in your letters, I want to know did he write letters to his friends in Russia ? A. Yes. Q. And they wrote him back ? A. Yes. Q. Do you recall the names of any people who he wrote to or who wrote him? A. I think it is the same friends that we had before, I have forgot the names. Q. Did he ever say anything about these letters that he received from them or what he said to them ? A. It was just a friendly contact and, of course, we discussed it when we received the letters back. Q. Were you allowed to read the letters he received ? A. They were written in Russian language. Q. You speak Russian, so did he show the letters to you or just tell you about them ? A. Yes. Q. He showed you the letters ? A. Yes; but I don't remember what they were about or who from, it wasn't anything so important. Q. Are you now a citizen of the United States? A. I am not. I would love to be. Q. Is there a reason why you are not at this time ? A. The only reason is my own, because I do not take the time to study the Constitution and keep up with the politics, up to date, and with a busy household you don't have time really to sit down and study and I don't want to fail the exams, it is very embarrassing. Q. Has anybody ever indicated to you that you couldn't become a citizen? A. I don't believe — in the earlier testimonies to the FBI some- times when I was very diflScult and didn't want to answer the ques- tions, sometimes it has come up, "Well, would you like to live in this country?" I felt it was a little threat. I didn't know if I had a con- stitutional right to anything then. Q. You testified about that to the Warren Commission ? A. I don't remember. Q. Since you testified before the Warren Commission has anybody else ever made that same suggestion to you ? A. No. Q. You are familiar with Priscilla Johnson ? A. Sure. Q. How do you know her ? A. Oh, I met her when she came here with the offer to write a book about my life and we worked for quite a few months together. I gave her all the information that she needed. That was 13 years ago. Q. When did you first meet her ? S42 A. Thirteen years ago, I don't remember the exact date. Q. Where? A. She — I believe she came to my house. Q.InEussia? A. No ; right here. Q. In Texas? A. Yes. Q. Why did she come, what was the purpose ? A. I had many offers from different writers to write the book and I didn't think it was right for me to do so. I was embarrassed. She keep sending telegrams and telephone calls, she would like to meet me and we talk things over. I still refused. Finally, later on she told me she decided to see me in person and, when we met, I liked her, so agreed. There was an agreement between us, I gave her information so she could write a book. Q. Was it the first time you ever met her or saw her after the assassination ? A. Yes. Q. Did she ever indicate to you she had met your husband ? A. Yes. Q. What did she say ? A. She said when she worked in Russia for some magazine, she worked there for a year or two, and she would like to have an inter- view with Lee, but he granted it to another lady reporter instead of her. She spoke but full Russian, so that was another point that helped me to make up my mind she is the right person. Q. This book that is coming out — I believe you have a book coming out next month ? A. Yes. Q. Is there anything in that book which relates to Lee Harvey Os- wald or to the assassination of the President which you have not told the Warren Commission and which you have not told me? What I mean is something about Lee Harvey Oswald which relates to the assassination of the President ? A. I don't know, I didn't read the book. Q. You know what you told Priscilla Johnson. A. I told her everything I know. I told everything I know to the Warren Commission. Q. I am saying in sitting down for these many months and telling her everything you know, did you come across anything that might have popped into your mind you might have forgotten about when you were talking about the book ? A. I would have to read the book, the Warren Commission report and see if I forgot to put it there, things like that. Q. Just give me 1 moment. I asked you before whether you had any contacts since the assassina- tion with any U.S. Government agency. Have you had any contacts since tlie assassination with any foreign, with any agencies of any foreign governments. A. No. Q. Had you had any contacts since coming to the United States with Lee Harvey Oswald, were you ever contacted by any agency of the Soviet Government? 343 A. No. Q. Were you ever contacted by any agent of the Cuban Government ? A. No. Q. You testified before the Warren Commission that the name Hidell was used because it rhymed with Fidel ? A. I assumed that. Q. You assumed that ? A. I think we discussed that and I just jokingly made that, "Because it is Fidel" and he said yes. Q. For the record, somebody just opened the door and asked if somebody else was here, and who was not here. That was a 1-moment interruption. On these two pictures I have shown to you, committee exhibit 1 and committee exhibit 2, can you give us an estimate, the best you can, how much time elapsed between the time the first picture was taken and the second picture was taken? A. No; I can't. Q. Did you know how much a minute is? A. OK, it could be 5 minutes. I don't know how long it takes to do whatever is supposed to be done. Q. You don't have any idea how long it took? A. No. Q. Have you ever taken — ^you said you have tried to take pictures since this time of your children, is that right? A. Yes. Q. When you took pictures, did you ever move the film forward? A. No; I have a Polaroid camera, that is the only one I can use. I don't believe how many pictures I ruined. Q. Do you recall when you took these photographs about how far away from him you were standing when you took it? A. I know the little yard, the back yard wasn't very big. No; I don't know in feet. Q. Let me say this, the distance I am standing away from you now, do you think this was more or less than when you took those photo- graphs ? A. I wouldn't speculate. I don't know how many feet. Q. You are just not sure? A. No. The place still exists, you can measure it. I think it exists. Q. The camera that you took the photographs with, do you know what happened to that camera ? A. No. Q. Do you know where he bought the camera? A. No. I think that that is the camera he brought with him from America and kept it in Russia and brought it back. Q. Do you know what happened to it? A. When they confiscated everything, they took it.that I don't know. Q. Were there any other photographs you possessed were taken with that camera? A. I don't possess anything anymore, everything was confiscated, so if I have pictures of my children, or whatever there were, they are from Archives, everything was there. Q. Were there any other pictures taken from you that were taken with the same camera? 344 A. Yes. q! What kind? A. I don't know if it was the same camera, I assmne it was that one. Q. Did you ever see him with any other camera ? A. No. I do believe the pictures were taken in Russia of our friends, or my baby, or me with that same camera, but it is for experts to figure it out if it is the same camera. Q. And those pictures you believe the Archives have ? A. Yes, I do not remember him purchasing a new camera in the United States. Q. This camera, do you recall whether to take pictures with this camera, you would look down into the viewfinder or whether you would hold the camera up to your eye and look straight ahead ? A. I just recall I think it is straight. Q. You would put the camera up by your eye ? A. Yes. Q. Do you remember what color the camera was ? A. I think it was black. Q. Do you remember anything else about it ? A. Not the name; no. But again, since I am not expert with the camera, that is what I remember, I think ? Q. As I told you when we began, the entire statement has been taken down on that stenotype machine. Mrs. McGrath is going to transcribe the statement and it will be typed out so that you or anybody can read it. A. Will that be a matter of public record ? Q. Wlien it is typed out, it will be sent, an original copy will be sent to you and you will be asked to read everything and after you read everything, if it is correct, if it is correctly transcribed, what you said today, you will be asked to sign and verify — there will be a little form which you would be asked to sign saying that transcript is a fair and accurate accoimt of your statement. You will be given a copy to keep of the statement. A. OK. Q. Then when you sign it you will send back the signed statement that it is accurate. Now, if it is not an accurate account, that is, if when you read it there is something in there which is incorrect, that is something that you didn't say, there is an error, then I will ask you to call me up. You have my phone number and you can call me collect. What will have to happen is that we will go back before a magis- trate, just like the gentleman who swore you in and you will have to swear to the changes. A. OK. Q. If you call me I will arrange this if there are any inaccuracies in the transcript. Now, at this point, is there anything that you would like to say at all? A. Yes, may I ask you a question ? Q. Sure. A. For my own curiosity, what did you try to establish, a lost camera or that two cameras took the pictures ? 345 Q. No; as I stated at the very, very beginning, we have read your testimony from the Warren Oommission report and in some areas either a particular subject matter was not discussed, or if it was dis- cussed, itwas not discussed in the detail we would have liked to have seen it discussed. It was in these areas, a number of them, I hoped to have asked you questions to clarify and get more information in these areas which we A. OK but, since you dwelled so long on the subject, what detail did you try to establish ? Q. I wasn't trying to establish anything, simply to try to get as much information as I could about certain points which were of interest to us, not a question of establishing simply trying to get A. I don't see how many feet away would make any difference. Q. Just trying to get as much information as I could in certain sub- ject areas, one was the photographs, others which came up during the course of the interrogation. A. I am just curious whether somebody switched. Q.If there is nothing further, then thank you very much. The time is now approximately 12 :47 p.m. and that is the end of the statement. A. Thank you. That was short. [Whereupon, at 12 :47 p.m., the hearing was concluded.] 346 1 CERTIFICATE OF SHORTHAND REPORTER 2 1, Cl.^/yj^/y 'r ■ yyi '^^Q^uitAj .shorthand reporter, do hereby 3 certify that the testimony of the witness which appears in the 4 foregoing deposition was taken by me in shorthand and thereafter 5 reduced to typewriting under my direction, that said deposition 6 is a true record of the testimony given by said witness; that 7 I am neither counsel for, related to, nor employed by any of the S parties to the action in which this deposition was taken, and 9 further that I am not a relative or employee of any attorney or counsel employed by the parties thereto, or financially or other- 10 wise interested in the outcome of the action. It 12 13 '^ Shorthand Repd'rter 14 15 16 17 la 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 347 CONTENTS Wi Cness Direct Cross Redirect Recross Marina Oswald Porter 2 11 = 11 4 ;i Ml 7 !i a "I 1^ 9 il ■I i 11 II EXHIBITS 12 il Page 13 ! II Title | -I JFK Committee Exhibit 1 11 JFK Committee Exhibit 2 15 !! 32 32 17 I: 13 li -!i 15 20 :| 22 !i 23;; ■I r 24;! .1 25;: i DEPOSITION WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 9, 1978 U.S. House of Ekpresentatives, Select Committee on Assassinations, Washington^ D.C. Deposition of ;\rarina Oswald Porter called for examination by counsel for the committee, pursuant to notice, in the offices of the committee, House Annex No. 2, Third and D Streets SW., AVashing- ton, D.C, beginnino: at 9 :30 a.m., before Annabelle Short, a notary public in and for the District of Columbia, when were present on behalf of the respective parties : For the committee: James Wolf, counsel; Gary Cornwell, deputy chief counsel; INIrs. Caryl Emanuel, administrative assistant to Mr. AVolf ; Ms. Surell Brady, staff; James McDonald, counsel; and James ]M. Leahy, National Archives. For the witness : James Hamilton, counsel. Mr. Wolf. It should be noted the time now is 9 :?)() and it is August 9, 1978. We are in the offices of the House Select Committee on Assas- sinations inWashington, D.C, in the office of the deputy chief counsel, Gary Cornwell. Present at the time are Gary Cornwell, James Wolf, Surell Brady, members of the select committee staff, James Hamilton, and Marina Oswald Porter. ]\Ir. Hamilton. May I make a correction to that ? INIr. Wolf. Surely. Mr. Hamilton. I believe IMrs. Porter's name now is INIrs. Kenneth Porter or Mrs. Marina Porter. Mr. Wolf. I would ask at the current time that the court reporter administer an oath to Mrs. Porter. ["Wliereupon, INIarina mittee and, having been Porter was sworn first duly called by as the a witness notary by the com- public, was examined and testified as follows :] IMr. Wolf. INIr. Hamilton, I believe I have previously given you copies of the committee's rules and the committee resolutions, is that correct? Mr. Hamilton. That is correct. direct examination By :Mr. Wolf : Q. Mrs. Porter, you are not under a subpena for the giving of the statement, is that correct? A. That is right. Q. I would ask that all your responses that you give today be from your present memory and not from what has been written in the (349) 43-792—79 23 350 literature since 19G3. If j'ou have any question, if you don't understajid any question I pose, I would ask that you just state that on the record and I will try and clarify my question. You have previously given the committee one deposition and the same procedure will be followed with this. We will give you a copy of this deposition and ask you to read it and verify it and then return it to us. At that time we will give you a copy of the deposition for your permanent records. Do you understand ? A. Yes. Q. For the record I should say that pursuant to the committee rules I have been designated by the committee as a counsel authorized to take statements under oath. Mrs. Porter, what was the first time that you met Lee Har\'ey Oswald? A. Wlien? Q. Yes. 1961 orIt 1962. A. was in Minsk, Russia, in 1060 — I don't remember exactlv, Q. What were the circumstances of that meeting ? A. I met him at a dance. It was a medical school event. Q. Plow did you happen to go to that dance ? A. I was invited by a student from the medical school to attend and I was introduced to Lee by a mutual friend. Q. Who was the friend that introduced you ? A. I don't remember. Q. Could his name have been Yuri INIereginsky ? (phonetic) A, It could be. Q. Do you recall that name ? A. I recall the name. Q. Who was that individual ? A. As far as I remember right now he knew Lee and he was intro* duced to me first and then he introduced Lee to me. Q. You did not know him before that dance ? A. No. Q. Do you remember who was the person who introduced 3'Ou to Yuri ? A. No, I don't. Q. What did Yuri Mereginsky (phonetic) do? A. I as school really well.don't remember. I think he was a student at the medical Q. Did you have contact with him after you met Lee Oswald ? A. Yes. Q. Were you in contact with him f requentl}' ? A. Well, young people met sometimes in the street and talked or in^■ited you to their house, yes. Q. "What A. types of We usually thingsor did talked you doto together listened the musicwith or him just ?strolled in the street or in the park. Q. Do you recall any discussions you had with him about what topics you talked about ? A. Well, since Lee was an American, of course young people were very interested in life in other foreign countries so that was usually the discussion, about how is the life in America. 351 Q. Was lie a native of Minsk ? A. I don't know. Q. He was a student though ? A. He was living in Minsk at the time. Q. Plow did he introduce you to Lee ? A. He introduced him as Alex Oswald, a friend of his. Q. A friend of his? A. Yes. Q. Did he say how he knew Lee ? A, Not at the moment of introduction. Q. Did he later say how he knew Lee ? A. I do not recall. Q. Was Lee a close friend of his or was he a casual acquaintance ? A. Just casual. Q. Did Lee spend a lot of time with him when you were not present that you know of ? A. I don't know about that. Q. Did Lee discuss him frequently ? A. His name was mentioned occasionally if he would bump into him sometime or visit him. Q. What would Lee say about him when he was discussing him ? A. I don't remember. Q. Did he ever discuss with you how he became knowledgeable in obtaining a visa to get into Kussia ? A. He told me that he entered Finland as a tourist and went to the Eussian Embassy and asked them for a tourist visa and they granted it and then he decided to stay. Q. He asked the Russian Embassy in Finland for a tourist visa ? A. That is what he told me. Q. Did he go directly to Russia from Finland ? A. I assume he did. Q. Have yon heard that he went from Finland to London prior to going to Russia ? A. I don't tliink so. Q . You never heard that before ? A. If I heard it, I don't remember right now. Q. Lee never discussed with you staying in London at any time during his travels ? A. I don't recall that. Q. Did Lee ever discuss with you how he knew the procedures for somebodv who was an American to defect once they got into Russia? A. Well, he did not discuss procedure in detail like you would like me to answer. Like the procedure, I do not know but he said when he was staying in Russia as a tourist they did not permit him to stay any longer so he said that he just give up his citizenship in order to stay. Q. Did you ask him how he decided what steps to take at that time ? A. Pardon me? Q. Did you ask him subsequently how did he know what to do ? A. Well, not really. Q. Did he ever talk to you about it ? A. He probably did. Q. What did he say to you about it ? 352 A. Well, I guess tliere is lots of redtape in Russia. You just have to go visit them and beg with them and plead with them. Q. That was to obtain Russian citizenship ? A. Yes ; there are lots of official papers to fill out. Q. If you were a tourist in Russia, would you know what depart- A. Imentdon't or'whatknow. office to go to to try to obtain Russian citizenship? Q. Is that generally known ? A. I would not think so. Q. Excuse me ? A. I don't think so. I assume that you go to the Special ]Ministry of Internal Affairs or Foreign Affairs, something like that. Q. Did Lee ever discuss with you his trips to the American Em- bassv when he was trying to defect ? Al A little bit. Q. "What did he say about them ? A. Well, I cannot tell you in detail. He had a discussion with the American Ambassador or representative of the American Government. Q. What did he say about his discussions with the American rep- resentative? A. Well, he told him that he would like to stay and he said he just throwed the passport on the table in front of them and Excuse me. May I confer with my counsel ? Q. Surely. [At this point the witness conferred with counsel.] A. After that he went to the Russian authorities and asked them for political asylum. By Mr. Wolf : Q. That was after he had gone to the American Embassy ? A. That is what I recall right now. Q. Did he mention to you the names of any of the Russian officials he dealt with ? A. Later on when I have to go through all this legal procediireto apply for my visa he told me the name of the man that he talked with before but I forget the name right now, but he told me that was the .same man he talked to before. Q, A. Wiat I do notwasrememl)er. that man's position ? Q. Do you know what office he was with ? A. No.' It Avas very scary to go through all this, policemen standing outside. Q. What did he say about the Soviet officials questioning him when he went to see that Soviet official ? A. I don't remember. Q. Did you ask any questions about why he wanted to stay in Russia ? A. I don't know. Q. When he discussed going to the American Embassy, what did he say about the attitude of the American officials after he had thrown his passport down ? A. I don't recall what exactly he said. 353 Q. Wliat were the names of the officials he met there ? A. I don't know. Q. You don't remember ? A. I don't remember. I did know at the time. Q. Did Lee ever mention being asked questions by the secret police, the KGB? A. I don't recall. Q. Would that surprise j-ou if he was asked questions by them? A. No. Q. You would assume they would question him ? A, Well, I will assume, of course. Q. Did Lee discuss with you his suicide attempt when he was trying to obtain Soviet citizenship ? A. No. Q. He never discussed that with you ? A. No. Q. AMien did that first come to 3'our attention ? l A. Afteryoutheever Q. Did assassination. notice the scar that he had on his_ wrist ^ ? ":'-'^ A. Yes. Q. Did you ask him how he obtained it ? A. I did and he said he didn't want to talk about it. Q. And you didn't ask him any further questions ? A. Well, I did a few times. I was curious, but it put him in a very bad mood or upset so I just dropped the subject. Q. Did Lee ever tell you why he thought he was allowed to stay in the Soviet Union ? A. If he did, I don't remember right now. Q. Why do you think he was allowed to stay in the Soviet Union ? know Iwith A. really Vlon't know. ISIaybe one of their good moods. You never Russians. Q. After you met Lee at the dance for the first time, what was the next occasion that you saw him ? A. Well, it is so many years ago, I do believe he called me in the next few days. Q. He called you ? A. Yes. Q. Did he call you on the i)hone ? A. Yes. Q. How did he obtain your phone number? A. He asked me when he took me home after the dance and I gave it to him. Q. How often did you see Lee in the 2 to 3 weeks after that first dance ? Did you meet him frequently ? A. I don't remember. Q. What subjects were discussed when you were first starting to date him? A. Oh, we went to the shows and we discussed friends, and I was asking him questions about America, of course. Q.. I did not hear. A. I was asking questions about America, how the Americans live. Q. What type of questions would you ask about America ? 354 A. Well, about the schools and professions and the price of food and if it is pretty plentiful right here. Mr. Wolf. For the record it should be noted that Mrs. Caryl Eman- uel has just entered the room who is an administrative assistant to myself. By Mr. Wolf : Q. After you were dating Lee, when was the first time that he dis- cussed the possibility of marrying you ? A. Only a short time before we were married. Q. Approximately how short a time was that ? A. A month and a half. Q. What was your reaction the first time he discussed being married ? A. Pardon me ? Q. What was your reaction the first time he discussed getting married ? A. Well. I asked him, since he is American, would he have the desire or possibility to go back to the United States and he said no, he will be living in Russia. Q. Is he the one who brought up the subject of marriage or did you bring it up ? A. Well, I really don't remember how things happened. It is so many years ago. Q. At that time j^ou were dating him quite frequently after a month's time? A. Yes. Q. How soon after you first discussed getting married with Lee did •you in fact get married ? A. We had to wait — I do not recall how many days or maybe a month, maybe a week — for permission to get married and then it was granted. Q. Did you tell anybody of your decision to marry Lee prior to your application for marriage ? A. Of course I did. I had to ask my aunt and uncle if they object or not, Q. "\"\niat was their reaction ? A. Well, not a very pleasant one. My uncle told me I'm a big girl right now and if that is what I want — he really was against it some- I what but he said even if he said no I will do it anyway so I might as well have his blessings. O. Which uncle was that ? A. TTncle Ilya. O. Were you living with vour uncle at that time ? A. Yes. O. Wliat position did he hold ? A. Well, he was not a colonel yet. Wliat is before that ? . IVIr. HAMrLTON. A major. The WrrNESS. A major, I guess. Mr. Hamilton. At least in the American Army. Wo lf: " ' Q. InBytheMr.Soviet Army ? A. No ; he was working for MVD. ' 355 Q.Andwliatistliat? A. Minister of Internal Affairs. Q. Wliat activities did they engage in ? A. As far as I know, he was an engineer by profession. Q. Did he have an important position in that organization? A. I assume he did. Q. "V\Tiat were his responsibilities ? A. I don't know. He would never discuss his job at home. Q. Did Lee, apart from the times he went to obtain Soviet citizen- ship, ever approach the Government on any other occasions ? A. Say that again, please. Q. Did Lee, apart from the time he applied for Soviet citizenship, ever approach the Government on any other occasions ? A. I don't know. Q. How would he have obtained the apartment he was living in ? A. Well, they gave him a job in Minsk and sent him to work at the radio factory and nearby it was a building where the employees of this factory were living. Q. And all the employees of the factory were living in the same building ? A. I think so. Q. And all the apartments in that building were the same size ? A. I don't know. I never visited anybody except the lady upstairs once and her apartment was similar to ours. Q. Was Lee's apartment larger than most others due to the fact that he was a foreigner? A. No; it was not larger but it was completely private, a kitchen and bath in the hall. Q. Did all the people who worked in that factory have the same type of apartment? A. I don't think so. I told you I have only been in one, but I assume from conversations it all depends on the size of your family .^ Q. Was it unusual for Lee to have an apartment all by himself? A. I think so. It was not unusual in terms of a foreigner to have priv- ileges, but for a young man to have an apartment of his own in Russia is quite unusual. Q. Do you think your Uncle Ilya helped you and Lee when you were trying to move back to America to facilitate your leaving the country? A. i don't think so. Q. Would he have been in the position of being able to do that? A. I don't know. He was against me leaving for America. Q. But he had told you that he would not put himself in your way? A. iSTo; he didn't say that. He got angry with me and he just stayed out of it completely except on a few occasions he told me what a foolish thing I was doing. Q. Did Lee own a rifle when you were living in Minsk? A. I think so. Q. AVliat type of rifle was that ? A. I don't know anything about rifles. Q. Did vou ever see him use the rifle ? No. ' did you see the rifle ? A. Where Q. 356 A. It was in the apartment and he told me that he belonged to some kind of hunting club at work. Q. Was this before or after you married him ? A. After I married him. Q. So the rifle was in the apartment ? A. It was there ; yes. Q. Wliere in the apartment was it kept ? A. I don't recall, Q. Did Lee ever go hunting that you know of ? A. Not that I know of. Q. Did he ever discuss hunting? A. Well, when we were married he never went hunting but he said that he did go once with friends. Q. What type of animal did he hunt ? A. Probably birds. Q. Is it difficult to obtain a rifle in Eussia ? A. It is illegal to possess a weapon in Russia. You have to have a permit, you have to be a policeman or some kind of military personnel or be a hunter. Q. Is it difficult to obtain a permit ? A. I don't know ; I never tried. Q. Did Lee have a permit for the gim ? A. Yes. Q. You have seen the permit ? A. No. Q. Do you Iniow if he brought this rifle with him when he was re- turning toAmerica? A. I don't know. Q. Who packed all your belongings when you made the decision to come back to America ? A. We both did. Q. Was anything left behind in Russia ? A. Yes, our furnishings. Q. T\nio was that left with ? A. We sold it to people who were interested in buying it. Q. Since you acquired a permit for the gmi, Lee just could not leave the gun with somebody else ; could he? A. I don't Imow the procedure of it. what can be done. O. But A. No. you don't know what Lee did with the gun ? Q. Do you know the difference between a rifle and a shotgim? No." vou describe the gim for us that he had there ? O. Oould A.A. No. O. Do vou remember anvthing about it ? O. ItNo.Avas " definitely a rifle and not, for example, a handgim? A.A. Yes. O. It was long? A. Yes. Q. Approximately how long? A. Please don't ask me these nuestions. I cannot describe something that I don't have a recollection of it. 357 Q. But it was a long rifle or some sort ? A. I never measured it. It was a large object. Q. Where were you working when you first met Lee ? A. I was working at the local hospital drugstore. Q. What was the name of the hospital you were working at? A. I think City Hospital No. 3. Q. What were your responsibilities at that hospital ? A. I was a pharmacist. I was preparing prescriptions for the patients. Q. Plow did you come to live in Minsk ? A. Well, I finished j)harmacy school in Leningrad and I was as- signed to a job. Q. Who assigned you to the job ? A. The school officials usually assigned students where to go so I had the job in the city of Leningrad but then I have personal difficul- ties with my stepfather and I felt like I was in the way so since I had relatives in INIinsk. I just bought the ticket and went there. Q. ^Yhen you went to Minsk did you already have a job lined up in Minsk? A. No; I did not have a transfer or a job waiting for me there. Q. Did you ask when you were working in Leningrad for them to obtain a job for you in Minsk ? A. No. Q. Why not? A. I was not certain that I could have one. So with little connections and going from one office to another I got permission first to stay there. "\'VTien you apply for a job you have to have permission to stay and it is difficult if you don't have one or the other. My aunt had connections. Q. "Which aimt is that ? A. It is another aunt. It is my mother's sister, Luba. Q. "Wliere A. She was was living she living in atJNIinsk that timewith ? her husband in another apartment. Q. How did you let her know you were coming ? A. Pardon me? Q. How did you let her know you were coming? Did you phone them in advance or write in advance? A. No ; I just appeared at the doorstep and they were shocked. Q. And you brought all of your belongings with you ? A. I didn't have very much to bring. Q. A. You Excusedidn't me ? intend returning to Leningrad though, did you? Q. Did you intend returning to Leningrad ? A. If I don't find a job I had to. ]Mr. Wolf. We will now take a brief break while the court reporter swears in another witness in the adjoining room. [Whereupon, at 10 :05 a.m., a recess was taken until 10 :10 a.m.] Mr. Wolf. The time is approximately 10 :10 and the deposition will resume with all persons present except Caryl Emanuel at the present time. 358 By Mr. Wolf: Q. Do you know what type of engineer your uncle was ? A. He finished — just a minute, please. College of Forestry Engineering. Does that sound right? Q. What type of things did he do for that company ? A. No, not a company. Q. The organization. A. He usually worked with whatever concerned wood. Wlien the kids in college have exams he usually grades their papers. He was not a teacher, Q. Did your uncle assist you in obtaining a residence permit when you got to Minsk ? A. Yes, he did. Since I had to live with him he had to sign the papers that he has room for me in his apartment. Q. Who did those papers go to ? A. I think it is like a police or militia station in the city. Q. Did he speak to anybody about your staying there as well as sign- ing the papers ? A. I had to go alone. I went alone. He just signed the papers. Q. Did he call anybody on the phone, do you know ? A. I don't laiow. Q. Shortly after you met Lee, Lee was taken to the hospital; is that correct ? A. Yes. Q. "V'NHiat hospital was he taken to? A. Just a city hospital. Q. And that was one where both foreigners and A. No, no, no. No foreigners. Just a regular hospital. Q. I am saying both foreigners and people who live there regularly would be taken there ? A. I assume. There were only three or four hospitals in the city. You just go to the one you like. Q. Did Lee participate in any political activity when he was in Minsk? A. 'What do you call political activity? Q. Did he attend meetings where politics was discussed ? A. No. Q. Did he listen to the radio when there were political discussions on? A. Yes. Q. Wliat type of commentary would he make about the political discussions? A. He usually listened to BBC and Voice of America on the radio and tried to compare what is said on the radio and what the Russian newspaper printed. Q. Did Lee make any attempt to join groups or organizations which were engaged in political activity? A. Not that I know of. Q. T^Hien you said before that Lee sought political asylum, what exactly did you mean by that ? 359 A. Just what I said. You have to file under some kind of category and I guess if you ask for political asylum you get more protection or at least Russia — maybe they give you a place to stay, I guess. Q. Were you surprised when you were allowed to leave Russia ? A. Yes, I was. Q. Why were you surprised ? A. Oh,' it is very unusual for a Russian citizen to leave the Soviet Union. Q. Is that any Russian citizen ? A. Yes, unless you are a diplomat and you had permission to travefl abroad. Q. Did your uncle speak to anybody about your leaving the Soviet Union ? A. To whom do you mean ? Any that Q. Not government officials who might have asked him about it. A. I know of . Q. You were a member of what organizations when you were in Minsk? A. I was more or less forced to become a member of thelvomsomol organization. That is a youth organization. Prior to becoming a party member body^ whoyou do have belongs to belong" becomes this organization but not every- a party tomember. Q. T)id you want to become a Communist Party member ? A. Heavens no. I Q. How do you say you were more or less forced to become a. member? A. Well, at work everybody belonged to a professional union and everybody belonged to this. Well, it is not really pressure put on but they filled ask out you the to "fill out some application and application and things I was accepted, like Ithat, I assume. paid sotheI dues but I never attended the meetings. Q. You never went to one of their meetings ? A. No. Q. Did you remain a member of that until you left ISIinsk ? _ A. No. i got publicly discharged at one of the meetings ; it was the only one I attended when they asked me to come and accused me of not ever attending and being a bad member of the organization and I was not qualified. Q. When was that ? A. That was after I was married to Lee. Q. After you were married to Lee ? A. Yes. Q. Was your marriage to Lee discussed at that meeting ? A. Not at that particular meeting but I felt at work kind of a cold wind, you know. Not isolation but — I don't know how to de- scribe itbut I know that they did not very much approve of my mar- riage to a foreigner, Q. In the book that Priscilla IMacMillan Johnson has written called "Marina and Lee" you say the members warned you that Lee might be a spy. A. It was an accusation like kt the last meeting when they told me I could not be a member any more. It was just like confidential talk and during the lunch hour. 360 Q. 'Wliat A. Pardonwas? your reaction ? Q. "Wliat was your reaction when they accused Lee of being a spy ? A. Well, I just really ignored it. It kind of upset me. Q. It upset you? A. Yes. Q. Did you discuss the possibility of living with a spy with your uncle ? A. It seems to me in Kussia everybody keeps their ears open and are afraid of what they might say. Mr. "Wolf. For the record it should be noted that Caryl Emanuel has just reentered the room. By Mr. Wolf : Q. Was it conunon for members to be expelled from Komsomol ? A. No. Occasionally this happened when the members are — for ex- ample, when young people misbehaved themselves like the alcoholics or thev have fits or are dishonest or things like that. Q. 6n your entry visa to the United States you did not list that you were a member of Komsomol. ^Yhy is that ? A. Lee told me that it would be difficult for me if I listed any of the — excuse me. I did not phrase myself right. I don't know how to put it but anyway he told me that because Americans don't know what kind of organization it is they will prob- ably think that maybe they will be against it so it is better for me not to list it. xictually I was only a member on a piece of papoi". that is all. Q. And at the meeting when you were expelled, was there a formal vote to expel vou ? A. Yes. Q. "\\'liat A. werea desirable I was not the grounds listed for your expulsion ? member. Q. AMiv were you not a desirable member? A. They insaid antisocial my that I did not pay my dues, I didn't care for it, I am behavior. Q. Did they ask you about your marriage to Lee in that meeting? A. No. If they did, I do not recall. Q. Was Lee present at that meeting? A. No. Q. Was Leo's apartment characteristic of the apartments furnished to foreigners living in the Soviet Union ? A. I did not have the experience with the apartments that foreigners occupy, so I cannot compare. Q. Was he also ffiven monev bv the Government ? A. Yes, he was. Q. Why was that? A. I assume that it was typical of Kussians to give compensation for the foreign resident, foreign citizen who lived there because maybe make tliem more comfortable to live in Russia. than whether you otherknow Q. Do ernment Lee? foreigniers received money from the Gov- A. No. Q. Do you know of any other foreigners who did not receive money from the Government ? 361 A. No. I didn't know many foreigners. I just knew Lee. Q. You assumed that was common practice ? A. Yes. Q. the over "Whileradioin ?Russia did you and Lee hear President Kennedy speak A. Well, I heard but I don't know what it was about because I did not speak English but Lee was listening to it and I was present in the room. Q. Did you know who it was, who was speaking ? A. He told me ; yes. Q. "WTiat did Lee say at that time ? A. He was very proud of the new President of his country. Q. Did Lee ever mention liis experience in the Marines when you were living in Russia ? A. Only his Japanese girl friend that he mentioned. Q. Who was that? A. I don't remember her name. Q, Wliat did he say about her ? A. That she was very nice and that she was a very good cook and that she prepared special dishes for him, that he was pampered. Q. Did Lee ever mention Governor Connally while you were living in Minsk ? A. Yes, he did. Q. What did he say ? A. As far as I recall right now I think he wrote a letter to Mr. Con- nally asking for help to return to the United States and when the letter arrived it was a big large white envelope, I think, with the Connally picture on it as a stamp or anyway the picture of Mr. Connally on the envelope. Q. You are saying Mr. Connally responded to the letter? A. I assume it was because the letter was written in English so I know only what Lee told me about it. Q. And Lee told you that that was a picture of Governor Connally ? A. He said it was an advertisement because he will be running for some kind of office. Q. Wliat did Lee tell you the letter said ? A. I don't recall. Q. Was Lee pleased or displeased about the letter? A. I don't remember. Q. Did it make him angry, do you recall ? A. I don't remember. Q. Did Lee ever discuss any other American officials apart from Governor Connally and President Kennedy when you were living in Russia? A. Not that I recall. Q. Do you know how Lee acquired the rifle that we spoke about before that he had in Russia ? A. I do not know. I assume right now that when you become a member of this hunting group you have a permit to go and obtain a rifle somewhere. I have no idea whether you buy a rifle or they give it to you. Q. Were they very expensive to buy ? -> . i 362 A. I have no idea. Q. When you and Lee were living together after you were married, idid you assume tliat your apartment was bugged ? A. Yes, I did. Q. AVhyisthat? A. Well, even if you turn off all the electric appliances in the house, istill this meter that is inside of the apartment, the electric meter, will ibe running very slowly but surely. I don't know if it has anything to do with it but we were afraid to talk. We would whisper. Q. Did you discuss with Lee outside of the apartment that you thought it was bugged ? A. Yes. Q. Did he think it was bugged as well ? A. Sometimes we even spoke loudly, "Hey, would you like to listen to all the conversation ?", something like that. Q. What was Lee's reaction to what he thought was the bugging ■of the apartment? A. Well, it was accepted. Wliat can you do ? Q. Why did you think they were bugging your apartment, or were all the apartments bugged, do you think ? A. I don't think all the apartments were bugged. Q. So why were they bugging the apartment that you and Lee lived in? A. I really don't have the answer to that question but I assume because he was a foreigner and they didn't know much about him so they want to continue to keep an eye on him and that was the only •way to do it. Q. Was that the usual practice in Minsk, in Russia ? A. I don't know. Q. Did you and Lee think you were under any other types of surveillance? A. We assumed that we were. Q. You assumed that you were. A. Yes. Q. Did you ever see any evidence of it ? A. No; but I heard gossips from mutual friends that sometimes there have been people assigned to follow somebody like a foreisn tourist or something like that and you will never know who will be watchinff after you, Q. ?A"\niat type of materials would Lee read during this period of time . A. When he was in Russia? 'A. newsstand. the Well, they I haA^e some foreign do believe it was amagazines that you Life magazine thencanthat buywasat printed and he usually bought that. I think there was an English newspaper. He studied the Russian language and he read some Rus- sian literature just for entertainment. Q. What kinds of literature would it be? [. A. Whatever was available at the house, whatever novel may be popular at this time. Q. Did he read about jwlitips at this time in novels? 363 A. I don't recall. Maybe historical books about Russian history. Q. What fiiends of Lee's do you recall while you were there? A. Right now none of them but if you mentioned the names I might recall. Q. Even not specific names. Did he have many friends ? A. Well, Pavel Golovachev. Q. Who was that? A. When he introduced me he said he is his closest friend. He met him before he met me. He was one of the first men that he met in ]\Iinsk and he did speak English and it was good for him to practice talking with Lee. Q. Was he a native of Minsk? A. He was living there at the time. When you say native Q. Was he Russian? A. He was born there. Q. Do you know if he was born in Minsk ? A. I don't know. Q. But he was living there at that time? A. Yes. Q. What other friends of Lee's did you meet? A. One immigrant family from Argentina, Mr. and Mrs. Ziger and their two daughters. Q. How did Lee know them? A. Mr. Ziger was an engineer at the same radio factory that Lee was working at. Q. And he was from Argentina, you say? A. He was formerly, I think, a Polish Jew and they lived in Argentina for over 20 years, I believe. They immigrated long ago and their daughters were born there and they got homesick so they asked to return to their native country. After World War II this jjurt of Poland became part of Russia. All their relatives were in Poland and they were very lonely and they tried to go back to Argentina but they were never granted a permit. Q. Did Lee discuss politics with him? A. Well, by the time I met Ziger, Lee was just as bitter about living in Minsk as they were so they had lots of things in common. Of course they discussed politics. Q. What other friends of Lee's did you meet ? A. Well, none that I remember any more. Q. Do you remember any Cuban students who were living in Minsk ? A. Yes; I never met them personally but you can recognize the Cubans because the Russians are quite fair complexioned and they speak Spanish. You can see them in the street because they were exchange students from Cuba. Q. Did Lee have friends among the Cuban students ? A. He might have. Q. Did he ever speak to you about them ? A. I don't recall right now but I think he met a few of them. Q. Do you recall a Cuban student by the name of Alfred ? A. No ; what was his name ? 'Q. Alfred. m A. That is not a Cuban name, is it ? 364 Q. I don't know the last name. Did he ever express his views about the Cuban students in general terms ? A. In general terms ? Q. Yes. A. Well, he said that it is pretty cold right here, a severe Russian winter, and that they are homesick, they miss their countr\^ They had been sent to this country to study but they were not very pleased on account of it was not as free as even in their country. Q. Wliere would Lee meet these Cuban students ? A. Well, in Russia you don't have to have a special meeting place ; you can just talk to people in the park, on tlie street, on the bench. Q. Were any of them working at the factory he worked at or were the}^ just students ? A. I think they were just students. Q. So it would not be at the factory ? A. I don't know if any of them worked in the factory. Q. Did Lee know a Marvin Kant or ? A. "Who was he? Q. He was an American student at that time living in Minsk. A. Living in INIinsk ? No. Q. Never heard the name ? A. No. I thought he was the only American there. Q. ^IsLj have been living in Minsk. Do you know Muhammad Reggab ? A. Pardon me. Would you repeat the name ? Q. Reggab, R-e-g-g-a-b. First name Muhammad. He was also a stu- A. dent No.allegedlj'' living in Minsk at that time. Q. The name is familiar with you ? A. No. Q. What hobbies did Lee engage in when you were living in Minsk ? A. Mostly reading, went boating in the summertime, picnicking. That is not a hobby, just recreation. Q. Did Lee ever discuss with you his work at the radio factory ? A. Yes, about it. he did, and he didn't like it. He had lots of complaints Q. "V^Hiat A. did he hecomplain He thought about was better thanit his ? job. Q. "VAHiat did he say he could do about that ? A, T don't recall him saying anything but complaining. Q. Did Lee ever discuss with you his being in touch with the police prior to his defection, the Russian police or the KGB, prior to his going to the American Embassy ? A. No. Q. Did Lee discuss with you his offer to give secrets to the Russian Government ? A. No. Q. Have you heard that it has been alleged that he offered to give militarv secrets to the Russian Government ? A. Well, I read in the newspapers lots of speculations. How true that is I don't know. 365 Q. But he never discussed that with you ? A. No. Q. What else did Lee tell you about his activities when he was in Japan? A. Xot much. He never talked much about his experiences in Japan. Well, he told me once, and later on I fomid out it was a fib, that he was shot in some kind of military activities he said. Q. When did he tell you that? A. I don't remember the day. Q. "Wliy did he tell you that ? How did it come up ? A. I don't know. Probably just to show what a brave soldier he was» Q. How did you find out it was a lie ? A. After he died and I read about it. Q. No. A. You didn't know before that ? Q. Did Lee mention any other people he knew in Japan besides that one girl you have told us about ? A. No. Q. Did he talk about his friends in the Marines ? A. No. Q. Did he ever discuss the kind of work he did in Japan with the Marines ? A. Not with me. Q. Did Lee ever mention meeting with any Russians when he was living in Japan? A. Not that I know of . Q. Did he ever discuss Russian agents who were working in Japan? A. No. Q. Did Lee ever discuss the U-2 airplane with you ? A. No. Is that an American plane or Russian ? Q. Are you familiar with the U-2 which was the plane that was shot down over Russia ? A. I heard about it at the time. Q. You heard about it at the time. A. Was that where the American was accused of being a spy and he was captured by the Russians ? Q. Yes ; and his name was Francis Gary Powers. A. Yes. I don't know if it was when I was married to Lee, but I remember the incident. Whether it come from Lee or from the news- paper Idon't remember, but I am aware of the incident. Q. You were aware of it ? A. Yes. All the Russian citizens were talking about it. Q. Did Lee ever talk to you about it ? A. I don't recall. Before I came to this country I thought only Americans sent spies around the world; Russians never did things like that. Q. Are you familiar with a letter that Lee wrote to the American EmbasRv requesting the return to him of his passport? A. Well, the letters were composed in the English laniruage. How many and what he wrote in them I don't know, but I knew he was send- ing letters to the American Embassy or to the Russian autlioi'ities to let him get out of Russia. 4.^702 — TD 24 366 Q. "V\nien Russia was tothe and back the first UnitedtimeStates he told ? you lie wanted to get out of A. After we were married. Q. Did Lee discuss with you the reaction of the Russian authorities or the U.S. authorities to the letters he was sending? A. Of course it was a big matter for both of us and up to the date that they allowed me to leave the country, I really did not believ^e that it would amount to anything. Q. Did Lee say he had been contacted by the CIA ? A. Wliere? • Q. Wlien he was in Russia. Or agents of the CLA^ ? A. No. Q. Did he ever discuss the CIA with you ? A. I never knew what the CIA was until they started asking me the questions. Until I came to this country I never knew what the 'CIA was. Q. "\yhen A. was the I do believe afterfirst the time you became aware of what they were? assassination. Q. Did he ever discuss with you American spies without using the name CIA? A. Well, it was an incident when the doctor at the Embassy who examined me and was very kind and nice to me Q. What was his name ? A. I don't recall. Q. Is that a Dr. Davidson ? A. It sounds familiar. Well, we were living here, we were in America already, and then Lee told me that this man was accused of being a spy so the Russians threw him out of the Soviet Union. To me it sounded like a lidiculous accusation ; a man that nice cannot be a spy. Q. Was that the first time Lee discussed him with you ? A. Yes. Q. What was his reaction ? A. Russians accuse everybody of spying against them. Q. What did Dr. Davidson do when you met him in the Soviet Union ? What were the circumstances of your seeing him ? A. Well, he gave me a physical examination and he knew that I was very worried and scared to leave the country and he kind of patted me on the shoulder and said, "Don't worry, it will be a nice life for you." It was a nice reassurance, both very human and very warm. He talked about his family. Q. Was Lee with you during this examination ? A. No. Q. What did he say about his family ? A. He said that his mother was of Russian descent, I think I recall that, and I found out from him that some Russian people live in the United States which I did not know before. Q. Did he give vou the names of anybody to contact in the United States? A. I think he might have mentioned some names but I don't remem- ber right now. Q. Did you ever contact any of the people he mentioned ? 367 A. No. Q. Did Lee have any contact with Dr. Davidson apart from your physical examination ? A. Not that I know of . Q. Do you remember when you went to the American Embassy with Lee ? Do you remember that event? A. Yes. Q. Who did you meet at the Embassy ? A. I don't remember the name. I remember the building. Q. Would it be either Mr. Snyder or Mr. McVicker ? A. Yes; both names sound very familiar. I do not remomber the faces now. Q. Was that the first occasion you had ever met them ? A. Yes. Q. Had you heard Lee discussing them previously ? A. I don't remember. :Mr. Wolf. For the record it should be noted that Miss Brady has just left the room for a few moments. By Mr. Wolf : Q. Did Lee discuss with you his prior contact with the Embassy before vou and he went together to the Embassy? A. No. Q. Did he discuss the letters he had written to the Embassy ? A. Excuse me. I do not understand the question. Prior to our mar- riage ? Q. No : prior to the two of you going to the Embassy together. A. Yes : I am sorry. I misundei'stood you. He went to the Embass}^ first. Q. Did he then discuss with you his trip to the Embassy ? A. He went to ^Moscow and then he called me to come over. Q. What did he say to you when he called ? A. Just to get a few days off from work and buy a plane ticket and flv there. ' Q.friendly not Did he ?indicate that the people at the Embassy were friendly or :are.A. Well", he told me that they will be friendlier than the Kussians Q. Did Lee ever discuss with you his being asked to work as an American agent or as an American spy by any individual ? A. No : vou mean in Russia ? A. No. Q. Yes.^ Q. Have any of the people who vou met in the Embassy at that time been in contact with you since you left Russia or with Lee ? A. T don't think so. Q. Did Lee ever discuss them after you got to the United States? A. No: about beingexcept a spy. this doctor that we' discussed during this incident O. How did it come that you were examined by the doctor ? A. Pardon me? •Q. How was it arranged for you to be examined by the doctor ? 368 A. "Well, I assumed that before yon entered this country you have- to have a physical that you are healthy enough, you don't have any disease, I guess. Q. So you were told that }■ ou had to have an examination ? A. Yes. Q. A. You Xo. didn't request it ? Q. Who told you that you needed it ? A. Somebody at the Embassy. Q. One of the people at the Embassy ? A. Yes. Q. Did the doctor give you anything to take out of the country or did you leave anything with the doctor ? A. No ; you mean a message ? Q. Yes ; or any physical possession. A. Xo. Mr. Wolf. It should be noted that Miss Brady has just returned to the room. By :Mr. Wolf : Q. Apart from the one time j'ou had your physical examination, did you meet the doctor at any other time? A. Xo ; whomever I met at the Embassy it was only for the official visits and I didn't know who was there or how many people. Q. After you left Russia, where did you go ? A. Straight to America through a few foreign countries. Q. Which countries did you stop in ? A. By train we went from Minsk, I believe — anyway through Poland to Germany to Holland. Q. Did you stop in Poland ? Did you get off the train ? A. Oh, just for a few minutes. Xo, no, I don't think we stopped in Poland. Yes, we did, I am sorry. Yes, because I remember that people over there at the station, the Polish people, they tried to exchange their money for American dollars. Q. Did you meet anybody particularly when you stopped ? A. Xo. Q. And it was only for a few minutes ? A. As far as I recall, yes. Q. Did the train stop in Germany? A. I do believe they had one or two stops. Q. Were they long or short ? A. Short. Q. Did you meet anybody on the train who you became particularly friendly with ? A. Xo. Q. Did Lee? A. Xo ; not that I know of. Q. Where was the final destination of the train ? A. Amsterdam. Q. Is that where you got off the train ? A. I think so, yes. Q. What did you do then ? 369 A. We spent a day and a ni^ht in Amsterdam. I don't know whose liouse, a rented house or a ix)om or something. It was not a hotel, it was a house. Q,. Who found it? A. I don't know. Lee made all the arrangements. Q. AVhen did he make the arrangements ? A. I assume that the Embassy gave him the accommodations that he can rent a room inexpensively. Q. When you were still in Russia? A. I assumed that. Q. But when you first got off the train in Amsterdam, what was the iirst thing that Lee did ? A. I don't know. I guess picked up the suitcases. Q. Did you get into a bus or a cab and go directly to an apart- ment or did you walk around the city ? A. I don't remember if we took the taxi and went to this house and then walked or whether we walked around and then went to the house. I don't remember. Q. Was it a house or an apartment that you stayed in when you were in Amsterdam ? A. It looks like it is a boardinghouse to me right now in my memory. It was not a motel or a hotel. Q. It was not? A. It looks like it is a private roominghouse. Q. Did you meet anybody at the apartment ? A. Xo. Q. When Lee went downstairs was there a person at a desk? A. There was no desk as far as I remember. Q.Xodesk? A. I don't remember. I do not speak English. Q. Did Lee meet anybody at a desk downstairs ? A. I don't know. 1 was too preoccupied carrying the baby and worrying. I was very tired. Q. Who did you meet when you were in Amsterdam? A. Xobody that I recall. Q. Did you and Lee spend the entire time toirether? A. Maj^be he left the room for time to obtain the tickets for the boat. Q. But apart from that you spent the time together ? A. Yes. O. And 3^ou don't recall meeting anybody? ^ walk around the city together ? Xo. you Q.A.Did A. Yes; T think it was Sunday because I remember everything was closed. ]\raybe it was after hours or it was a Sunday, I don't recall. All the shops were closed so we just window-shopped a little bit. Q. Do you remember if I^e paid for the apartment you stayed at before or after vou left Amsterdam ? A. I think the Embassy crave him a loan of some money and I as« sume with that he paid for the room. O. Did vou meet the person who ran the roominghouse ? A. No ; I saw some lady that brought dinner and that is all. Q. You ate dinner downstairs in a big room ? 370 A. No ; I think it was in the room we were renting. Q. And they brought dinner into your room ? A. Yes. Q. What was Lee's reaction or his attitude when he reached Amster- dam ?Was he happy to be out of Russia ? A. Yes; he said that is the free world. That was his attitude. Q. Returning to the rifle for a moment, when you were window- shopping with Lee in Amsterdam, for example, did you pass any stores that had gims or rifles in the window ? A. If we passed, I never paid any attention. Q. Would Lee ever make comments if you were walking around IMinsk. when he walked to stores in Minsk A. They don't have stores in Russia where they sell guns. I don't know where he purchased them. Q. When he was in Minsk and Amsterdam, for example, did he ever discuss his rifle with you if you did not bring up the subject? A. '\'VTiat was there to discuss ? Q. Would he talk about giuis generally ? A. I don't like guns so what am I going to talk about gims? T^Hiat do I know about guns ? Nothing. Q. When you were in Minsk did you ever see ammunition, bullets in your apartment ? A. If I have, I don't recall right now. If you have a gun, you are probably supposed to have ammunition. Q. Were vou afraid of the o;im, of guns ? A. Q. Would disliked Well, I you them. of" ammunition if it was left near the gun? be afraid A. Well, I don't know what to expect from it. Could it explode or not by itself? Q. But in Minsk you don't recall if you ever saw any ammunition ? A. I don't rc-oall. Q. How much of all your possessions when vou were in Minsk did Lee bring with you on tlie trip to Amsterdam ? Did you have to leave a lot of things in Russia ? A. We don't have verv much to leave behind. We iust took the simnle clothing that we brought back, some personal things, maybe a few books. Q. Who did the packiner any. Q. \Vlien Lee obtained this job did he discuss the people he worked with ? A. No. Q. Did you ever meet anvbodv he worked with ? Q. Did Lee read any books still at this time? You said that was his hobbyA. Nino."]\[insk. A. Yes, he did. He went to the library quite often and would bring some books and he would read them. Q. Were thev in English or in Russian? A. In English. Q. Did he make an effort for you to obtain any book to read? A. Yes. I read every book that was in the library that was in the l^ussian language. Q. Were there many ? A. No ; there were not many. Can we have a break, please ? Mr. WoT.F. Sure. Any time you like. [Whereupon, at 11 :0.5 a.m., a recess was taken until 11 :28 a.m.] ]Mr. Wolf. We will now go back on the record. It is now approximately 11:30. Attorney Jim McDonald is in the Toom. We also have present from the National Archives, Mr. James M. Leahv who has brought some exhibits with him today that are in the custody of the National Archives. By Mr. Wot.f : Q. ]\rrs. Porter, T would like to show you five different cameras at the current time and ask you if you recognize any of them and if so which ones. A. T don't recognize any of them. O. You A. No. don't recognize any of them ? Q. You have never seen cameras that looked like that previously? A. Well, T am not an expert on cameras at all so I cannot say that, that I recognize any of them. 0. Well, have you ever used a camera similar to any of those? A. Well. T used a camera once in my life when I took a picture of Lee but I don't know what the camera looks like. 373 Q. You don't remember what the camera looks like? A. No. Q. Have you any memory ? A. I have been told what button to push and that is all I i-ecall. Q. Did you ever take any other pictures ? A. Yes; on a Polaroid camera but I have to read the directions on how to use it from time to time. Q. Does a Polaroid camera look like the ones you see before you ? A. My own is nothing like that. Q. Nothing like that? A. No. Q. Do you know if you have ever seen cameras like that before, not if you have used them but if you have ever seen them before ? A. Well, I have seen some people wear a camera like that around their neck, a tourist. Q. You can open that if you want to and see what it looks like. A. No ; it would not do me any good to see it. Q. Have you ever seen a camera like that before ? A. It would be silly to say I never saw a camera like that. I might have seen it but I don't recall. I cannot identify any of those cameras and say that I used them or seen them before. Q. This camera here, does this look at all familiar to vou? A. No. Q. Which is identified as Commission exhibit No. 750. A. No ; I don't recall. Q. You don't recall? A. No. Q. This camera here which is identified as Commission exhibit No. 136, does that look at all familiar to you ? A. No. Q. This camera here, which is FBI exhibit D-145, does that look familiar to you ? A. No ; none of those cameras look familiar. Q. This exhibit here which is identified as FBI exhibit D-80, does this look familiar to you ? A. No. O. And this camera here which is a ^Vfiuox 1 :?>.5 F-15 millimeter witli the serial No. S2339303, does this look familiar to vou? A. No. O. Did you ever see any of the cameras before you in the possession of Lee ? A. T do not recall now at all the camera we used to have. The cam- era could be here but I would not recognize it at all. Q. You A. No. just don't remember ? Q, If I show you this camera which was Commission exhibit No. 750 and raise the top part so you can see there is a viewfinder and ask you just to look at the camera, would that refresh vour recollec- tion that that was the camera you allegedly took the photographs of Lee with ? A. Well, I honestly do not remember if I look straight at the object or look down. 374 Q. But seeing the camera today you still have no memory of what the camera looked like ? A. No ; I am sorry I am unprofessional about it. Q. Whatever your memory is, that is what we want to find out. A. I definitely never saw that before. Q. Which are you referring to ? A. These two little ones. Q. The record should note that she is referring to the Minox camera which is D-80 and the other INIinox camera which is identified on the record as Minox 1 :3.5. A. And by that I mean in my possession or Lee's possession. Q. You never saw a camera like that? A. No. Mr. Wolf. I would like to thank the National Archives for their cooperation in bringing the cameras here today. We are done with them, and they may be returned to the Archives. By Mr. Wolf : Q. Was Lee interested in photography ? A. Didn't he have a job once to do something with photography? Q. Did he discuss it with you ? A. His job? No. Q. T-N^ien he was in Russia did he ever take pictures ? A. Yes. Q. Do you remember what the camera looked like ? A. No. Q. Were they general tourist type pictures or were they specific pictures ? A. He would take pictures of me or a view around the city with our friends. Q. Did he have one camera or more than one ? A. I think only one. I do not recall. Q. And the camera that he had in Russia, is that the same camera he used to take pictures when he got to the United States ? A. I really don't remember. I assume it was the same one. Q. Returning to your trip from Russia to Amsterdam, was Lee ofone for a long period of time by himself when you were on the train? Would he leave your compartment or seat and talk to other people for a long period of time ? A.No. Q. Returning for a few moments to questions about your life in Russia, did you date other men before Lee? A. Of course I had. Q. Did anv others propose marriage to you ? A. Yes. Q. Did vou consider them as serious proposals of man^iage ? A. Well, it is hard to justify right now at 19 how serious you can be. Q. Well, you decided to marry Lee within a month or a little over a month after meeting him. A. Yes. Q. How did you treat the other proposals of marriage you had received ? 375 A. Well, I just didn't know. Q. What i^rimarily attracted 3'ou to Lee to marry him ? A. Well, I was in love with the man. I fell in love with the man. He was neat in his appearance. He was quite polite, I liked his accent. Q. And you decidecl to marry him despite the wishes and advice of your uncle? A. Yes. Q. How strenuous did your uncle object ? A. Well, it was not any argument over it. I just knew he was not very happy about that. Q. Concerning your leaving Russia, your uncle was opposed to that as well ? A. Yes. Q. How vocal was liis opposition to your leaving Russia ? A. He was very cold toward me and his objections about me leaving the Soviet Union didn't come directly through him all the time; mainly it was through his wife. She tried to persuade me to stay there. Q. And despite her protestations you decided to leave? A. Well, Lee and mv dnuditer were the only close familv that I ever really had. At least I felt belonging to somebody, not being in somebodv's way. Q, Didn't you feel close to your aunt and uncle who you were living with? A. Yes ; especially my aunt. Q. You felt especially close to your aunt and you left ? A. I knew I could not live Avith them forever and I had to make my own life somehow. Q. Did you during this time keep a diary ? Q. Me?" A. Yes. A. ^N'o ; I never kept a diary. Q. You never kept a diary. Did vou keep anv notes or letters that you had written to Lee or Lee had written to you ? A. I had no reason to write letters to Lee except when I was on vacation, maybe a postcard. We had not been away from each other that long. O. Did he write you any letters when you were on vacation? A. Yes. O. Do you still have those letters ? A. No : I don't have anything. Q. Did you ever get approached by anybody when you started gomg out with Leeinformation ment to give about Leewas? an" agent of the Soviet Govern- who you thought A. "No ; never. . Q. Prior to meeting Lee did anybody in the Soviet Government discuss with you whether or not you would be interested in working for the Soviet Government ? A. m. . . i. T, Q. Do you know if it was common practice or was it practice for the government to annroanh people to work for them and get information on another indiyidual ? A. You mean information ? 376 Q. Yes. A. Not for a spy, no. Like wanted and desirable. In Russia you don't discuss politics that openly and you always have to look over your shoulders and see if somebody will squeal on you, something like that. Q. After you and Lee left Russia did Lee ever visit any of the people he had met over there who also left subsequently, any of the Cubans ? A. Would you please repeat the question. Q. After you and Lee were in the United States did Lee ever visit or have someone come to visit him, any of the people whom you had knoAvn in Russia ? A. No. Q. Did he ever have any contact with them that you know of ? Did he write letters to any of the people? A. Yes ; he wrote to friends. Q. Li Minsk? A. Yes. Q. Any other people ? A. Pavel Golovachev. Q. Did he ever have any contact with the people that ^Mr. Davidson had talked to him about — JDr. Davidson's mother ? A. Not that I know about. Q. Did he ever talk about going to visit the Cuban students or his old friends? A. No. Q. Did he over talk about writing them, aside from Pavel ? A. No ; I do not recall if he corresponded with Mr. Ziger or not. I do not know. Q. INfrs. Porter, we have asked you during the previous break to review .TFK executive session exhibit 71 which at the current time con- sists of photographs Nos. 1 through 109. 1 would ask you Mr. Hamtltox. For the record, I take it when you say JFK exhibit this is an exhibit of the JFK subcommittee and not a Commission exhibit. Mr. Wolf. Tliat is correct. That is an exhibit that has been formerly introduced in the hearing. By Mr. Wolf: Q. I would ask you, did vou have an opportunity to review that during the break we have had ? A. Yes: Thave. Q. ]Mrs. Porter, could you please once again flip through the book and inform us of any of the pictures that you recognize? A. No. .5 picture looks familiar. Q. Could you state, where do you recognize that gentleman from ? A. Maybe fi-om the newspapers or I might have met him at INIr. Garrison's investigation in New Orleans. Q. Had you met liim prior to INIr. Garrison's investigation in New Orleans? A. No. Q. Please take your time and carefully look at each picture. A. I recognize No. 28. 377 Q. IIow did you first meet the person in No. 28 ? Do you know who that is?is George " .^ Jeanne. de Mohrenschildt s wife, ^ A. That Q.' When was the first time yon met Jeanne de MohrenschikTt ? A. I don't know whether I met her in Dallas or Fort Worth but that IS one of the first months that we came to this country. No. 57, picture of Lee. No. 58 is a picture of myself. Is that Jack Euln-, No. 60 i Q. Excuse me. What number ? A. No. 60. Q. Yes; No. 60 is a plioto of Jack Ruby. ^YhRt is the first time you recall seeing that individual ? A. After Lee Avas shot I seen his picture on television and in the newspaper. I do not recogniize any more faces. Q. Those arc the only photos you recognize ? A. Yes. Q. For the record it should be noted that No. 5, which ^Mrs. Porter identified, was a photograph of Clay Shaw. I also show you now. Airs. Porter, tliree additional photographs that will be inserted into the photo book that we will refer to as 110,111, and 112. I ask you whether or not you recognize any of those indi- viduals ? A. No ; I don't. ' Q. You do not. A. No. Q. I now show you, ]\Irs. Porter, a composite drawing that is labeled on the l)ottom as INIaurice Bishop. The committee released that sketch approximately 2 weeks ago and it has been published in several newspapers. Mv. Hajiii.ton. In what context are you asking? Mr. Wolf. In the context that it was released ? ]\[r. Hamilton. Yes. Air. Wolf. It was released in the hope tliat anybody that has any information about that man might get in touch with the committee. By Mr. Wolf : Q. In conjunction with the sketch the three photographs were also released at that time and that context was if anybody has any Icnowl- edge of who these individuals are, the}^ should get in touch with the committee. I would ask if you recognize any of the individuals in the three photogi'aphs or the person in the sketch? A, No; only this ])icture on the television screen 1 week ago or so. Q. One week ago? A. That was the first time. Q. And you had not seen it before? A. Never. Q. And any of the three individuals in the three photographs ? A. No. Q. Thank you. I now would like to show you, Mrs. Porter, six photographs and •see if Jim can identify these for us. 378 A. This is a picture of me and mv claiigliter June when she Avas a child. I do not know wliere tliey were taken though. Do you want to munber them some way ? Q. We will put numbers on tlie baclv of these and Mrs. Porter is referring to them at this time. Picture No. 1 she has referred to as A. That is me and my dau.ghter. Q. Do you recall when this was taken ? A. No. Q. Do you know if people took pictures of you apart from Lee? A. Weil, I don't recall the picture taking incident, period. I don't know who took the picture. Q. Did Lee take pictures of you ? A. I don't know. I don't remember. , Q. You don't remember? A. Xo : it could have been in New Orleans because I was expecting a baby then. Q. These pictures we will ask you to identify. You don't remember if Lee took anv pictures of you ? A. No. Q. Picture No. 2. A. That is a picture of my daughter. Q. Picture No. 3. A. That is a picture of my daughter. Nos. 4 and 5 are pictures of my daughter as well. No. C> is me and my daughter. Q. AVhich daughter ? A. June. Q. ]\frs. Porter, do you remember the incident when these pictures were taken? A. No. _ Q. Did Lee photograph pictures of you and your daughters at any time ? A. In this country ? Q. Yes. A. Yes: in Dallas once, on a balcony, he took a picture of my daughter. O. Any other times ? A. Possibly. Q. Do you recall now any other times ? A. Well, we took a picture once at the bus station through this thing called the photomat where you put a quarter or a dime or wliat- cver Drice in it and maybe Lee took pictures of me during our life together ; yes. Q. Do you have any memory of these specific pictures being taken? A. No. Q. These pictures, for the record, were developed from negatives that were found in the National Archives. Do you know, have you heard the name before, Pavel GolovacheA' ? A. Golovachev; yes. Q. And how do you know him ? A. I already told you before. He was one of the friends of Lee in Russia. 379 Q. When you met him do you recall any specific discussions he and Lee had ? A. Most of the time they spoke in English. As I mentioned, Pavel liked to practice his English with Lee. They were quite close friends. Whether news. they discussed politics, I don't know, but just the current Q. Do you know of a Sergey Bzlov ? A. No ; I don't recall this name. Q. The last name is possibly Uslov. A. No. Q. Did Lee ever tell you that he and Pavel had discussed any type of assassinations? A. No. Q. Now, when you arrived in Dallas did you ask Lee to commence learning English? A. Excuse me. Q. Did you ask Lee that you would like to learn English ? A. Well, I did not ask him if I liked to learn English. I knew I must and I had to learn in order to communicate with people here. Q. Wliat did you do to start learning how to speak English ? A. George Bouhe, a Russian immigrant, tried to teach me English. Q. At the current time are you a U.S. citizen ? A. No ; I am not. Q. AVhat citizenship are you at the present time ? A. The Soviet Union. Q. Do you have to do anything with the Government of the Soviet Union to maintain your citizenship ? A. No. Q, Do you have to report to the Embassy at all, periodically ? A. No ; every j^ear I have to report to immigration authorities of this coinitry. Q. Of our country ? A. Yes ; of my address. Q. And did that practice start as soon as you entered the United States? A. I don't remember when it started. Q. After you entered the United States did you have any contact with the Soviet Embassy here in this country ? A. Just recently I did place a telephone call from my home to the Russian Embassy. It took me 3 days to reach somebody on the phone that was willing to discuss. Q. The Soviet Embassy in this country ? A. Yes. Q. Was that in Washington ? A. Yes ; I placed the call from my home to Washington, D.C. Q. What was the purpose of your phone call at that time ? A. It seems to me that since the assassination I have no contact to my family, my letters don't go through, and I am pretty sure that it is not the Americans who are holding my letters so I want to know from the Russian Embassy to whom I should write or can they help me to send my letters to my family and I don't care if they have been photo- graphed, taped, it does not matter. They suggested that I send a tele- gram which I did. 380 Q. How recently was that ? A. I have had no reply. Q. How recently ? A. Two weeks ago. Q. How do you know that none of your letters are getting through ? A. Because I talked with my sister on the phone. I do believe twice, mayl:)€i three times, since I was in this country and she said she never received any of my letters. Q. 'Where is your sister now living ? A. In Leningrad. Q. In 1962 did you have to go to the Soviet Embassy at that time to maintain your Soviet citizenship ? Q. A. So ■ you got into this country No.once A. Excuse me. 19G2, was I here already ? Q. Yes. Wlien you got to the United States did you have to go to the SoWet Embassy to maintain your Soviet citizenship ? A. No. Q. You never reported to the Soviet Embassy ? A. No. Q. Did anybody from the Soviet Embassy contact you while you were living in this country ? A. No ; they have not but I think since our discussion progressed I recall I had another contact with the Russian Embassy when I was writing the letters to go back to them when Lee was threatened. Q. But apart from that incident. A. I never visited the Embassy. Q. But apart from that incident nobody from the Soviet Embassy has ever been in contact with vou ? A. No. Q. And you have not been in contact apart from that incident and your recent phone calls with anybodv in the Soviet Embassy ? A. No. Q. "I^^en bodv from the Lee U.S. returned with you approach Government to Dallas Lee and about Fort Worth did any- his experiences in Russia and want to talk to him about his experiences in Russia ? A. We had some visitors and Lee told me that that was a repre- sentative ofthe FBI. Of course they talked in English and he told me that they just were checking on him, that is all. Q. How soon after you came to Dallas was that visit ? A. Quite shortly after. Q. How many people from the FBI came ? Was it one or was it two? A. T don't recall the first time if it was one or two men but Lee went outside and talked with him or with them. Q. How long did that conversation last ? A. Well, I cannot really say how many minutes. Q. Was it short,, long? A. Thirty minutes. It was not very long. Q. Thirty minutes? A. It could be. Q. "What was Lee's attitude at the end of that conversation? A. He was very upset and angry and he told me that he wanted them to leave him alone. 381 Q. Were you ever approached by anybody when you and Lee re- turned toDallas to talk about your experiences in Russia? A. No. Once at Eutli Paine's house a man came and through her interpretation I have been asked by this man if anybody ever ap- proached me from Russia or any other countries to work for them and if they do, please contact them. was at that house, Ruth Paine's? think was Q. IWho A. it was Hosty.who thatMr.person Q. Approximately when was that? How shortly after you arrived in Dallas with Lee? A. Well, I arrived in 1962 and it was in 1963 sometime. Q. Did Lee ever discuss any other agency of the U.S. Government aside from the FBI ? A. No. Q. He never mentioned the word CIA ? A. Not that I recall. Q. When was the first time when you were living in Dallas that you saw that Lee owned a rifle ? A. I really don't remember the day or month. Q. Not the day or month but what was the first occasion? What were the circumstances when you saw it ? A. I don't remember. Q. What is the first time you remember seeing the rifle currently ? A. I believe it was in Dallas but I would not be sure. I would not swear to it. Believe me, I tried to remember my best recollection. Q. I am just asking now that you do remember, what was the cir- cumstance? Was it in a closet? Was he holding it? Wliat was the first time you currently remember seeing the rifle, any rifle? A. Well, the things flash in my memory right now of him going out after dark wearing a raincoat and he told me that he was going in some shooting range. I don't mean that was the first timepractice to as I see it flashing right now. Q. It may not be the first time but you remember one incident when he was in the raincoat ? A. Yes. Q. And you saw the rifle at that time? A. I am not saying that is the first time. Q. But you saw it at that time ? A. And down in New Orleans he was sitting in the dark on the porch. Q. The time you saw him in the raincoat, was that before you moved to New Orleans or after ? A. I believe it was in Dallas because it was quite hot outside. I mean it was very silly for somebody to put a raincoat over your body in such hot weather. Q. It was not going to rain that day ? A. No. Q. Did you see the rifle or did you ask him, "Why are you wearing a raincoat?" A. I probably did but I do not retoember the conversation. Q. Did you ask him where he was going to go practicing ? A. Well, he said that you can take a bus and go somewhere but I don't know where. 43-792—79 25 382 Q. Did you see the rifle itself at that time ? A. I don't remember if it had any cover to it. I don't remember. Q. It was at night after A. It was after dark. Q. After dark. A. It was very dark but whatever time, it started getting kind of in between. Q. Did you ask him how he could go target shooting in the dark? A. It never occurred to me. I have to explain. I never had any interest in rifles. Q. You said you didn't like gims. A. No ; but I never took Lee seriously with this thing. I thought a boy playing with a big toy and that it would be just temporary. I never realized how serious it was at the time. Q. When was the first time that you say that Lee possessed a gun as opposed to a rifle ? A. I honestly don't remember. Q. "\'\'1iat is the first time you remember seeing the gun ? A. Just a minute. Could that be when he asked me to take the picture of him and he was wearing this gun or holding the rifle ? Q. He had a gun in that j^icture. A. Yes; and it was ridiculous to take a picture. It was puzzling me why anybody would want to take a picture dressed like that with all the equipment. Q. Did you ask him ? A. Yes. We had a fuss and a fight over it. Q. About the giui and the rifle ? A. Yes. Q.'Wniatdidhesay? A. The picture was taken and it was ridiculous. Q. Did you ask him thouirh about the gim and the rifle and tell him that A. you didn't that. He knew like guns ? He knew that. Q. lAHiat was his reaction ? A. That it was none of my business. Q. Apart from the time jjoe went to go target shooting that you have told us about, what other times do you remember seeing the rifle ? A. Well, like in New Orleans he would be sitting and cleaning and pobRhinr*' the silly thing. Q. A7id when you say cleaning, what was he doincr to the rifle? A. Oh, he was putting rags around and putting oil or something on it. O. Did he do that in Dallas as well ? A. He might have, but I do not remember it now to give you the detailed descri]itinn of it, Q. Wlien was the first time that I^e told you he had used tlie rifle apart fi-om tlio target practice? A. T think the General Walker incident. O. Tould vou relate the details of that incident to us now? A. Well, T reallv cannot describe the details but they would be quite accurate in the testimony that I gaA^e at the Wan^en Commission and if you refresh my memory I might be able to tell you. 383 Q. "Wliat Imppcneel the days before the Walker incident ; did Lee act unusual at all '. A. Well, he would be sitting — he made a little kind of not an office, a little closet that he has a chair there and maybe a desk — not a desk, improvisation of a desk, and he would be writing something down and he told me not to bother him so he was quite secretive about it. Q. And that was a few days before ? A. A few days, a few weeks. I do not remember exactly the time. Q. Was Lee restless a few days before the incident? Was he calm? Did he sleep well ? A. I don't recall his mood. Q. Did Lee ever talk in his sleep ? A. Xot that I rememl:)er. Q. Again in the book "Marina and Lee" you said that a few days prior to the Walker incident you recollect that he was talking in his sleep. A. That could be true. Q. Do you remember, would he talk in English or would he talk in Russian ? A. I don't remember the incident right now. Q. Did Lee go to work the dav that he told you he shot at General Walker? A. I don't Q. It was aremember Wednesday.that either. "Wliat day of the week was it ? A. Was it Wednesday I Well, I am sorry. I simply do not remember. Q. How did Lee first tell you a]:»out the shooting of General Walker? A. Well, he was gone most of the night and came home very late and turned the radio on. Q. How did you feel that evening when he did not come home ? A. He did not come home for a long time and I do believe that I found a note addressed to me what to do in case something happened to him and I was petrified and didn't know what to do. Q. Wien did you find the note ? A. After he went out. Q. Was it unusual for him to be out late ? A. No; since he was leaving the house sometimes for this practicing that he supposedly was going to. Q. So you were not surprised that he was out that evening ? A. Well, I was surprised that he came home that late. Q. Were you worried where he was ? A. Of coulee I w^as. Q. Did you contact anybody ? A. Q. No; AVliat"I didn't. did he say when he returned ? A. Well, he turned the radio on and he was very pale and he was listening to the news, changing from station to station. I asked him what it was all about and he said that he tried to shoot General Walker. I told him, how dare you take somebody's life and you should not do things like that, I mean you have no right to do it. He said, well, if somebody shot Hitler at the right time you will do justice to himianity so it. since I don't know anything about the man I should not talk about 384 O. Did you know who General Walker was ? A. He told me he was a Fascist. That is all I know. Q. Had you heard the name before ? A. No. Q. Did Lee ever mention to you a man named Scotty ? A. No. Q. Did Lee ever A. Just a minute. I heard this name before and I don't know if it came from Lee or somebody that he could be working with. I think it is a little bit confusing. Scotty could be a dog. I am sorry. Q. Did he ever mention a man who spoke with a Scottish accent? A. Oh, you mean with a Scottish accent? No ; never. Q. Did he ever mention a man who lived with General Walker? A. No ; I thought the man lived alone after what I read later on. Q. Wlien Lee came back that night was he disheveled ? A. What's disheveled? Q. Was he dirty ? Were his clothes still neat ? A. Well, honestly I only remember that he was very pale and that is all I recall. Q. ^Vlien do you recall him leaving the house that day prior to his shooting at General Walker? A. I don't recall if he came from work and then left or whether he left after work. I don't remember. Q. Was he dressed in the same clothes that you saw him previously when he returned ? A. I just don't remember. Q. Did he have the rifle with him when he came back? A. No ; I think he said he left it hidden somewhere and I do believe the next day at night he went and got it. That is what I remember right now. That is the testimony I am giving you, what I remember. Q. That is what we want, your present recollection. Did he tell you he had shot at him with a rifle or did he mention that he had used a gun ? A. Well, I think it was a rifle. Q. Did he tell you where he hid the rifle or the gun? was in the shrubs some- where.I think he might have mentioned that it A. Q.. Did you discuss with him whether it would be found and the po- lice would be looking for him ? A. It was such an unpleasant and terrifying incident that I was just trembling all day long. I was looking through the windows; I was expecting police coming any second. Q. Did you suggest to Lee that he go back and get the gun or rifle or did he do it by himself ? A. I think he did it by himself. Q. What did he do with the gun or the rifle when he went back and got it? A. Kept it in the house. Q. Did you see it again? A. Well, I never made a point of going and checking the rifle every day to see whether it was there or not. Q. Where in the house would he keep it? 385 A. In the closet. Q. On a shelf or was it on the floor ? A. I don't remember. Q. Was it wrapped in anything ? A. It could be just kind of standing in the corner. Q. Propped up in the corner of the closet ? A. It could be. Q. Was it covered? Was it wrapped in any tiling? A. I don't remember. Q;. Was the closet crowded ? Did it have many things in it ? A. Usually his personal belongings, his clothes, his books, what- ever, and he told me to stay out of it; that is his own private thing. Q. This \\'as his closet ? A. Yes. Q. If you opened the closet, was it easy to get the rifle or did you have to move a lot of things aside before you got it ? A. I never did it. Q. If you opened the closet door, would you see the rifle immediately ? A. I don't remember. Q. The photographs you took of Lee with the rifle and the pistol, do you know where Lee developed those photos ? A. Well, didn't he work for some time with photography ? Q. You A. No. don't know where he developed the films ? Q. Did he have any photographic supplies around the house ? A. It is so hard to dig through your memorj^ that long back. He might have ; I don't know. Q. Wlien you saw the rifle that he had, was that the same rifle he had in Russia ? A. I don't remember. How can you transport a gun from one coun- try to another when you have to go through the inspection on the border ? Q. So you don't think he brought the gim with him ? A. I don't see how it logically or possibly could happen. Oh, you mean the same gun. Well, he bought the rifle right here. Q. He bought it here ? A. Yes. Q. How did he buy the rifle here ? A. Well, I learned later afterward that he ordered through some mail. Q. At that time did you know that he had ordered a rifle ? A. Well, since I had seen the rifle I knew he purchased it. How he purcha sed it I do not know. Q. The first time vou saw it did you ask him, "Where did vou get the rifle?" A. No ; but I was very upset tliat he spent money on such an un- necessary, stupid thing when we barely could survive on what he was making. Q. Did you ask him how much it cost ? A. No. Q. "Wliere did Lee keep his gun ? The rifle was in the closet. 386 A. Well, it never was on display on tlie wall but everybody can see it. It was always hidden somewhere back in the closet. We did not live in one place very long ; we moved from apartment to apartment. Q. In the apartment where the rifle was kept in the closet, was the gun also kept there or was it kept somewhere else? A. I assume it was together. Q. Did you see it in that closet ? A. Well, see, my recollection about — do you recall the gun ? Q. Yes. A. The pictures I took showed two. Q. It showed a rifle and a gun. A. Yes. Q. The question I have is just where did he keep the gun if the rifle was in the closet ? A. I honestly do not know. Q. When you were living with Lee at this time, did he ever take the gun out to go target shooting with that as well as the rifle? A. I recall onh' the rifle because it was quite bulky and he had to hide it under his raincoat but I do not recall the gun at all. Q. When he Ijrought the rifle back after he had hid it in the bushes from General Walker's house, what did he carry it in? He didn't just carry the rifle over his shoulder. A. No; he didn't, but I told you that he was wearing this raincoat. Q. And that is what he did when he went to bring the rifle back in ? A. He was wearing the same raincoat. Q. Do you remember that specifically? Wouldn't you think it is strange that if it is a nice day and it is not going to rain people would askA.him, You"Why have are youan wearing to l3e idiot to adoraincoat?" that. Q. If you were afraid that he was going to get caught with the rifle, don't you think he would have brought it back some other way other than by wearing a raincoat ? A. I cannot speculate on that. Q. How did Lee ^ei to General Walker's house ? A. Well, after all this happened and got in the news media, he was laughing about Americans being so used to cars they don't know that people can walk and run. so I assumed that maybe he took a bus, since we didn't have a car, to a certain point of his destination and then walked from there. Q. Was that how Lee got to Mdiere he hid the rifle as well ? A. Well, lie did not discuss the details with me and I don't know where General Walker lived. I didn't know whereabouts. Q. He didn't brag about how he got away ? A. Well, he bragged how quickly he could run or somebody was looking where he was not. Q. Did he say somebody gave him a ride away from General Walker's A. No. house, that he went in somebody else's car? Q. After the incident with General Walker, did you and Lee discuss his use of guns and shooting at people? A. Well, we had less arguments about it because I was against it. Q. Did you consider getting rid of the guns, the gun and the rifle ? 387 in A. the Well, what? Throw trashcan would them I do in with the them river,? in "VYliere would I sothrow the trashcan, them, Lee would not have them in the house. Q. Who was your closest friend at that time ? A. Well, I liked all the Russian immigrants that I met here and they were close to me but George de Mohrenschildt was the one who visited us more often than the others and I liked his personality very much. Q. Was he your closest friend at that time ? A. Yes. Q. Did you discuss — not shooting anybody, with George de IVIohren- schildt, but did you discuss the fact that you wished that Lee did not have guns around the house ? A. Well, I do not remember if I discussed this with George. Q. Did George know Lee had guns around the house ? A. I do not remember. Q. Did his wife know ? A. If I gave you previous testimony or somebody else gave previous testimony, knew or did that not "is the truth. Right now I do not recall whether George Imow. Q. His wife, do you know if she ever saw the gun around the house ? A. I don't know. Q. Which previous testimony are you referring to ? A. The Warren Commission. I told him the truth about this. I had a fresher memory then than I have now. Q. Yes. Whenever you testified before the Warren Commission, wdiatever you told them was true? A. Yes. Q,. Shortly after the shooting of General Walker, the attempted shooting, you and Lee moved to New Orleans ; is that correct ? A. That could be correct. Say it again. Q. After the shooting of General Walker. A. Shortly after. Q. After that you and Lee moved to New Orleans ? A. Yes. I was very happy about this move because I thought maybe his behavior will change and he will be closer to the relative that he spoke so highly about. Q. Wlien did you first start talking with Lee about moving to New Orleans ? A. I think he approached me with the move to New Orleans because it seems to me that he was very short of jobs around here so he wanted to try to find something in a different city. Q. "When was the first time that you and Lee discussed moving? A. I don't remember the day or month. Q. Was it before the shooting of General Walker? A. No ; after. Q. So you never discussed moving until the shooting of General Walker? ^ A. I think so. Q. Did you think that it would be easier for Lee to obtain a job in New Orleans than in Dallas ? 388 A. Well, lie was drifting from one job to another one in Dallas so I was hoping that he would have more opportunities in another city. Q. Did he discuss with you before your move any of the other oppor- tunities heknew about in New Orleans ? A. Not that I recall. Q. Did he discuss people he knew in New Orleans ? ^A. He spoke about his aunt and uncle who might help to get a job for him. Q. Did he ever discuss anybody else in NeAv Orleans ? A. No. Besides relatives, I did not do any discussion with strangers. Q. Did anyone ever visit you while you were still in Dallas that Lee introduced you to as a friend or somebody he knew in New Orleans? A. No. Q. When you were in Russia, Lee discussed moving to both Dallas and New Orleans you said. A. Yes. Q. Did he discuss at any time that he knew anybody in New Orleans ? A. Not that I remember. As a friend ? Q. As a friend. A. Just as a relative. Q. Just as a relative ? A. Just as a relative. Q. Did you ever hold the rifle that Lee had when he was in Dallas ? Did you ever physically hold it to look at it or examine it ? A. I hope not. Q. Do you remember any time that you did it ? A. No. Q. Did you ever hold the gun that Lee had when you were in Dallas ? A. I don't think so. Q. You never examined it or looked at it ? A. I had no interest in it. I am afraid of them. I don't know how to use it or how to hold it properly. thatQ, you "Wliat havewere the details related in your ofbook Lee's alleged at that time threat ? against Mr. Nixon A. Whatever testimony I gave you before as to INIr. Klein, that is correct as far as I recall that now. I didn't go into details, "^^^lat I re- call isthat he was living in a house with the gun, I think, and at mid- day it; was light outside. Q. Pardon me? A. It was not dark outside. Q. Wliere was Lee holding the gun ? I mean was he just holding it in his hand ? A. I don't remember. He was putting it in his belt or maybe a news- paper. Idon't know. I don't want to give details which will be Q. Don't give details if you don't remember them. We only want details if you remember them. A. I was scared because he was going with tlie gun and he said, "Mr. Nixon is coming to town and I am just going to look around." I said: "Well, how can you look around ?/V\Tiy do you need a gun just to look aroujid?" So we were having a big argimient and fight. Q. Did you know who Mr. Nixon was? 389 A. Yes; I hoard of him in Russia; yes. Q. Yes. A. You liearcl of him in llussia'^ Q. And you knew that that was the same Mr. Nixon that you had heard of? A. Yes. Q. What did you tell Lee that precipitated the fight? A. Pardon me? Q. What started the fight between you and Lee ? A. Well, I didn't want him to leave the house with the gun. Q. What happened? A. Well, he stayed home all day; he didn't go out. Q. Did he just voluntarily stay home? A. Well, I already told you before that everybody asked him the same silly question, how does a small woman lock him in the bath- room, and things like that. I did not know. He wanted to provoke me. I just now can speculate about his state of mind, what the reasons were for it. Maybe just to punish me. Q. How did he get into the bathroom? A. Well, we fought and I cannot give j^'ou the details right now. First there was a struggle and I guess I pushed him in so somehow he Avent there and I held the door foi* a long time, but I could not go on holding the door, so I finally begged and pleaded with him and he said he would not go and I believed him. So then I told him to take the clothes off. I know that he cannot go without the clothes, so he sat and read the book then. Q. Was he trying as hard as he could? A. Before I said I didn't hold the gun. Well, if I asked him to give me the gun then, for example, during the fight, I could have held it and hidden it somewhere so he would not leave. Q. How did he give you the gun? Was he still in the bathroom? A. Could be. It was a second floor and there were stairs. There Avas a little like a platform there or a small hall. I don't knoAv if he gave it to me or I took it. I don't remember. Q. Was he trying as hard as he could, do you think, to get out of the bathroom? A. Well, at the beginning he would probably liaA^e tried but, well, it was quite loud and I Avas embarrassed that the neighbors that lived boloAV Avould hear us fighting and fussing. Q. Were you fiohting during this period of time before you moved to Xew Orleans ? Were you fighting frequently with Lee ? A. Yes ; we didn't liaA'-e a very peaceful life. Q. Did he talk about going back to Russia during this period of time ? A. What period of life are you talking about, in New Orleans ? Q. No, no. Before you moved to New Orleans. A. T don't think so. Q. You don't recall his discussing moving back to Russia ? A. No; I remember the New Orleans period much clearer because then I had to write those letters. Mr. Wolf. If you like, Ave could take a break now for lunch because it is a convenient breaking time. Mr, Hamilton. It is up to you. 390 Mr. "Wolf. Any time you want to take a break let us know. The Witness. Could we go off the record ? Mr. Wolf. Yes. [Discussion off the record.] Mr. Wolf. Back on tlie record. We are going to take a lunch break. At the current time it is approxi- mately 12:40. I would also like to state on the record that regarding the cameras that Mrs. Porter examined previously, concerning the two Minox cam- eras, so there is no confusion on the record, the Minox which was not part of the material in the National Archives and which has serial No. 2339303 is approximately II/2 inches longer than the one which is currently in the National Archives. At this time we will take a break for lunch. ["WTiereupon, at 12 : 39 p.m., a recess was taken until 2 : 15 p.m.] Afternoon Session Mr. Wolf. We are ready to resume now. It is 2:15 and the people present are :Mrs. Porter, Mr. Hamilton, Mr. McDonald, Mrs. Emanuel, Mr. Cornwell, and myself. [Whereupon, Marina Porter resumed the stand and testified further as follows:] DIRECT EXAMINATION — RESUMED By Mr. Wolf : Q. Mrs. Porter, did Lee keep a diary at any time during his life ? A. He was doing some writing while we were living in Russia and later on it was called as a diary. At the time I did not know what all his writings were about. Q. When did he write that ? A. "When we were living in Russia. Q. Did he start it after you were married ? A. I don't know when he started. He started to continue what was previously started but I saw him sitting in the evening writing something. Q. And that was while you were in Minsk ? A. Yes. Q. Did he continue that diary in the United States ? A. I don't recall. Q. Do you know, did lie write any of that diary on the boat between Amsterdam and New York? A. Could have been. Q. Did you ever ask him what was in the diary when you saw him writing it ? A. Yes ; I asked on occasion. Q. Wliat would he say ? A. His thoughts maybe. Q. Could you read the diary ? A. No. Q. The diary was in English or in Russian ? A. In English. « 391 er a Q. Would he write it every niglit when you were living togeththen he litUe bit every night, or was it written lengthy one night and some other would not work on it for some time and then write agam week Well, ^ A. or a fewsometime days s 2 or 3 days maybe in a row and then skip for a . i ttt n i ^^ Q Returning to the incident with Lee and General ^\alker, how long after Lee shot at General Walker did hewas bring the rifle home i A. As far as I recall right now I assume it the next day. Q. bid you see him bring it back home ? A. Well, if I saw it I don't remember right now. -n ^ . Q. What was the first time after that shooting you saw the rifle that you remember now ? A. Eight now I don't remember . ■ Q. After he brought the rifle home, do you remember if Jeanne or George de Mohrenschildt ever saw the rifle ? cannot tell you that, not because I am hiding but because I can- A.notIrecall. Q. Did Lee ever discuss— — A. May I ask j^ou a question ? Q. Sure. . , j. ench waiting for Lee. Q. Did you stand up waiting for him ? A. Somehow I just remember the steps. Q. But you remember going ? A. I don't remember anybody waiting in the car or how I got there ; T don't know. What period of my life are you talking about? Q. This would have been in Dallas sometime soon after Lee got back from Mexico. A. That means T have to travel from Irving. Q. And it would be before he started working at the depository. In other words, he was unemployed : he was looking for a job. A. Well, I don't think so because somehow this building stays in my mind. It wns quite warm weather: it was like the summer. This could be Fort Worth just as well instead of Dallas. Q. Do you know while you were in New Orleans before you went back to Dallns and Lee went to Mexico whether he studied any books on Mexico City or Cuba? Do you know whether he was reading on those? A. He always was roadinar something and I would not know what books if they were in English. I do not recall what the names of the books were or what they were all about. Mr. McDonald. All right. I have no further questions. Thank you. By Mr. Wolf : Q. Mrs. Porter, I will continue asking the remainder of our ques- tions. To go back for 1 minute, you recollect to net to the United States,, the Embassy in Kussia loaned Lee money ; is that correct ? A. "WHiat did you say ? Q. The American Embassy in Russia, did they loan Lee money to get to the United States ? A. Yes. Q. Do you remember how much money was loaned to Lee ? A. Well, since T read about that later on, I think it was like $500 or so but T would not be sure. Q. "NAHiere did Lee get the money to pay back the Embassy? A. Well, every week from his paycheck he put some aside and paid them back. Q. Did he pay back the same amount every week to the Embassy ? A. I would not know because I never handled the money. 411 Q. Would you be surprised if he paid a large sum of money back in one time to the Embassy ? A. Yes ; unless he saved it for 3 or 4 or 5 weeks. Q. Other than that it would surprise you if he paid $350 back at once A. ifYes. he had been paying small amounts previously '^ Q. Do you have any idea where he could have gotten money of that amount ? A. I would speculate that he borrowed from his brother to pay a big sum and pay his brother back. That is the only way I can see he would get the money. By Mr. McDoxald : Q. I have one further question and that is I think this Texas State Emplojnnent Conmiission was located on Industrial Boulevard in Dallas where the Industrial Boulevard is riglit on the other side of the — it is across from Dealey Plaza on the other side of the triple underpass. A. I still didn't think it was Dallas, I think it was Fort Worth. Does the building have steps with the middle rail in between ? Some kind of rail in between ? Q. I am not sure ; I don't know. Mr. McDoxALD. OK. Thank you. Goodby. [In Russian.] By Mr. Wolf : Q. Returning to Dallas, ;Mrs. Porter, when Lee '^ame back from Mex- ico City did he move into the house with you at that time ? A. Would you say it again. Q. When he came back from Mexico City, you had gone to live with Mrs. Paine. A. Yes. Q. Did Lee move in with you at that time ? A. No. Q. Where did he stay ? A. He stayed in Dallas. He rented a room and he said he would try to save the money that way so we can rent an apartment later on. Q. How often would he come to visit you ? A. Once a week on the weekend. Q. How did he get there ? A. The neighbor Avho worked the same place would give him a ride. Q. And he would stay for the whole weekend with you? A. Most of the time. Q. Would he stay overnight on Saturday night ? A. Yes. Q. And then return on Sunday night or on Monday morning? A. Probably Monday morning. O. Do you recall that the FBI contacted you approximately 10 days before the assassination ? A. It was quite close to the assassination but I do not remember ; 10 davs, 14 days. 1 week. Q. Approximately. Wliat did they talk to you about at that time ? A . Well. Ruth was the interpreter. As I told you, they asked me if I had been in contact to let them know. 412 Q. Were you surprised that they came to you ? A. No. Q. Why were you not surprised ? A. Because we had visits from the FBI before; nt least that is what Lee told me, that they were FBI like in Fort Worth. Q. Was this the first visit you had had since you returned to Dallas from New Orleans ? A. As far as I recall. Q. Did you find it unusual that Lee did not come home the weekend of November 14 ? A. We had an argument. What was the day ? Q. This is the weekend prior to the assassination. Was Lee home that weekend ? A. I wish I could remember my testimony. No: I knew it was imusual that he came just l>efore the assassination, Q. That was Thursday night ? A. Not the weekend. Q. That was a Thursday night, is that correct ? A. I think he missed the weekend before. Q. Was that unusual if he missed that weekend ? A. Now I don't remember what the circumstances were, what was the reason. Q. Did he come to visit you most weekends ? A. Yes. Q. Do you recall any particular weekends that he did come to visit? A. Except the one that you mentioned. Q. Except that one ? A. Yes. Q. Did vou speak to Lee on the phone that weekend ? A. Well, I remem]>er the incident when he gave me the telephone number where he can be reached and I called him and they said nobodv by this name lived there and I assume right now that that is the reason we liad the argument over that he was hiding his name. Maybe that is the reason he was angrv with me and didn't show up this weekend but I am speculating now. I have to read my own books. Q. When he came on Thursday night, the night prior to the assassi- nationwere , you surprised that he came that night ? A. Yes. Q. He had not phoned you in advance ? A. Not that I am aware. Q,. Could you describe his attitude that night? Was he calm? Was he nervous? A. He was quite calm and he tried to give me indications that he wanted to m.ake up over the argument that we have. I was also sur- prised that he come earlier than I expected him. Q. Earlier? A. Earlier. Q. Had he called you to let you know a day earlier ? A. Yes. Q. About what time did he come ? A. Just after work. Q. How did he get there ? 413 A. With this neighbor. Q, Did he discuss President Kennedy that evening, his visit to Dallas? A. I tried to discuss it with him. T was very enthusiastic about it, over it, and I tried to get as much information from him as I could and he refused to talk about it. Q. Was that unusual ? A. Judging right now, yes. Q. Did he usually want to discuss President Kennedy ? A. Yes. Q. What would his usual comments about President Kennedy be? A. Well, my impression was that he liked him very well. Q. Did he mention Governor Connally that night ? A. No. Q. Where were you when you first heard that President Kennedy was assassinated? A. I was at Ruth Paine's house and she is the one who told me. Q. What were your thoughts at that time ? A. Like everybody else's thoughts. It was shocking news. Q. Wlien did you first think that it might have been Lee who was involved in the assassination ? A. A^^ien Ruth told me that the shots came from the school book de- pository itjust looked like somebody cut the string of my heart. I don't know how you describe tliis kind of feeling; it was very uneasy. Q. Why would you think at that time that Lee would do it if, as you say, he liked President Kennedy ? A. Well, I did not think that Lee would do it but, for instance, the thought crossed my mind. I don't know v.diy the thought crossed my mind. Somebody but I^ee was playing with the rifle and I can remember the incident with Walker. Q. But General Walker was something • A. I believe it is not him so I went into the garage to see if the rifle was there. I knew that he had the rifle. Q. That is why you were worried ? A. Yes. Q, When you say you knew he had the rifle, you mean you know he owned the rifle. A. Yes. Q. And did you go look if the rifle was there ? A. I cannot describe the feeling, it would iust come and go. Q. Did you look to see if the rifle was still in the house ? me A.if Imy do* husband not recallowned that but I mean a rifle, I hadwhen the yes to say police and came and in we went asked the gai-age and the rifle was not there. The whole life passed in front of me and from then on it was a nightmare. Q. Lee's attitude toward President Kennedy vras certainly different than his attitude toward General Walker, am I correct ? A. Yes. Q. Had you had any prior indication of any dislike for President Kennedy on his behalf ? A. No ; that is what is so strange about the whole event. Q. When is the first time after you had heard of the assassination that you spoke with Lee ? 43-792—79 27 414 A. I believe it was in jail when lie was arrested. Q. And what did you discuss with him at that time ? A. I was afraid to discuss the matter so it was just a general hus- band-wife conversation, just around the routine life about the house. He asked about the children. Q. Did he discuss any people who might help him out of his prob- lems? A. Not with me. He discussed that, him and his brother were talk- ing over the legal procedures of the matter, so I do believe now that he might have asked his brother to get in touch with somebody. Q. What was the first time that the police came to your house? That was on the Friday ? A. When did it all happen, Friday ? Q. Friday. A. It was not Friday then. What did you ask me ? Q. When was the first time the police came to IMrs. Paine's house ? A. Quite shortly after the assassination. Q. Were those the Dallas police or the FBI, do you know ? A. Well, to tell you the truth, it was official people. They showed their badges but as I recall it was the FBI or police or maybe both. Q. What did they do ? A. Well, they asked to search the house. Q. Did they speak to you or to Mrs. Paine or both of you ? A. They spoke — I do not even remember. I don't think they had an interpreter so she is the one that had to act as an interpreter. They just told me that I have to follow them to the police station for they have some questions to ask me. Q. Did they search the house at that time? A. Yes ; they looked around. Q. How many police officers were there? Were there a lot, or a few, or what ? A. I don't even remember the number. Everything is so long ago. Q. Did they stay a long time ? A. Well, one second s<^ems 1 ike a year sometimes. Q. I know this is difficult for you and I am just asking for the best of vour recollection. A. OK. What was the question again? How many people? Q. How many and how long did they stay in the house ? now. Well, I don't think I can judge very nicely or correctly right A. Q. Did they take anything witli them at that time ? A. I do not know. They just told me to get ready and dressed. T mean I didn't have a chance to change my clothes. They told me to jret tlie babv and follow them. I don't know if it was 15 minutes or 1 whole hour. Q. Tlien you went down to the police station. What happened at the police station ? Did you see Lee that day ? A. dav. next Yes; I did. I don't remember if I saw him that day or the Q. Did they ask you questions at the police station? A. Yes. 415 Q. Do you recall how long they kept you at the police station ? A. It seemed like forever. Q. Were you alone ? A. I don't remember. Q. Did you have an interpreter or did Mrs. Paine go with you? A. Would around me. you believe it? I don't recall the names of who was Q. Did Lee ever discuss with you when you were speaking with him in jail the shooting of Oificer Tippett ? A. No. Q. Was that mentioned at all ? A. No. Q. Prior to Lee's being arrested did he ever discuss with you, are you familiar with the name William James Lowery ? A. No. Q. Did they ever discuss with you after he was arrested that he had ever done undercover work? Did they say he was a person in Dallas who had been infiltrating the Communist Party ? A. Wlio discussed with me ? Q. Did Lee ever discuss that with you about informants within the Communist Party in Texas ? A. I don't recall that. Once in a while the Communist Party was mentioned in the conversation but I do not remember when exactly, what period of our lives it was. Q. What would he say about it, do you remember ?' A. Well, he said that, for example, the Communist Party here is not exactly illegal but they have a very difficult time to survive and the Communist Party in Russia is different than the Communist Party here and he was in favor of them. Q. The Communist Party ? A. Yes. Q. Here? A. Yes. Q. Did he ever discuss the Communist Party that you recall when you were in Dallas ? A. Pardon? Q. Did he ever discuss the Communist Party during this time in Dallas? A. Well, this could be in Dallas and in New Orleans but it was in America. Q. Did he ever discuss informants generally, what his feelings were about informants? A. No. Q. Who did you stay with that Friday night after you were done at A. the I police think station? so. Did you go back to Ruth Paine's house? Q. Were you left alone or were you kept ■ A. There were know who was who. so many people going in and out of the house I don't Q. After Lee was shot do you recall how you first met James Martin ? A. He was an employee of this hotel where the Secret Service took me to stay for a while. 416 Q. How come you were taken to that hotel? Did you want to stay with Mrs. Paine ? A. I do not recall whose idea it was. After the assassination it seemed like everything went blurred and I do not know who was mak- ine: decisions for me. Q. Did you object to the Secret Service staying with you at that time? A. No ; they were very nice to me. Q. You liked them? A. Yes. Q. And they are the ones who chose that hotel to go to? A. I would not say that because I do not know whose idea it was. I did not choose where I go. Excuse me. Can we have a break, please ? 3rr. Wolf. Sure. [Whereupon, at 4:08 p.m., a recess was taken until 4:20 p.m.] Afr. Wolf. We can continue at the present time and it is approxi- mately 4:20. By Mr. Wolf : Q. Mrs. Porter, we were discussing the Secret Service agents who were keeping you in protective custody at that time. A. I want to express my thanks to the American Government or whoever appointed them to me; they were very helpful and very wonderful people. Q. The Secret Service people ? A. Yes. Q. Did they stay with you at your request or do you know if some- body suggested that they stay with you ? A. I did not ask for them because I didn't know what the procedure is supposed to be. I think they were appointed by someone. Q. And you had no objections to their staying with you? A. No. Q. And you stated that you met Mr. Martin at this hotel where the Secret Service people took you. A. Yes. Q. And Mr. Martin was an employee at that hotel ? A. Yes; I have been told he was, I did not know for a fact. Q. Did Mr. Martin eventually come to be your business manager or representative in any way ? A. Yes. Q. And in what matters was Mr. Martin going to represent you ? A. In what matters ? Q. Yes. A. Well. I had so many people around with advisers and whatever I forcrot who suggested I was supposed to have a business manager so tie volunteered. Q. Did you know if he had any experience in that field ? A. No : T didn't know about that. O. Did Mr. Martin ever tell you that he knew Jack Ruby ? A. No : not that T remember. Q. Did he ever discuss Jack Ruby with you ? A. Well, I did not speak English then so I don't know. 417 between yourself and Mr. INIar- tin?Q. Who would be your interpreter A. Well, one man from the FBI did speak Russian and was mter- preter during the time the FBI was questioning me and then it was a man from the Secret Service, I think Mr. Gupatza. Q. And he would always be present when you spoke to Mr. Martin ? A. No. Q. You could not speak to Mr. Martin if there was no interpreter. A. Somehow we communicated but how I really don't remember, how two people communicate who speak two different languages. Q. Did you speak English to him ? A. By this time I was forced to pick up a few English words. Q. So you knew some English ? A. I would not call this some English when, to give you an example, like you would say, "Give me an apple," you just maybe pointed to an apple or drew a picture or more or less sign language. Q. Did you speak to him in English at all though that you recall? A. I don't recall. Q. After Mr. Martin you came to be represented by a Mr. McKenzie, is that correct ? A. Yes, Q. How were you introduced to Mr. McKenzie ? A. I do believe that Lee's brother, Robert, heard of Mr. McKenzie, by him and he took through me into his office.I don't know, and was recommended whom Q. I see, Robert. A. Robert Oswald. Q. Robert A. is the one that took you to Mr. McKenzie's office ? I think so. Q. Was this after Mr. Martin no longer represented you ? A. Yes. Q. And in your discussions with Mr. McKenzie did vou ever spenk .English with him or did Robert Oswald do all the discussions with him? A. Well. I sruess I assume it was Robert who did the talking for me to my best interests. O. Did vou ever discuss anything with Mr. McKenzie verv much? A. I don't reallv recall because I think at that time I had a Russian- 6ppakinawrence Meyers. ' O. No. A. Lenny Patrick. A. No. Q. James Henry Dolan. A. No. O. Barney Baker. A. No. O. HarrvHall. A. Hall? Q. Hall,H-a-l-l. 420 A. Mr. name I Imow Hall.]Mrs. Hall, Leta Hall, but I don't know anybody by the Q. Alex Gruber. do A. not Irecall used his to know a man named Alex living in Fort "Worth but I last name. Q. What did he do? A. I don't know what he did. Q. How did you know him ? A. Well, when I was visiting a friend in Fort Worth he was visiting her house and Q. When you were with who in Fort Worth ? A. Leta Hall. I think she goes by Elena. Q. Eleanor. A. The first name is familiar but I don't recall his last name. Q. A Ralph Paul. A. No. Q. A Jack Todd or a James Robert Todd. A. No. Q. A Paul Roland Jones. A. No. Q. A Robert Ray INIcKeown. A. No. Q. An Andrew Armstrong. A. No. Q. George Senator. A. No. Q. Had you ever heard the name Jack Ruby prior to the time that he shot Lee ? A. No. Q. Did Lee frequent any nightclubs or bars in Dallas at any time? A. I don't think so. Lee didn't drink so — well, I just assumed that he never did because when he left the house, for example, if he left the house and said, "I am ffoing to the library." I cannot swear that he did not ever stop at a nightclub but knowing him as far as what kind of entertainment he would like it is just my personal opinion that he would not go and spend his time at a nightclub. Q. Did Lee ever discuss the Dallas Police officers, what his attitude toward the Dallas Police was ? A. No. O. He would discuss with you the FBI, is that correct ? A. Yes. Q. But he never discussed the local Dallas Police ? A. No ; one way or the other. Q. One way or the other ? A. No. Q. Did he have any friends as policemen that vou knew of ? A. No. 0. You have spoken of George de Mohrcnschildt before. A. Yes. O. And you considered him one of your best f i-iends in Dallas. Yes.'he ever discuss with vou work he may have done for either A. Did O. TJ.S. or foreign intelligence services ? • j^li >iXt^i^^J_,V 421 A. Never. Q. AVhat did Mr. de :>rohronschildt do for a living? A. He was a geologist by profession and I think he was working for some kind of an oil company then. Q. Did he ever discuss with Lee going to work for an intelligence service ? A. I would not know that. I never overheard him say that. Q. Did he ever discuss with you intelligence activities in Russia or ask you about them as general convereation ? A. Wlien I knew George I did not know that he was born in Russia or lived there at the time. I thought he was of Russian descent. Q. But he knew you came from Russia. A. Yes. Q. Did he just ever ask any general questions of you about intelli- gence activities inside Russia ? A. No. ., ^ , Q. What did George de Mohrenschildt talk about with Lee when discussing President Kennedy ? Do yon know what his atti- weretoward they tude President Kennedy was ? A. Not really, but it was not hostile. Q. I am sorry. A. It was not hostile. Q. Were you surprised to hear ^Mr. de ]S[ohrenschildt had com- mitted suicide? A. Yes; shocked likely. Well, I did not see George de Alohrenschildt for the past many yeare. himQ. orWhat saw him was ? 'the time before his suicide that you either talked to A. Well, it was manv years -before that and I stumbled over him and Jeanne one day at some kind of— it was a Russian movie showing somewhere and the Russians attended. Q. Was this in Dallas or Fort Worth ? A. No; I am sorry. That Avas not the last time. I do believe it was the Russian Easter 'and Natasha Grizzaffi was giving the party and I saw Jeanne and George then. We didn't speak for a long time hut Mr. de JNIohrenschildt's suicide Q. Have aside from what you heard vou have read in about anything the papers? ^ Q. No. A. Have vou spoken to Jeanne since the suicide ? A. No. It is hard for me to comprehend the character of a very life- loving person to commit suicide and I didn't see the change of his moods or personality, so it was hard to swallow. In my mind he was a ])erson that was not capable of doing that. Q. You have stated Lee's attitude toward the FBI was one of hos- tilityis: that correct ? a'. A^^iich Q. Well, hejobalways blamed was that ? them for losing the job. A. Any job that he lost he thought that was because they were just, like he said, snooping around and maybe the boss did not like the idea that he was m the Soviet T'nion. Q. Would Lee ever provide information to the FBI ? A. Not that I know of. 422 Q. You stated on one occasion you saw Lee discuss with Mr. Hosty outside the house for at least one-half an hour information, have a discussion that lasted at least one-half hour. IMiat could have been discussed for that length of time if Lee was not giving information to Mr. Hosty ? A. Well, I would not know what kind of question he might ask a person who might be under suspicion. Q. But to your knowledge A. He never discussed in detail just exactly what they talked about. Q. To your knowledge Lee never volunteered information to the FBI? A. Not that I know of. Q. When did you first meet Priscilla Johnson MacMillan? A. I think in 1964. Q. And what were the circumstances of that meeting ? A. Well, he had lots of approaches from different writers or publish- ing companies to write the book about and I did not want to or did I have the rights to do anything like that and I was approached by Priscilla MacMillan, and then she was Johnson, or by Harper & Rowe and by telegrams or maybe it was a written request and I refused. Then one day she arrived in Dallas and was on my doorstep. I liked the person very much and never changed my o]:)inion of her since then. Q. How shortly after you refused that offer did she arrive in Dallas ? A. I do not recall how many weeks or months. I did not agree right away. Q. Were you turning down all the offers from all the other publish- ers du ring that time ? A. It is not because of the money matter; it was just that I didn't think — well, it was such a shameful position I was in I didn't feel that I have any riffht to even discuss the things for me. Q. Wliat did you like about Priscilla Johnson that led you to decide to work with her ? A. I like her physical appearance. I like the' way she spoke Russian beautifully. She told me that she was living in Russia for a few years, I assume. She was a very pleasant person and her intelligence I was very much impressed with. Q- Did she ever discuss with you any work she may have done for the CIA? A. No. I would never have believed that she did. Q. She never discussed with you any such work ? A. No. Q. Did she ever discuss the CIA with you ? A. No. We discussed so many things during the book. O. Did she ever ask you whothor or not I^e bad worked for the CIA ? A. She might have asked during the, interviews. She asked so many questions that she has to know the answer to. Q. How soon after you met Mrs. Johnson, Mrs. MacMillan now, did you decide to allow her and Harper & Rowe to be the publisher ? A. Well. I do not remember how many days or 1 week formality would take but I think she would have been more than qualified to do a good job. Q. You were with Mrs. MacMillan in 1964 when you discovered some bus tickets that Lee had allegedly used to go back and forth to IMexico. 423 A. I do not remember that at all. Q. You do not remember that ? A. No. It is not that I don't want to discuss it but it would be more confusing for you and for me and for everybody if I start to speculate because I don't recall how I found the tickets, period. You have know that those have been found; you just don't remember howQ. they been found ? A. If :Mrs. JklaclNIillan stated under oath that I am the one that showed her the tickets, that is enough for me. I take her word for it, but to remember that I have no recollection. Q. You are aware that those have been found ? A. I forgot about them until you mentioned them right now. Q. AVlien was the last time you talked to Mrs. MacMillan? A. Last night. Q. Last night ? A. Yes. Q. Is she a close friend of yours ? A. Yes. Q. Concerning again the trip to INIexico, is it possible that Lee went with somebody else to Mexico and back ? A. I don't see why not. Q. Did Lee ever discuss going to Mexico with anybody ? A. No. Q. Did he ever discuss a minister or a preacher ? A. No. Q. Do you think Lee would have ever worked for a U.S. intelligence agency ? A. Well, knowing Lee as little as I know of him and the unpredict- able steps that he would take in his life, I cannot say anything that he might do, but as a person that I knew and then when I was working with Priscilla there was so little I knew of him, I think as secretive as he was I would be surprised if he would take orders or be confining somebody, I doubt it. I don't know. Q. Concerning the leaflets he distributed in New Orleans, who paid for those leaflets to be made ? A. I would not know. I have no idea. I thought that somebody just gave them to him to distribute around. Q, Didheaskyoutoputyournameonany of the leaflets? it was he A. Well, think thoseasked me to put my name on something but I didn't leaflets. Q. Did you read those pamphlets when you first found them? A. I don't remember. Q. Do you remember if Lee used his own name on those pamphlets ? A. I do not recall if the pamphlets had been signed or just distrib- uted around. Q. "Wliat name did they have on the pamphlets? Did Lee have his name on the pamphlets? A. I do not recall that the pamphlets have any name on them. I re- member that Lee used to sign his name diff'erent than his real name on some things but which things they were I do not recall right now. Q. In your conversation with Mrs. INIacMillan last night did you discuss the bus tickets at all ? 424 ii A. No. I forgot about them until you mentioned them a few minutes ago were found at this time ? No. you don't remember whether they Q. And A. Q. Or who found them ? A. Me and Mrs. MacMillan did not discuss about what questions the committee might ask, what to say, what not to say. The conversation was very personal. Q. We are talking about the bus tickets. Do you remember wheire they were found or who found them or anything concerning their dis- covery ? A. No. Mr. Wolf. Mrs. Porter, Gary Com well is now going to ask you a few followup questions. By Mr. Cornwell : Q, In your conversations last night with Priscilla, did you discuss anvtliing about the committee's work ? A. Well, just told her that I am very scared. She said how did I like lawver my Mr. Hamilton. I amvery and I said sure She not well. said,this I want in the you "Would describe him?" record. The Witness. Well, she just tried to cheer me up, you know. By Mr. Cornwell : Q. Did you discuss anything about other witnesses who may have appeared before the committee? A. No. Q. Nothing about the subject matter of our inquiry ? A. Priscilla never told me what she was asked here and T do not want to Ivnow. I do not jeopardize her reputation by even asking questions even though how curious T would be. 0. You did find out tliat she had been asked questions ? A. I knew she testified, she had been called before the committee, yes. O. Nothing about what she had been asked or what she said? A. No. Q. As I understood your testimony a moment ago, you first met Priscilla. back around 1964. A. I think so. O. And it was roup-hly in that time period that you also agreed A. 1064 and 1065. 1 don't remember exactly what month we met but we worked for many months together and we have been in contact ever sinr-e, Q. That is also rou.crhly the time period in which vou agreed that you and she would work together on a book :_ is that^.' correct? A . Excuse me. T did not imderstand your question. O. Is that also the time period A. Are vou talkinjr about 13 years or a few months? O. No; I am talking about in 1964. A. Yes. Q. That is wh^n you agreed that you and she would work together on a book? A. That is correct. 425 any formal agreement'^ A. Yes; there Q. Was there was. Q. Or contract? A. There was a contract between Harper & Rowe and me and Priscilla. Q. The financial terms, in other words, whatever they were, were they all ironed out at that time period? A. Yes. Q. I am not interested in how much money you may have made from the book but I would like to know what, if any, control you had over the final form that the book might take as to the accuracy of it? A. cial "Well, matters?I confided in Priscilla — are you talking about the finan- Q. No,over control ma'am, that? just the accuracy of the book. Did you have any A, Well, I trust Priscilla well enough or I would not start the job. The book was not designed to make something entertainment or just to make money. It was a therapeutic thing for me as well as I tried to explain to me or to people somehow — not just me : I just contribute very little to the book. It was up to Priscilla to fish out all the facts and everything and put them together some way. Q. So the agreement A. I gave her the right to use her own judgment because it was her book. Q. Tliat was basically the question. A. OK. Mr. Hamilton. Could I ask a followup question ? Mr. CoRNWELL. Yes. Mr. Hamilton. Did you read the manuscript before it was published ? The WrrNESS. I had offered to read the manuscript. Mr. Hamilton. But you did not read it beforehand? The Witness. No. By ]Mr. Cornwell: Q. And following that then, after you saw the book in its final form, did vou read it in its entirety? A. Yes; 'I did. Q. Witli respect to the matters in the book that you have per- sonal knowledge about, and I take it there are some things in there you simply have no personal knowledge about, but with respect to the things that you do, did you find inaccuracies in the book or things that did not comport with your memory? A. Well, as far as the facts that came from me or Q. A. Yes, That ma'am. is true but some conclusion that she has to come to on her own, maybe even analyzing my character, that was up to her to decide but the facts were not twisted. Q. OK. So the facts then that you have knowledge of as portrayed in the book are accurate to the best of your memory ? A. Only the facts that concern my and Lee's life. I am not responsible for other characters, I don't know how true that is. r 426 Q,. I understcand. At least the facts that concern you and Lee and that you had personal knowledge of after reading the book seemed accurate? A. Yes. Q. And it would only be the conclusions or the inferences drawn from is thatthat correct? that might "be Priscilla's and might differ from yours, A. Yes; that is true. Q. Then with respect to those conclusions and inferences, what about the book might you disagree with? A. Well Q. Let me explain the reason why I ask the question. A. It was long ago since I read the book and I am not going to read it again. Q. The committee has a number of objectives, everything from evaluating the performance of our own intelligence agencies to trying to understand for sure what happened in Dealey Plaza on November 22 and of course trying to understand Lee and his per- sonality and his thought processes to the extent we can because the American public has a great interest in that. The last thing is really what I was wanting to know. ^Y\mt about Lee and his personality or his possible motivations, things that you might peculiarly have an ability to render an opinion on? Would you differ from that book on that? A. Well, since the person is dead and I was not a mature person or a qualified psychiatrist to analyze his motives for doing so and so, it was a tedious job for the Warren Coimnission. All the report- ers and lots of curious people working on it, you are doing a very hard job trying to put puzzles together. Priscilla did her best and an honest job of trying to put things in some kind of perspective that a normal person could understand and I guess anybody can do just that. Q. Sure. The point is not whether— we are not trying to hnd fault with the book, all we are trying to do A. T am not defending the book. Q. If you have a different view on those subjects because you were one of the closest people to I^e, that is what we would like to know. A. Well, I would buy Priscilla's conclusions. From my own personal experience I did not come up with anything different. Priscilla did not have the attitude to condemn or pronounce guilty from the first page, she was just working through the dark as well as I was and everybody else, so i would still, in my mind agxee with that conclusion more than tlie conspiracy theory because I do not Imow anything about the other matters. I do not Imow anything about ballistics, you know, to dis- prove that I^e didn't do it. I would like tb.at very much but I know so little. Do you understand me? Q,. Yes. A. Make a perfect picture. Q. I think so. As I understand what you are stating it is that the conclusions that were drawn in the book, even though Priscilla drew tliem on her own, you agree with them. A. Well, she didn't just dream them up. 427 Q. I understand, but it was her riglit to draw the conclusions. A. Yes. Q. And she of course wrote the book. A. I did not give her the right but I respect her for doing a good job, too, and she was very honest. Some things were not very meaningf uL Q. Your opinions on the subjects are the same as hers? A. Yes. Q. As set forth in the book? A. No; not my opinions because she made some opinions from a psychology point of view. I don't know enough about that to make an opinion. Q. Is there any aspect of the book which you have a different opinion on? A. Like, for example, Priscilla was in a position to analyze. Maybe somebody will criticize her for being an immature psychiatrist but she tried to draw some kind of picture to compare me being without par- ents and him being without a father that might motivate us to be mar- ried to each other, but those traits of character it is not up to me to say she is right or wrong. I cannot assimie that is correct. Q, The reason I am asking the question again is we are trying to get an insight. A. The facts were not twisted to meet somebody's theory. Q. There are various ways to get an opinion about what Lee was all about and what happened, and one of them is the way Priscilla went about it which was to gather facts from a number of different areas and try to draw inferences from them. What I want to Imow is from your perspective do you agree or disagree with her ? A. Yes; I agree with her because she didn't just take my word for it or my opinion on the matter, she compared them with somebody's statements which were completely miknown to me and somehow the puzzle fit. Q. You were asked this question a moment ago but let me ask you to focus on it one more time. Lee's mother expressed the opinion that Lee may have had intelligence ties, LT.S. intelligence ties, of some sort. Can you recall any specific conversations with Lee which shed light on the possilDility one way or the other that he may have had such ties ? A. I do not know any of those facts at all. Q. Did he ever express either sympathy for or antipathy to any U.S. intelligence agency apart from the FBI that you have already described ? A. Well, Mrs. Marguerita Oswald is entitled to her opinion as I am entitled to mine and I would love for Lee to be innocent more than anybody else, do you understand, but I do not loiow enough to make the opioosite statement from what I am giving here right now. Q. T)id he ever express to you any desire to work for any Government a gene V ? A. No. Q. Incidentally, why did the book take so long to get into print from 1964 or 1965? A. Well, it is not an easy book to write about, especially when you try to be so accurate and not just to bluff around because it was lots of research. 428 Q. There was no factor that caused that delay other than the process of trying to assimihite the facts i A. I hate to repeat myself but it is a hard message to deliver. Q. Is that the only reason ? A. Yes; you don't try just because you have to write so many pages a day, you have to work hard. Priscilla had personal tragedies in her life which put her in the mood to write. It was just a long process of working at it. Q. Is that fact that A. Excuse me for the interruption but when ^Nlrs. j\rac]Millan ap- proached me she was not concerned about money, or I don't knoAV but she told me she just wants to do a very honest job to try to explain the thinirs why Lee did it for the American people. Do you understand? While I did not phrase myself very clearly, she thought, well, I was refusing to do the book but she said at least that much I owe to people to show a little bit of the inside of the person that is already there. Just as if I owe this much to history, I guess. Q. Is it anvthincr more than a mere coincidence that the book has come out during the time period that our conmiittee has been working on it? A. Well, it is just coincidence. Q. Did you and Mrs. A. I think it is completely absurd how people can put two and two together. O. Did vou and Priscilla ever discuss the timing of the publication of the book? A. Well, I hope this thing — she said. ''Well, I still have some more work to do." and then she said finally "either do it or — ." She did have a deadline but somehow T did not want — you don't push artists to go and paint a picture in a hurry. I was in a position to push her but T didn't want to because I wanted a qualitative job. Q. At the time that the book was finally sent to press did you and she discuss the fact that this would be a good time to publish it ? A. No. O. Any discussion alonir those lines? A. No: exactly the opposite. It was a bad time to publish 7 j'ears later and she was verv apologetic about it took her so long. Q. You told us earlier a few moments ago that you presently have no memory of finding the mntorials. I believe it was in September 1004, which vou cleared, among other things, the tickets to Mexico Citv. A. Yes. Q. When did it first come to vour attention that Priscilla said she was there Avhen the tickets were found ? A. ^^Iien this come to my attention ? O. Yes; when did that subject matter first come to your attention? A. The onlv time I think about it is when you were asking or some- body askod this question. I didn't understand your question, I guess. O. T l^plieve there was a reference to it in her book. .V . l^h^re could be but I did not come here prepared to deal with that boplc pnd see Avhat I am going to tell you. O. Is that the first occasion perhaps on which you had focused on the fact that she said she was there when you saw it in the book? 429 A. If Priscilla said that — I mean I do not recall right now but she kept the records, whatever I told her before in onr interviews and work and thinos like that, so I am snre she has approval of it. The thing is why her. Who should would she put something- in a book that I would not tell tell her? Q. The question was when did it first come to your attention? When did you first note that she apparently was there ? A. I still don't understand. Who Avas there, Priscilla? Q. Yes. \. Where was she ? Q. When the materials were found. A. Well, right now I don't recall by whom and how they were found and I never thouglit about the tickets until just a few minutes ago you asked me this question, so I cannot recall the time I found the tickets right now at the present moment. Q. Did you see it in her book ? A. I read the whole book but I do not remember the details right now. Q. Did you discuss it with her upon seeing it in the book ? A. Xo ; you mean yesterday or Q. At any time after you saw it in the book. A. We discussed many episodes from the book, you know, but I cannot recall which ones. Q. So you don't recall ever discussing that part of the book with her on any occasion ? A. I would not swear to it that we did not discuss it. This would be one of the parts of the book that we did but I cannot remember right now. Q. You told us earlier that on occasion when Lee would do some- thing which caused an expenditure of family funds there would be an argument over that. A. Yes. Q. I believe at least at one point you described that sort of situation in connection with his purchase of the guns. A. Yes. Q. I understand that the family budget was sort of marginal throughout at least 1963 at the time period we have asked you most of the questions about. A. Yes. Q. Do you recall any discussion along those lines about the impact on the family Inidget in connection with his distribution of the pam- phlets inNew Orleans ? A. You asked me a few minutes ago who paid for those pamphlets. It never occurred to me that they had been bought by Lee. Q. That is the reason I asked the question. A. I would not know that. I never questioned that because I assume somebody just gave him that to distribute. Q. The thought was maybe I could jog your memory and there had been some discussion that now you spent your money on another foolish thing and he gave you a reply perhaps about who did pay for the pamphlets. A. No. 43-792 — 79 28 , 430 Q. Did he ever offer an explanation to you that someone else had bought any of the firearms, it is not going to hurt the budget because somebody else bought them ? A. I just freshly came from Eussia and a lot of things over there because we don't pay for indirectly. I really never questioned thateffect? Q. At least he never made a statement to you to that A. No ; or I never asked him about it. Q. The committee has received some evidence that prior to going to Russia, Lee had spent some time trying to learn the Russian language, and that maybe he was not proficient at it, but at least at the point in time at which he arrived there he had some acquaintance with it, enough to get along. Was that a trait of his which you observed on other occasions that when he got ready to do something he felt was important he spent a period of time preparing for it ? A. I would say yes. Q. Do you recall him specifically making any special preparations for the INIexico trip ? A . I don't recall them right now. Going back to say that Lee was always preparing for something, he not always prepared himself, but he was quite calculating in that respect, and sometimes quite clever. He would masquerade somehow, or apparently did not know that much of what was going on inside of his head, Q. Do you remember him doing anything specific to prepare for the ISIexico trip ? A. No; I don't. Q. As one example, do you recall him specifically acquiring any books on Spanish o-ot to Mexico ? in order 'to be prepared to speak Spanish when he A. I would not have remembered that but it would have been pos- sible. We have to speak. Maybe he would have bought a dictionary but I don't recall right That Mr. Cornwall. would not surprise me. now. isItall. By Mr. McDonald : Q. In 1962, in December, you are living in Dallas, Tex. Christmas, whether Lee took any trips away from Dallas? A. OK. Q. Do you recall durinir that time period in December, before I don't he left.December. In December. Christmas. No, I don't. A. Well, think Q. Do you recall whether he was away from home for any period of time overnight ? A. No. Q. Where were you living at that time ? A. I assume in Oak Cliff. Q. Specificallv do you know whether Lee ever traveled to Florida ? A. Not that I know of, no. TIow would lie travel to Florida ? By bus, I guess. No. Q. Do you recall him ever saving he had been to Florida ? A. No. 431 er he discussed his Q. Do you recall during this period of time wlieth were interested in Cuba. "^ a! No"that was not the period that mweCuba Q. When did he become interested ? A. I think in New Orleans. ,^i,„fl.ov 1962, whethei O Do vou know durino- this period, we will say late at that he—well ," your testimony was that he had no interest m Cuba point. 6' Can you recall at all whether he traveled to Florida? A If my memoiT serves me right, I never heard him mention Florida or know anything about him going to Florida. Q Did he ever talk about anti-Castro military operations ^ a". Not during this period. If you are interested m this period ot time, no, but the New Orleans period it could be. arrested Q. Do you recall Lee ever telling you that he had been during that period of time ? A. During December ? Q. Yes. A. No. , ,, T , • is your best recollectio n that you can't recall him being away forQ.anItextended period of time ? A. No. Q. Would you remember that if he had been? A. Well, let's figure out. How long does it take to get from Dallas to Florida, I assume by the bus ? Q. By bus at least probably 2 days. A. One way ? Q. Yes. A. And 2 days back. That is 4 days. I don't remember Lee being gone for 4 days or 2 days or 1 day. Mr. McDonald. All right. Thank you. I have no further questions. By IVIr. Wolf : Q. j\Irs. Porter, do you have any notes, letters, that you have kept that you still have from Lee ? You said you have not kept a diary. A. I never kept a diary. Q. Do you have any other notes or letters or any other types of materials that would be- A. Let's make this clear. You said I kept a diary. Q. No ; I said you never kept a diary. A. No. Q. Do you have any other notes or material ? A. No; everything was confiscated. By any miracle if somethin, was left, I don't know about that. Q. Mrs. Porter, would you be willing to make your tax returns, yours and Lee's tax returns for the years 1962 and 1963 available to the committee? A. Would I be able to? Q. Would you be willing to do that ? A. I can't, I was unemployed. How can I? I didn't work. Q. But Lee at that time was employed. A. Yes. 432 Q, And I assume he did file tax returns that the Warren Commis- sion obtained. Would you be willing to make those tax returns avail- able to the committee ? A. I don't think I have them. Mr. Hamiltox. I think before she answers that I would like to confer with her on that. Mr. Wolf. Surely. Why don't I ask one other question first and then you can confer on a different subject. By Mr. Wolf : Q. This is a very general question. Has any information been re- leased since 1964, for example, in the Warren Commission which op- erated that has changed your mind or your attitude about whether or not Lee may have been involved in a conspiracy and, for example, 2 or 3 years ago when the Senate released information that our Gov- ernment had been trying to assassinate Fidel Castro? A lot of people thought that kind of information was very significant. Has any infor- mation come out since 1964 that has changed your opinion whether or not he was involved in that conspiracy ? A. Well. I do not read that much about the assassination but I am curious like everybody else and I would like to find something that proved that Lee was innocent for my personal reasons. So I do read some things but they don't lead to anything, sometimes thev even sound absurd to me. You know, there are just so many theories that simply Q. Is it still your personal opinion that he did not have associates or was not involved in a conspiracy ? A. That was my opinion. Mr. Wolf. Thank you. Why don't we go off the record for a few minutes. Mr. Hamilton. I want to answer the question about the tax returns on the record. Mr. Wolf. Yes ; you may confer. [Whereupon, at 5 :10 p.m., a recess was taken until 5 :35 p.m.] Mr. Wolf. We can go back on the record now and it is approxi- mately 5:85. I believe Mr. Hamilton would like to respond to a question we pre- viously asked Mrs. Porter. Mr." Ha iNriLTOx. I will lot IVIrs. Porter n-spond. ^^Hiy don't you re- peat the question you had about the income tax return ? Mr. Wolf. Sure. By Mr. Wolf : Q. ]\rrs. Porter, would you be willing to sign a release to give the committee access to Lee's tax returns for the years 1962 and 1963? A. That is a better question. Yes: I have no objection whatsoever. The way meyouto phrased wanted do. your question first, I didn't understand Avhat you Mr. WoiJ^. Thank you, INIrs. T'orter. ISIrs. Porter, at this time we liave concluded those questions we have to ask you at the current time. We realize obviou-Oy after taking time to eyamine all your prior statements that you previously gave, that first of all you have testified to many bodies— the Warren Commission, the 433 Garrison trial — and have given interviews to many organizations — tlie FBI, the Secret Service and other people. As I am sure you are aware, various people have analyzed some of your statements and there are inconsistencies in some of the statements over time, and they are inconsistent, for exami)lo, on when you first saw the gun, or did he use aliases, or when you first know of Lee's trip to Mexico, and did Lee practice been shooting" publicly with the rifle as well as many other subjects that have documented. I would ask you at the current time if you would like to make any general statement that you wish about these inconsistencies as either, by way of explanation or any other type of statement you would like to make concerning tliose subjects or any other subjects? At a future point in time it probably will be necessary to examine vou in detail on each of these prior statements. The Witness. Well, the testimony I was giving to different people, organizations, Avas given at different times so as my memory may have collapsed at one time or maybe something came back, maybe the testi- mony will vary. At the beginning, if it is possible to understand for people, I am jiist a human being and I did try to protect Lee— that was mv natural instinct that I followed. Some things I did not want to talk about because I tried to ]irotect Lee. So they can hold this against me, there is nothing I can do about it. I had to protect'myself. too. I didn't have any home to turn back to. I was not eligible or'qualified to live right here so I really was trying to save my skin, to put it bluntly, but it was not for the reasons that I was protecting somebody, that t was part of any crime, that is not so. That was just a verv human mistake that you make but it was not— maybe legally you call this ]:)orjury. 1 don't know. But it was not be- cause Iwas afraid that I might betray some secrets that I knew in order to be punished for. I don't knoAv hoAv to put this generally but I swear that I never worked for any government of any country. I was not aware of the crime that he was planning and I a'm sorry that all this happened like the rest of us suffer. So I don't think I can add any more. Mr. Wolf. All right. ]\rrs. Porter, that concludes the questions we will have to ask you today. It will be our res])onsibility to go l)ack to our committee mem- bers "and Congressmen avIio are not here today and discuss with them whether or not they would like to pursue questioning you at a future date. The Witness. You moan tomorrow ? Mr. Wolf. No : it will not bo tomorrow. The AViTNESS. I would like to make a request that I would prefer not to testify publicly. Mr. Wolf. We will inform the committee of that request. The Witness. I still fool leery about the reporters, the crowd that is present. I cannot reallv concentrate on my answers that well. unique Mr. Wolf. We understand that, Mrs. Porter. You are m the position, of currently course, of having known Leo better than anybody else alive. The Witness. Well, if you have to repeat the same questions, may lie somebody that. else can make a statement about my answers. I would prefer 434 :Mr. Wolf. Sure. The Witness. Unless you have new questions to ask. Mr. Wolf. We will inform our Congressmen of your position and I would thmk be able to tell you in the very near future, probably within 2 weeks, what the results of that committee decision will be. If you don't testify publicly, it may be that one of the attorneys again on "the staff would either come to Dallas or you could come back here to have a session like this and it would be a much briefer session than today's was. The WrrNESS. Well, maybe legally you do have a right not to trust me. After all, I came from a Communist country. You don't know me from Adam. My testimony does not seem to be very consistent. Is that the words ? Mr. Wolf. Yes. . . The Witness. Of course you have a right to doubt me but it is a very uncomfortable ]-)Osition to be in that somebody would try to trust you and try to pin the tail on the donkey — please scratch that. Mr. Wolf. We understand, Mrs. Porter. Your testimony though today was to the best of your ability to testify to these events as of today. Tlie Witness. Yes : and every time T testify I try my best to help any committee that tries to get this matter cleared up. Mr. Wolf. Thank you. Mrs. Porter. Thank you, Mr. Hamilton. Mr. Hamilton. I would like to thank you on the record for your courtesies to Mrs. Porter and to me. The Witness. Thank you for your kindness to me, and I hope nobody holds this against you. Mr. Wolf. You are quite welcome. Thank you. Mr. CoRNWELL. Thank you very much for taking your time to come here and answer our questions. The Witness. I wish it was a more pleasurable circumstance to be on the record. Mr. Wolf. I would like to thank Mr. Hamilton Avho has done this voluntarily through the District of Columbia Bar Association. [^^^lereupon, at 5 :40 p.m., the deposition was concluded.] I THE DEFECTOR STUDY Staff Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations U.S. House of Representatives Ninety-fifth Congress Second Session March 1979 (435) CONTENTS Paragraph I. Foreword 1-13 II. Morris and Mollie Block 14-:'4 III. Harold Citrynell 25-2!J IV. Bruce Frederick Davis :->0-:!4 V. Shirley Dubinskv 35-;i8 VI. Joseph Dutkanicz 89-49 VII. Martin Greendlinger 50-55 VIII. Nicholas Petrulli 56-04 IX. Lihero Ricciardelli 65-76 X. Vladimir Slohoda 77-85 XI. Robert Webster 86-10:? XII. Lee Harvev Oswald 104-149 XIII. Soviet citizenship l.}0-ir)S XIV. Propaganda use and financial arrangements l.)9-l():'> XV. Residence, employment and financial arrangements 164-16,s XVI. Soviet relationships and exit visas 169-174 XVII. Addendum: KGB American contact Debriefing Practices "^^'"'"f^^a 189-199 (436) I. Foreword A. BACKGROUND (1) From a comparative analysis of 11 defectors wlio were similar to Lee Harvey Oswald, the committee sought to determme what, if anything, was unusual about Oswald's defection. (2) To determine which individuals the committee would study, a letter was sent to the CIA requesting the names of persons who defected to the Soviet Union between 1958 and 1964. In response, the CIA provided a list of the names and valuations of the names of 380 Americans who were in the IT.S.S.R. during that time period. (3) The CIA 880 was subsequently requested to provide more infor- mation on the defectors to enable the, conmiittee to select, for a detailed analvsis, those most similar to Oswald. The CIA provided a computer listing of the name, 201 file number.* date and place of bii-th, and a compilation of information derived from the 201 file, as well as citations for various other Government agency reports. (4) From this second list of defectors, the committee eliminated those that appeared to have (a) been born outside the Ignited States; ; (b) gone to the IT.S.S.R. sometime other than the 1958-62 time period and Vc) remained outside the United States until 196-1. The committee decided to examine the files on the remaining 23 individuals, listed below : Name Date of birth Place of birth Amron, Irving United States. Block, Mollie - Nov. 6, 1912 New York, N.Y. Block, Morris IVIar. 30, 1920 Do. Cilrynell, Harold Mar. 10, 1923 Do. Davis, Bruce Frederick May 4, 1936 Rome, N.Y. Dubinsky, Shirley Mar. 11, 1925 New York, N.Y. Frank, Richard Cyril Aug. 22, 1922 Rochester, N.Y. Frank, Susan Heligman Nov. 18, 1913 New York, N.Y. Gold, Robert - Mar. 14, 1928 Massachusetts. Greendlinger, Martin Mar. 25, 1932 New York, N.Y. Halperin, Maurice H Mar. 3, 1906 Boston, Mass. Jones, Louis Henry Mar. 17, 1934 Arlington Heights, Ohio. Lawson, John Howard Sect. 25, 1894 New York, N.Y. Martin, William H May 27, 1931 Columbus, Ga. Martinkus, Anthony V June 15, 1911 Chicago, III. Meyer, Karl Henry June 30, 1937 Mountain, Wis. Mitchell, Bernon F Mar. 11, 1931 San Francisco, Calif. Parker, James Dudley Feb. 21, 1926 Oakland, Calif. Petrulli, Nicholas Feb. 13, 1921 Brooklyn. N.Y. Pittman, John Orion Sept. 17, 1906 Atlanta, Ga. Ricciardelli, Libero . June 18, 1917 Needham, Mass. Webster, Robert Edward Oct. 23, 1928 Tiffin, Ohio. Winston, Henry Apr. 2, 1911 Hattiesburg, Miss. (5) The committee then examined the October 25, 1960, request from the State Department to the CIA for information on 13 individ- uals thev considered defectors. That list included the following: *A 201 file contains general information concerning a person, as opposed to other files that may concern projects and so forth. (437) 438 (a) Lee Harvey Oswald. (b) Seven individuals %yhose files the committee had decided to examine under the previous criteria : Block, Mollie ; Block, Morris ; Davis, Bruce Frederick: F. ; Ricciardelli, Martin, Robert Libero ; Webster, "William H.; Mitchell, Bernon Edward. (c) Two individuals whose names appeared on the computer listino; but had been excluded because they were not born within the United States: Dutkanicz, Joseph — Date of birth: June 9, 1926, place of birth: Corlice, Poland: Sloboda, Vladimir — Date of birth : January Y, 1927, place of birth : Redkomien, U.S.S.R. (cl) Three individuals who had not previously been known to the committee as defectors : DuBois, David — Date of birth : March 9, 1925; David Graham McConns — place of birth: Seattle, Wash.; Jones, Serjeant (FNU) ; Fletcher, Sgt. Ernie. (6) The CIA response to this State Department request is dated November 21, 1960. It included available information on the above defectors and stated : In addition to those appearing on your list, there is in- cluded information on Virginia Frank Coe and ]Maurice Hyman Halperin. While these individuals have not re- nounced their American citizenship or declared themselves in any way, both are employed by the bloc countries in which they now reside. (7) The committee had selected Halperin from the computer listing as a defector who fit the previously stated criteria, but had no knowl- edge of Coe. (8) In a February 27, 1978, letter from the committee to the CIA, access to all existing 201 files were requested for the following 29 individuals : (a) The 23 individuals from the computer listing; (b) Dutkanicz, Sloboda, DuBois, Jones, and Fletcher (because their and names appeared on the defector list with Oswald's name) ; (c) Coe (because the CIA added his name as a possible defector) . (9) Five of the individuals were immediately dropped from this defector analysis. The CIA could not identify Sergeant Jones with- out additional identifying data, none of which could be found. DuBois and Coe were eliminated because they defected to Com- munist China Union. to the Soviet and did The not information offer any insight into Oswald's on Martin defection and Mitchell was considered too sensitive in nature by the CIA to be provided to the committee. (10) The committee also requested the FBI, the Department of Defense and the State Department to provide selected information on the 24-name defector sample. (11) From the available information, the committee performed an analysis of treatment provided by the Soviets to individuals during the approximate period Oswald was there. The committee used the following criteria for its detailed examination: Background Date of defection 439 Defected with wliom Eejection of American citizenship Length of time for Soviets to grant residence Type of residence permit granted Circumstances after defection and prior to resettlement Propaganda statements made to Soviet press Relationships with Soviet citizens Place of residence in Soviet Union ]Military training prior to defection Employment in Soviet Union Income provided Financial aid provided Contact with Soviet officials, especially KGB personnel Known surveillance Time period for Soviets to grant exit visa Time period for United States to grant entrance visa Time period for spouse or children to obtain exit visa Time period for spouse or children to obtain entrance visa (12) During this analj^sis, 13 individuals were eliminated for the following reasons: (a) Lack of substantive information: Fletcher, Ernie; Gold, Eobert : Jones, Louis ; Lawson, John ; Meyer, Karl ; Parker, James. (b) Conmiunist Party members who made frequent trips to the Soviet Union, were on official party business in the Soviet Union, or had resided outside the United States for an extended period before entering the Soviet Union, making a comparison to Oswald's situa- tion difficult: Frank, Richard; Frank, Susan; Halperin, Maurice; Pittman, John ; Winston, Henry. (c) Residents in the Soviet Union for over 20 years, making a comparison to Oswald's situation difficult: Amron, Irving; ]Martinkus, Anthony. (13) The defector sample eventually compared to Lee Harvey Oswald was reduced to 11 individuals, 2 of whom were married: Block, Mollie; Block, Morris; Citrynell, Harold; Davis, Bruce; Dubinsky, Shirley: Dutkanicz, Joseph; Greendlinger, Martin; Petrulli,' Nicholas; Ricciardelli, Libero; Sloboda, Vladimir; Webster, Robert. II. Morris and Mollie Block (14) T^Iorris Block attended the Sixth World Youth Festival in the Soviet Union during 1957. {1) Immediately after the confer- ence he traveled to Communist China, prompting the State Depart- ment to impound his passport for misuse. (^) In 1958, he made an unsuccessful attempt to reach the Soviet Union with a falsified passport. {3) (15) Then, in July 1959, Morris Block arrived in Gydnia, Poland with his wife and child. {If.) After being kept in seclusion for 1 month, they were transferred to Moscow where they were met by a "Soviet representative." {5) The Blocks were taken to the Lenin- gradskaya Hotel and provided excellent accommodations while they applied 'forsentativestravel visasantoagreement had reached China. {6) withAlthough the to the Blocks Soviet repre- participate in a press conference, it did not take place. (7) 440 (IG) In Septomber 1959, the Soviets siifrgested the Blocks accept Soviet asyhiin, and later issued them Soviet internal passports for foreifrners. (8) The Soviet authorities immediately settled the Blocks in a two-room, 19 ruble-a-month apartment in Odessa, and provided them 1.000 rubles to buy furniture. (.9) ;Morris Block obtained a job as a mechanic in a Soviet shipyard while Mollie B>lock taught in the Polytechnic Institute. (10) Their combined income was 106 rubles per month. (11) (17) A Il-cranian newspaper published a letter by Block in December 1959, statincf his intent to live in the Soviet Union. (12) He severely c!iticized life in the United States and detailed a long history of unemployment and alleged ''persecution'' by the FBI after his return fi'om China. (J3) Again he denounced the United States in an interview with his local newspaper in 19fi0. (74) (18) Because Morris Block had difficulty with the Russian language, he was assigned a young girl to teach him. (15) An affair resulted and ]Mollie Block arrived in iNIoscow with her daughter in February 1900. (10) The same Soviet official met Mrs. Block, this time taking her to the Hotel ;Metropole. (17) Until June she remained there, with the Soviet Red Cross paying expenses. (18) When her daughter was hospitalized due to a nervous disorder. ]\[ollie Block moved into a one-room apartment and began work as a typist-translator for the Soviet Publishing Office in ]\Ioscow. (10) (19) In Augnist Morris Block arrived in Moscow and requested to remain there with his family. (20) Because the Soviets insisted. 2 months later Mollie and Morris Block returned to their previous jolis in Odessa. (21) Their daughter did not join them until May 19G1. (m) (20) After numerous visits to the Soviet authonties, the BIocks received permission to visit the American Embassy in INIoscow, (2-i) ]Mollie Block requested the Embassy provide passports for herself, her husband, and an immigration visa for their daughter. (^4) She also requested financial aid to repatriate. (25) The U.S. authorities were willing to aid the Blocks since their passports had expired, but the Soviet authorities refused to grant exit visas and forced a re- turn to Odessa. (26) The Blocks Avere subsequently approached on three occasions to renounce their U.S. citizenship and become Soviet citizens. (27) Thev refused to do so. (28) (21) The State Department asked the American Embassy on Jan- uary 30. 19G3, to issue :Mollie Block a i^assport for return to the United States only, her daughter an alien entry visa and Morris Block an emergencv certificate of identity and registration for re- turn to the Ignited States only. (29) They did so.(30) (22) Then in late Februarv 19Go. the Blocks lost their Soviet docu- mentation. (31) In :May the "Soviet Government stated they would not reissue temporary documents and the Blocks would have to accept permanent reo-istration instead. (32) Ai)])lications for exit visas were filed during the summer months of 190:3, refused, and filed again in April 19G4. (33) (23) Morris Block became annoyed at the Soviets' broadcasting propaL'-anda through the loudspeaker at his place of employment in early 1964. (J-O He disconnected it and was severely punished by 441 several yoiino- Soviet workers. (^5) The Soviets would not grant per- mission for the Blocks to visit the Embassy in Moscow or grant exit visas so they could leave the Soviet Union. {36) (-24:) Moliie Block provided an account of their difficulties to a cor- respondent for the New York Times that was visiting Odessa. (^7) When the article concerning Soviet treatment of the Blocks was pub- lished, the Soviets began harassing the Blocks. (.^5) The U.S. consular officials discussed the' were Block case with Minister of Foreign Affairs, and then the Blocks expelled from the U.S.S.R.(^5) Morris Block was charged with acts of hooliganism and Moliie Block was charged with handing out anti-Soviet propaganda to foreign students at the- Polytechnic Institute. (.^f^) They departed from the U.S.S.E. to the United States on July 11, 1964. {41) III. Harold Citrynell (25) Harold Citrvnell entered the Soviet Union with his wife and child on February 27, l^~yS.{4'£) He crossed residence the Czechoslovakian bor- der as a tourist, intending to establish and becouie a citizen. (^5) (26) After several days in Moscow, Citrynell applied to the Office of Visas and Registration for permanent residence and Soviet citizen- ship. (^4) He wrote a statement containing 13 reasons prompting his request for Soviet citizenship, one which may have been his inability to obtain employment in his desired field. (4-5) Within a few days Citrynell was notified that he had been accepted and that the Red Cross would take care of him and his family. (4^) (27) Citnaiell was provided a one-bedroom apartment in Kharkov and a job in a mine surveying instrument factory with an "above while living in Khar- iob.-'(47) He stated that had theneighbors averagekov, he felt thatforhis salary and coworkers participated in a l^lanned eft'ort to make him dislike the Soviet Union. (4<§)return to the (28) In the autumn of 1958, Citrynell decided to United States. (4^) He requested an exit visa and began writing gov- ernment offices and influential people. (-5^) He stated that after Octo- ber 1958 his detention was involuntary. {51) (29) Before CitrynelFs departure on June 29, 1959, the Red Cross requested he sign a statement agreeing never to say anything deroga- tory about the Soviet Union or any individual in it. {52) IV. Bruce Frederick Davis (.30) After serviufT ni:)pi'oximatelv 5 years in the U.S. Army. Bruce Frederick Davis left his post in Germany. (5J) He defected to East Germany in August I960, and spent a month in East Berlin before entering the Soviet Union. {54) (31 ) In October 1960. two articles appeared in Tzvestiva and Pravda with statements by Davis attributino- his defection to disillusionment Avith U.S. foi-eign and military policy. (J5) Although Davis physi- cally defected, l^e did not officially denounce his American citizen- shi]i and was documented bv the Soviet as a stateless person. (-5^) (32) Davis was settled in Kiev as a student at the Kiev Institute 442 of National Economy. (-57) He was provided a free dormitory room and a stipend of 900 old rubles a month. (55) This is three times what Soviet students receive, but normal for a non-Soviet-bloc stu- dent. (5P) In October Davis wrote a friend of his in the Army and stated he was oriven an outrioht sum of 10.000 old rubles; it is un- Imown if this travel unauthorized is true.(6'6') He was promised was discontinued and his a grades free apartment if his were improved. {61) (33) In Auijust 1962, Davis appeared at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow to request an American passport. (6"^) He phoned the Em- bassy the following day and stated he would not be completing the application as he had been arrested for his participation in a brawl in Kiev. (6"^) He returned to the Embassy in October 1962 and was issued a passport and entry visa into West Germany. (^^) Davis allowed the passport and visa to expire due to a new Soviet girl friend he had met. (6*5) (34) In 1963 Davis visited the Embassy on an unauthorized trip in January to make statements concerning his dissatisfaction and deliver papers from another disgruntled U.S. citizen. (6"^) In May he made another ivi\) to renew his passport and reapply for a West German visa. (^7) Davis was returned to military control in July 1963.(^5) V. Shirley DuBiNSKY (35) Shirley Dubinsky wrote several letters from East Berlin to Soviet Premier Khrushchev denouncing her American citizenslii].^ and requesting SoAdet citizenship in October 1961. (^P) On Decem- ber 25, 1962, she arrived in Moscow after purchasing a 3-day tour from a travel agency in Switzerland. (70) She refused to leave the Soviet Union when her visa had expired. (7i) (36) The American Embassy in Moscow was informed by the Hotel INletropole that an American guest there, Dubinksy, was acting "queer." {72) She was committed to a mental hospitaron January 5, 1963, with $100 in her possession. {73) The diagnosis was a "schizo- phrenic break." (7^) Soviet psychiatrists advised that Dubinsky was unable to travel and extended treatment was necessary. (75) The American Embassy informed the State Department of the situa- tion. {76) (37) It was reported that Dubinsky had visited the offices of the Department of Visas and Registration, apparently to obtain Soviet citizenship. {77) When she attempted to visit the offices of the Supreme Soviet in the Kremlin she was turned over to Intourist. {78) (38) A repatriation loan, in the form of a plane ticket to New York, was awarded to Shirlev Dubinsky, and she returned to the United States on February 1, 1963. {79) VI. Joseph DuTKAisricz (39) Joseph Dutkanicz informed the American Embassay that in 1958 while he was stationed in Germany with the U.S. Army, he was approached by KGB officers and, because of threats and inducements, was recniited. {80) His wife stated that he often spoke of fleeing to the 443 Soviet Union during 1959.(5-?) The Soviets recommended that Dut- kanicz defect in May 1960 and a Western bloc investigation for secu- rity reasons prompted him to do so. (8'3) Two weeks prior to his sched- uled return to the United States in June 1960, Dutkanicz took his wife and three children on a trip. (55) They visited Czechoslovakian Em- bassy in Vienna, then, passing through Czechoslovakia, were escorted to the Ukraine, Soviet Union. (5^) After being driven to L'vov, the family was settled in first-class accommodations, with KGB assist- ance. (85) (40) Tass annoimced the Dutkanicz family had sought assistance in July 1960. (86) Articles began appearing that gave autobiographical statements on the history and motivation for defection in ant i-Ameri- can terms. (57) Later an article by Dutkanicz was published that in- dicated he was living in L'vov with his family and contained anti- Hitler and anti-U.S. propaganda. (88) Two radio broadcasts were made in Moscow also. (89) (41) Dutkanicz stated he never applied for or requested Soviet citizenship. (90) A private bill bestowing citizenship on him. Supreme Soviet decree No. 135/3, was enacted in March 1960, before he de- fected. (5i) September 1960, a Soviet passport was delivered to him.(P^) His wife was documented as a foreigner upon request and his children as Soviet citizens. (93) (42) Dutkanicz was given employment as a technician in a TV fac- tory for an undisclosed salaiy and his wife taught English conversa- tion lessons for 10 rubles a month. (94) (43) Although they moved into an apartment in 1961, the daily contact by Russian agents that Dutkanicz's wife described during their first 6 months, did not end.(95) During a March 6, 1967, visit to the American Embassy she stated tliat the secret police (KGB) were in constant contact with her husband, telephoning daily, and that "the same agents who facilitated the family's placement in L'vov in 1960 were watching them closely." (56') (44) The American Embassy received a letter from Dutkanicz's wife, Mary, on September 14, 1961, requesting a visa to visit her sick mother in tlie United States. (97) It stated she thought her husband was only visiting the Soviet Union at the time of his defection and that her passport had been taken from her. (55) She appeared at the Embassy on December 5, 1961, for a passport, stating her mother had died. (99) IMary was sent back to L'vov to apply for an exist visa. (100) She had been told by her husband to say that they had been black- mailed bythreats against his family in L'vov. (101) (45) An application to the Red Cross was filed in February or March 1962 for a loan of 500 rubles to be used for a trip to Mos- cow. (.Z^^) The request is denied "although the so-called Soviet Red Cross had given large sums of money to other defectors who were American born and had no KGB connection." (i^/J') (46) During Mary Dutkanicz's visa processing visits to the Em- bassy, she revealed that lier hus])and was thoroughly disillusioned and wanted to return to the United States regardless of any charges. (754) She explained that her husband was encouraged by the fact he had received an undesirable discharge from the Army, not dishonorable. (755) 444 (47) Dutkanicz requested the Embassy to aid his children and him- self in returning to the United States on March 22, 1962 (the day after his wife departed to the United States). (106) The FBI and CIA did not want Dutkanicz brought back on their account, but on August 15, 1962, the State Department advised the Embassy to issue him a pass- port, (i^?/) The file reflected that the Embassy could not reach Dut- kanicz on the phone prior to November 22, 1963.(^^5) (48) they 1963, Dutkanicz's children, were taken ages home from their 11, 9, and and placed 8, stated that on July in boarding 25, schools (the 11-year-old had been in school previouslv).(-/6>5) They were al- lowed to see their father once and he had cried, saying that "they'' wanted to do something to his nervous sj'stcm to make him an idiot, (ii^y) (49) Mary Dutkanicz was informed that her husband had been found in a drunken state, placed in the hospital in L'vov and died in Xovember 1963. (i/7) The U.S. consul was informed in March 1964, that the three children would be allowed to leave the Soviet Union. (ii^) The children were to be documented as Soviet citizens for the departure, l)ut were to travel on U.S. passports after crossing Soviet borders, (ii J) In May 1964, the children joined Mary Dut- kanicz in the United States, (ii^) VII. jNIartin Greendlinger (50) A mathematician at New York University, INIartin Greend- linger attended the World Youth Festival held in JNIoscow in 1957. (7-/r5) He met Yelena Ivanovna Pyatnitskaya, nee Kapustina, a student at the Lenin Pedagogical Institute. (116) (51) Greendlinger returned to the Soviet Union in April 1958, and within a month had married Yelena. (7i7) He had been encouraged to believe her passport and Soviet exit visa would be issued in 3 to 4 months by 0Y1J\.(11S) Greendlinger meant to bring his wife, her daughter by a previous marriage, and possibly a child of their own marriage to the United States, (ii^) (52) In July 1959 Greendlinger left his home in Borisoglebsk and returned to the United States alone, (ii?^) After a year, the Soviet authorities had issued his wife an exit visa to depart from the U.S.S.Il.(7S/) The U.S. Embassy, however, refused to issue an en- trance visa due to her membership in Komsomol after 1947 and in a trade union after 1951. (/£S) (53) visa entry Gi'eendlinger in Augustapplied to theInState IdQO. (1^3) Department September for his awife's he received U.S. passport to visit his wife and child for a month and was awarded a National Science Foundation fellowship for 1 year. (7£^) (54) It was December 1960 before Greendlinger returned to Mos- cow.(125) He and his wife spoke to American Embassy personnel about acquiring an entrance visa,.(12G) The Embassy stated his wife could not receive an entrance visa to the United States because there could be no waiver of section 243(g) of the act. (i^7) The CIA file on Greendlinger states : This apparently involved Komsomol membership, although the Soviet wives of Parker and Oswald — q.v. — had many more drawbacks and were let in. (128) 445 was "When (55) he told that GreendJinger applied his wife would for visas be issued a visa could Embassy if heBritish at the get a job in England and guarantee support. (i;^P) He settled in Ostankine, a suburb of Moscow, and worked as a mathematician. (i5<9) Finally, the National Science Foundation approved his studying math at Man- chester, England, (i^i) No further information is known. (iJ^) VIII. Nicholas Petrulli (56) An American laborer, Nicholas Petrulli purchased an orga- nized tour to Western Europe and the U.S.S.E. for $965.(i=?.5) He entered the Soviet Union at Vyborg on August 10, 1959, using a regu- lar 7-day tourist visa issued in Washington the previous month. Tlie tour passed through Leningrad en route to Moscow where it was to remain until August 18. {iH) Petrulli did not show up at the train station to depart from Moscow. {135) He canceled his ship reserva- tions through an Intourist guide and remained in the Ukraina Ho- tel. (i5^) (57) Petrulli spoke to several Americans in the hotel restaurant in the following week about his decision to remain in the Soviet Union. (i.?7) He had no communistic sympathies or ideological lean- ing toward the U.S.S.R. and had no grievances against the United States. (i^5) Petrulli believed there was a good opportunity to obtain employment in the Soviet Union, although he did not know the lan- guage, people, or country. {139) (58) A resident American correspondent encouraged Petrulli to tell the Embassy in Moscow about his intention to defect, (i^'-^) On Au- gust 28, 1959, Petrulli was interviewed for 2 hours by an Embassv official, Snyder, (i^^) The correspondent was present when Petrulli explained his reasons for staying and how he had learned the proce- dure for remaining from the hotel manager and Intourist guide, (i^-?) He stated no one had induced or influenced him. (14-^) Petrulli stated tliat upon the guide's advice, he had drafted a letter to the Supreme Soviet requesting Soviet citizenship, but had not sent it yet. (i^^) He stated he had informed the Intourist guide he was virtually out of money, (i.^5) He did, however, have possession of ship and plane tickets for his return to the United States. (i4^) Petrulli was given the name of a Catholic priest in Moscow he subsequently spoke to who warned about possible exploitation, and so forth. (747) (59) The following day Petrulli sent the letter to the Supreme So- viet. (24^) He told the Embassy it contained five points as specified by the Intourist guide: (1) date and place of birth; (2) names and addresses of relatives; (3) property and bank accounts (none) ; (4) skills, education, and work record; and (5) moral and ideological reasons for wanting Soviet citizenship. {lli.9) Petrulli would not re- late what he had written for No. 5 or if it was derogatory to the United States. (75^) (60) Petrulli visited the American Embassy on September 2, 1959, turned in his passport, stated he had sent the letter to the Supreme Soviet and asked to renounce his U.S. citizenship. (151) Snyder explained the irrevocability of renimciation and told Petrulli to re- turn in the afternoon. {152) He did so and Snyder administered the oath of renunciation, (i'55) 4.3-792—79 29 446 (61) Several people were told by Petrulli that lie felt "morally and economically at home ui the Soviet Union," that they not were trying to do things right, that people were not in a hurry and nervous wrecks. (i5^) He said he had many jobs in the United States and he was not happy there; he liked the Soviet Union better. (i55) (62) Petrulli visited the American Embassy again on September S, 1959 and asked for a written statement of his citizenship status for the Soviet authorities. (156) When told that the Embassy would inform him as soon as the State Department informed them, Petrulli began requesting information on visa requirements to the TJ.S. (157) The Soviet authorities had not responded to his letters on job requests and Petrulli felt he was getting the run-around, (i-55) His hotel was bemg paid for by the Soviets but he was without money, friends or the ability to communicate with Russians. (i5^) Petrulli left the Embassy and told an American correspondent he just wanted to go home. {1 60) (63) On September 14, 1959, a Soviet official informed Petrulli he should have applied at the Soviet Embassy in Wasliington for citizen- ship. (^6'i) The manager of the Ukraina Hotel told him he had 2 days to vacate tlie premises, (y^*,^) Both men told liim he had to leave the Soviet Union and needed some type of traveling document from the American Embassy. (1^^) (64) The next day Petrulli was back at the Embassy. (16"^) It is unloiown if lie applied for a passport during this visit, but a Septem- ber 19, 1959, newspaper article stated that the State Department had declared Petrulli legally incompetent and returned his U.S. citizen- ship. (^6*5) He was given a one-way passport to the United States and returned to his home in New York on September 22, 1959.(7^^) IX. LiBERO RiCCIARDELLI (65) Libero Ricciardelli decided that exposing his family to a social- istic system of government might straighten out domestic problems and guarantee his children's future well-being. (167) In 1958 he visited the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C., and asked to visit Soviet Russia. (7^5) Ricciardelli obtained Soviet visas to tour Moscow for six days with his wife and three children, and did so in February 1959.069) (^f^) Wlien his Intourist guide learned that he wanted to defect, she recommended that Ricciardelli visit the visa department, Intourist Service Bureau. (77^ He did so and was informed that he must depart on the expiration date on his visa. C777') Ricciardelli did rot depart and was not pressured to do so. (17^) He continued to visit the visa department and wrote the Pi-esident of the RSFSR as was recom- mended to him bv Intourist. (/7^) (67) Financial aid was requested by Ricciardelli because he had only ?J500 and 6 davs of meal tickets on him. (77^) The director of the Soviet Union Red Crescent or Red Cross and a representative of the Ministrv of Foreign Affairs met with Ricciardelli and discourao-pcl romainino- in the SoAnet ITuion.f 77-5) An investi.6') Although his v>'ife said he was extremely woiried about gambling debts, his 201 file, maintained by the CIA reflects that "emotional state and fact of Army countermeasures caused by arrest of 154 IMID agents recently" are probably responsible for defection. (^6*7) Sloboda later explained he had been blackmailed and framed into defecting. (208) (79) Immediately after Sloboda's defection, he was utilized by the Soviets for propaganda purposes. (^/?.9) In an August interview on INIoscow TV, Sloboda based his defection on the expressed views that the United States was a warmonger with spy activity in Ger- many. (^i<9) The September issue of Golos Koding repeated tliis as did other articles and various press releases, (.'^/i) According to one of the later articles, Sloboda was given Soviet citizenship in August 1 9 (;0, the month he defected. (212) (80) Sloboda's British wife requested that the Soviet consul in Lon- don arrange transportation for herself and three children to the Soviet Union, (^i^) Travel arrangements were made to Leningrad and all expenses, such as shipment of furniture and transportation tickets, were paid for by the Soviets, (.^i^) A Russian Intelligence Service (RIS) resettlement officer made arrangements for travel from Lenin- grad to JJvov. (215) When she and the children joined Sloboda on November 19, 1960, he was already having doubts about his defec- tion (.^i^) (81) Soviet authorities provided Sloboda with approximately 300 rubles a month and a three-room flat in L'vov for his parents, wife and children. (^i7) (82) In early 1962 Sloboda's wife requested an exit visa from the L"vov authorities. formed them that both („^/<9)sheSheandcalled the American her husband Embassy toand were desperate in- return to the LTnited States. (219) In March she received an exit visa and pass- Y>ovt.(220) Sloboda and his wife then visited the British Embassy to discuss bringing her son and daughter out of the Soviet Union with her. (221) Sloboda explained to the Embassy that he M^as afraid to visit 449 tlie American Embassy. (5:?^) He stated that his wife and oldest find youngest children had been issued Soviet internal passports for for- eigners. (£3-5) He stated his other cliild was a U.S. citizen with an ex- pired passport. (^;34) (83) Sloboda's wife took the youngest child to England, leaving the eldest at the International Boarding School and the other son at day school. {,'^^^-5) On her departure she was given 50 rubles to purchase a present for her mother. (^^6") c^-, ^ -, - (84) The British Embassy sent a representative to visit Sloboda in August 1962. (^fa/) They learned that "he had been subjected to fairly frequent questioning by the KGB in L'vov since he visited the embassy in Moscow." (^^5) . . (85) In March 1963, Sloboda's wife sent him a telegi-am stating she was returning to the Soviet Union so the eldest sons should not be sent. {229) XI. Robert Webster (86) Robert E. Webster, an employee of the Rand Development Co., made several trips to the Soviet Union in order to prepare for the 1959 U.S. exhibition in Moscow. {2S0) ^AHiile there for 7 weeks, beginning in IMav 1959. Webster steadily dated tlie hostess employed at the Ho- tel Ukraine's tourist restaurant. (^-57) She worked there during tlie pe- riod correspondents accompanying Vice President Nixon's visit to the U.S.S.R. resided there, and was suspected of being a KGB agent. (232) Webster informed his girlfriend he wished to divorce his wife in the United States and return to the Soviet Union to marry her. {2S3) (87) Webster first revealed his desire to defect on July 11, 1959. (5-54) He approached the two Soviet officials in charge of arrangements for the exhibition at the fairgrounds and requested information concern- a IJ.S. citizen to remain in the U.S.S.R. Cv-S'^) was told toforcall one of the officials in their Solkolniki Park ing the procedures Webster office and a meeting was set up. (236) (88) A few days later, the English-speaking official Webster had met previously, escorted him to a private room in a restaurant. f^J/) A representative of the Soviet Government questioned him about his desire to remain in the Soviet Union. (^.55) The representative was also interested in whether Webster had told other Americans of his interest to defect and instructed him not to. {239) While intoxicated with vodka Webster was told to write a letter to the Supreme Soviet requesting to remain as a Soviet citizen. (.'^4'^) He did so, and was given a biographic data sheet to take with him and fill out. {2I]1) (89) vSubsequently when Webster submitted tlie data sheet, he stated that his dissatisfaction with the United States was due to the tendency of American employers to hire a man and then fire him when he had learned the ]oh.{2^2) This reason was not acceptable because Web<=^ter had not personally experienced this. {21^3) He rewrote the form to state that in the United States, Government controlled big business. (.^.fO He also wrote that he wished to work, marry, have children, earn a degree and learn the Russian language in the Soviet Union. (f?.^5) Although he stated he wished to cooperate in every way with the So- viet T"^nion, the Soviet authorities tried to dissuade Webster from defecting. (^45) 4.50 (90) In tlie last of July or early August, Webster attended wliat lie described as a serious, no drinking meeting held in a private restau- rant room at the Metropole Hotel. (5-^7) Webster told two Soviet chemists he could help them make the Band spray gun he had dem- onstrated at the U.S. Exhibition. (^4^5) On September 9 he was told he had been accepted by the Soviets. (^4^) Although he had requested to work in Moscow, Webster was informed he would be sent to Lenin- grad, (^d^*) (91) The following day the Soviet officials registered Webster at the Eucharist Hotel, and instructed him not to leave. (^5./) Pie was given 1,000 old rubles and asked to write a note to a Eand employee requesting the money be left for him at the hotel because he was on a tour of Eussia. (252) (92) There was a short party for Webster on September 11. {253) He was immediately flown to Leningrad with an interpreter and met by an Intourist representative. (^5^) He applied for work at the Lenin- grad Scientific Research Listitute, Pol\inerized Plastics and lived in the Baltiskaya Hotel for a month. (25-^)) He was allowed to call his girl- friend and siie was allowed to visit and make plans for n vacation. (256) (93) On October 17, 1959 Webster was staying in Moscow. (^57) He attended a meeting at the central office, visas and registration (OVIR) with the original Soviet representative he had contact with, an un- known Soviet, H. J. Rand, his assistant George H. Bookbinder and Richard E. Snyder of the U.S. Embassy. (^-55) Webster stated he was free to speak, and told Snyder when he had applied for Soviet citizen- ship, he had been granted a Soviet passport on September 21, 1959.(259) He filled out a form entitled "Affidavit for Expatriated Person" and wrote his resignation to Rand Development Corp. (^^6*) (94) Webster later explained he had no Soviet documentation at the time, having in his possession an American passport which he never sent to Snyder as requested. (^(57) Webster stated the Soviets had instructed him to say his reasons for defecting were political. (^^^) f(95) Webster's girlfriend joined him the following day and both •went on a month vacation at the Suitland Sanitarium in Sochi. (263) They returned to Leningrad and began work at the institute, where his girlfriend was employed as an assistant and translator. (^^4) Web- ster received 280 rubles per month and a semiannual bonus of 50 to 60 rubles. (265) He lived with his girlfriend in a new apartment build- ing and had three rooms with a bath. {^66) (96) After writing a summary of his life, listing his relatives and where they worked, submitting pictures of himself and midergoing a medical examination, Webster was granted a Soviet internal pass- port. (^(?7) In December 1959 or January 1960, he turned over his American passport and obtained the Soviet passport at the OVIR office in Leningrad. (^/?(5) (97) On January 27, 1960, a letter was delivered to Webster from his fatlier. (^^.9) It contained news of his mother's nervous breakdown and word that his father had assmned financial support of Y/ebster's children. (^7^) At that point, Webster decided to return to the United States. (^7i) 451 (08) A note in Webster's file stated that on April 6, 1969, lie was to ies to be sent to the American Embassy. (^77) His girlfriend helped him fill out the appli- cation for a Soviet exit visa and gave her consent, which was required. (^75) (101) Webster's girlfriend gave birth to Svetlana Robertovna Web- ster in August 1960.(^75) The child was immediately adopted by Webster and registered. (^<9^) During the majority of the time after this, Svetlana's Russian grandmother also lived in the Webster apart- ment. (^57) Webster was assigned a new translator at the In- stitute. (^5^) (102) Two months after submitting his application for a Soviet exit visa, Webster was turned down and told he could not reapply for 1 year. (^5^) Soviet officials visited him from Moscow, inquiring why he was unhappy and suggesting that he send for his family from the United States. (^<§4) One year later, he reapplied, and in February 19n2. Webster was granted a Soviet exit visa. {285) (103) In March 1962, the American American Embassy gave Webster instruc- tions on how to obtain an entrance visa. (^55) His father sent him a plane ticket for his passage home, and Webster nuit his job. (^57) It was Mav before Webster actually surrender his internal Soviet passport for his exit visa. (288) Webster arrived in the United States as an alien under the Russian quota on May 20, 1962. (^5P) He had never intended to aid his girlfriend in leaving the Soviet Union. (^5^) XII. Lee Harvey Oswald (104) In comparing Oswald's defection to the other 11 individuals in this study, certain points must be taken into consideration. Tlie Warren " Commission requested through the State Department that the Soviet Government provide "any further available informa- tion concerning the activities of Lee Harvey Oswald during his resi- dence from 1959 to 1962 in the Soviet Union, in particular, copies of any official records concerning him."(^P7) In May 1964 the Soviet Union provided approximately 15 documents concerning the sojourn employment and medical history of Oswald while in their country. (^,9^> The documents also dealt with the departure of Oswald and his wife from the U.S.S.R. {29S) (105) No documents appear to be from the KGB or make mention of Oswald's being debriefed by \t.{29Jf.) There are some dates, times, and facts in the documents that differ from Oswald's statements. (^P5) 452 The signatures of most of tlie Soviet officials are illegible. (296) The authenticity of tliese documents could not be establislied, but they must be taken into consideration. It was the only case in this study in which the Soviet Union added to the existing body of information. (106) The committee also had available to it statements and a diary that handwriting experts determined were written by Lee Harvey Oswald. (^/?'/) The diary covered the period Oswald was in the Soviet Union. (^55). The committee found all of Oswald's writings concern- ing his life in the Soviet Union to be generally credible. To a great extent, the}^ parallel the documents provided by the Soviet Union on Oswald in 1964; that is, that he was in the Soviet Union during the time period stated; that he attempted suicide; that he worked at a radio plant in Minsk; that he met and married a Kussian woman; that lie was originally issued a residence visa for stateless persons and then a residence visa for foreigners; th.at he obtained exit visas for himself and his family, and left the Soviet TJnion. (^^99) (107) The committee tried to determine the credibility of both the Soviet documents and Oswald's writings, and in doing so endeavored to obtain stated thatany the additional information. Soviet Government "Witnesses would before theinformation have additional committee on Oswald from its surveillance of hhn.(SOO) Through the State De- partment, the committee requested the Soviet Union to provide any documentation on Oswald they m.ight possess. (SOI) The Soviet Union was requested to allow tlie interviewing of the Soviet citizens Oswald mentions throughout his dinvy.{302) The State Department was in- formed bySoviet officials that no additional information was available and Soviet citizens could not be interviewed. (108) Thus, information that the committee has collected and used concerning Oswald's stay in the Soviet Union for this study, is only partially complete. (109) Lee Harvey Oswald was issued an entry visa to the Soviet Union by the U.Sl^S.K. consul in Helsinki, Finland, on October 14, 19.59. (303) Stamps on Oswald's passport show he entered Finland October 1 0 and left on October 15. (304) (110) On October 16, Oswald arrived in Moscow after crossing: the border from Finland at Vyborg. (305) He Avas escorted to the Hotel Berlin by an Intourist representative who met him at his train. (306) There, he registered as a student on a 5-day luxury tourist ticket and met his Intourist guide Rimma Shirikova. (307) (m ) Oswald wrote in the October 16 entry of his diary, referring to Rimma : T explain to her T wish to applv for /??/.5?.* citizenship. She is flabbergassed but aggree-^- to help. She checks with her boss, main office Intour, tlian helps me odd a letter to Sup. Sovit asking for citizenship, meanwhile boss fplejilions passport & visa office and notifies them about me. (308) Jvimma insisted thev continue sightseeing the folloAvin A'?) Oswald believed his explanation concerning his Communist beliefs makes Rimma uneasy, (.f/^?) ♦Spelling is as It appears in document. 453 (112) On October 20 Oswald was told by Rimma that the Passport & Visa Department had requested to see him. (311) Oswald wrote in the October 21 entry of his diary : Meeting with a single official, balding stout, black siiit, fairly good English, asks what do I want? I say So-uite citi- zenship, he ask wliy I give vague answers about "Great Soviet Union" He tells nie "U.S.S.R. only great in literature wants me to go back home'- 1 am stunned I reiterate, he says he shall check and let me know laeatlier my visa will be (extended it exifiers today). [312) Oswald wrote that at 6 p.m. a police official informs him he must leave the Soviet Union m 2 hours. (^7^^) At 7 p.m. he decided to com- mit suicide and wrote "when Rimma comes at 8 p.m. to find me dead, it will be a great shock." [31.'!.) Oswald stated that about 8 p.m. Rimma found him unconscious and he was taken to the hospital in an ambu- lance for stitches. {315) (113) The Ministry of Health records supplied, reflect that Oswald was admitted to "Botkin Plospital at 16:00 (4 p.m.) on October 21, 10.39 upon request at loh. 19." (5i^) He received an examination in the admission's department at 4 :30 p.m. where a skin wound was found on the low^er third of the left forearm. {317) Oswald was given four stitches and an aseptic bandage for the immediate wound and kept in a psychosomatic department for observation. {318) The report stated that Oswald's mind was clear his perception was correct and he inflicted the injurv upon himself in order to postpone his departure from the Soviet Union. (319) Oswald was transferred to the somatic department on October 23. (5;?^) (114) Oswald's hospital records stated that he was visited by the head of the Service Bureau, and daily by an interpreter. (-5^7) His place of employment Avas listed "K-4^19-80 Service Bureau, Radio-tech- nician," which was the only other mention of the Service Bureau. (^,^^) (115) The authenticity of the hospital records can in no way be determined. One indication that they may not be valid documents was tlie April 25, 1953 date that appeared at the bottom of Oswald's blood analysis. (^£5) (116) Oswald wrote in his diary that while in the hospital he was visited dailv by Rimma and on October 23 bv Rosa Agafonova from the hotel tourist offi-e. (5£4) (117) Oswald's diarv and the hospital reports reflected he was dis- ci sarired from the hospital on October 28.(^S-5) He wrote in the diary that Rimma chauffeured him from the hospital to the Hotel Berlin where he picked up his clothes and money. $100, and moved to the Hotel Metropole. Ludmilla Dimitrova, (5,?^)Inturist head,he and stated Oswaldoffice invited 'was Rosa. to visit with (327) (118) Oswald also wrote, that on October 28 he visited the pass and registration office with Rimma. {328) He stated there were four un- known officials that aslced questions about the last official he had niet with and his desires for the future. (.?^P) Oswald requested Soviet citizenship again and provided his discharge papers from the Marine Corps as identification. (55^) Oswald described this meeting in a discouraging manner. {331 ) 454 (119) On October 31, Oswald visited the American Embassy in Mos- cow.(332) Consul at the Embassy, Richard Snyder, informed the committee that he had no information concerning Oswald before he walked into the Embassy. (333) Snyder said : He handed me a handwritten statement which stated, in effect, that he renounced his American citizenship. I used the pretext that the Embassy was not officially open that day and, therefore, I was not in a position to prepare the re- quired form to go through with the renimciation and invited him to come back on the first business day of the Embassy if he so wished. I retained his passport at that time.{334-) Snyder recalled that Oswald had made some comment that "he had worked, or advised, or something to that effect, what I would try to tell him and that he didn't want to waste his time or mme"{33o) Snyder was told by Oswald that he had been a radar operator in the Marine Corps and that he intended to give information he possessed to the Soviets. (^5f?) (120) Oswald wrote in his diary that when he returned from the Embassy he was contacted by two American rex)orters in Moscow, named Goldstein and Moshy. (o37) Although he did not grant inter- views to either, he answered a few questions for Moshy. (338) (121) Alice Mosby wrote an article, dateline November 14, contain- ing Oswald's statements to heT.{339) It said that imperialism and lack of monej^ while a child were Oswald's main reasons for saA^ng $1,600 and coming to the Soviet Union, (^^i^) "He had announced on October 31 that he renounced his U.S. citizenship and was seeking Soviet citizenship for purely political reasons." (^^i) Oswald was denied the Soviet citizenship he had requested but was allowed to live freely in Russia. (5.^^) (122) Among Oswald's belongings was a handwritten account of his "interviw November 14 with Miss Moshy.^^{3Jf3) Oswald wrote that Mosby agreed to let him see the story before it was sent out. (34.^) He explained to her the political reasons he went to the So-vdet Union and applied for citizenship and how he developed those political beliefs. (<5^5) Oswald made no comment about his present situation in the Soviet Union. (3Jf6) (123) In Oswald's diary he stated that during December he staved in the hotel studying Russian, seeing no one except Rimma, who called the ministry for him. (5^7) She had told the hotel he would be receiv- ing a great deal of money from the United States so he paid no bills tliat month. (348) Oswald recorded that he only had $28 left. {34-9) The passport office had met with Oswald again and he wrote that the same questions were answered by three new officials. (-55^) (124) Oswald's application to the Visa and Registration Office, In- terior Department, Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council for the issuance of an identity bore the date December 20, 1959. (351) (125) Oswald wrote that the passport office issued him a Soviet docu- he wasmenttold "for those that without he wouldcitizenship be sent toonMinsk January and 4". that(352) He stated the Red Cross would provide him with money. (353) 455 (126) The Soviet document that bore a January 5, 1960, date wag Oswald's receipt stating that the legal status of a person without citizenship has been explained to him, and his receipt for an identity card Series P No. 311479 issued by OVIR Moscow City Executive Com- mittee on January 4, 1960, with expiration date January 4, 1961.(^5-0 (127) Oswald wrote that January 5 he was given 5,000 rubles by the Red Cross, 2,200ticket of which paid the hotel bill and 150 of which pur- cliased the train to Minsk. {S55) (128 ) In the January 7 entry, (Oswald described being met at the train station in Minsk by two Red Cross workers, then proceeding to the hotel where he met two Intourist representatives. {356) (129) An application and autobiographical sketch written by Oswald in connection with his employment at the radio factory m Minsk bore the date January 11, 1960.(557) Oswald also received the sisnatures of the doctor and trainer in safety and fire precautions of the Minsk radio plant. (358) On January 13, he was hired in the ex- perimental shop at the radio factory as a checker. (359) Oswald stated that he received 700 rubles a month from his job and another 700 rubles a month from the Soviet Red Cross. (360) He wrote "therefore everv month I make 1400 R, about the same as a director of the factory." (5^i) (130) In a jMarch 16 entry Oswald wrote : "I receive a small flat one- room kitchen-bath near the factory (8 min. walk) with splendid view from 2 balconies of the river. Almost rent free (60 Rub. a month) it is a Russian dream." (5^^) (131) On January 4, 1961, Oswald wrote that he was called into the passport office and asked if he wanted Soviet citizenship. He said no, but requested his residential passport be extended. (363) A document provided by the Soviet Government reflected that an identity card for a person without citizenship, Series P No. 311479, belonging to Lee Harvey Oswald, was entered from January 4, 1961 to Januarv 1, 1962. (W) (132) Another document provided by the Soviets was a certificate from the Minsk Radio Plant, Administration of Electroteehnical and Instrument Manufacturing Industry, Council of the National Econ- omy, U.S.S.R., bearing dates January 1, 1960, and July 15, 1961, that Lee Han^ey Oswald was employed as an assembler there. (365) (133) The American Embassv received an undated letter from Oswald on February 13, 1961. (366) He stated that he had not re- ceived areply to a December 1960 letter he had written to the Embassy, so lie was writing again. (56*7) Oswald requested that his American passport be returned and suggested that some agreement be reached concerning any legal action proceeding against him so he could return to the United States. (.56'5) He stated r"They have at no time insisted thnt I take Russian Citizenship." (360) "I nm living here with nonper- manent-type papers for a foreigner." (576>) The return address listed on the envelope was Ulitsa Kalinina, House 4 Apartment 24. Minsk; and Oswald said he could not leave without permission. (371) (134) In a letter dated February 28, 1961, Snyder requested that Oswald appear in person at the Embassy to determino his citizenship stp.his.(372) Oswald Snvder explained had mentioned, was neverthat the" December received. (373) 1960 letter, which 456 (135) Oswald wrote the Embassy again in March 19G1. He stated he could leave Minsk without permission and would find it incon- venient to visit IMoscow for an interview. (5/^) He requested that preliminary inquiries be sent in questionnaire form. {375) (loG) Oswald attended a trade dance in Minsk on ^larch 17 and described meeting Marina N. Prusakova.(.57(5) Records provided by INIinistry of Health, IT.S.S.R., reflected that on ISIarch 30 Oswald was admitted to a clinical hospital— ear, nose, and throat division. (577) According to these recoids, he was discharged on April 11, 1961, and he wrote m his diary that he proposed to Marina 4 days later. (<575) (137) The date on a certificate of marriage for Marina and Lee Oswald from the Minsk Civil Registrar OfFice of Leninsky District marriage bears (57P) also 1961. is April 30, this date. entry' in Oswald's diary concerning his The {380) (loS) he had "in married a letter dated May woman a Russian-born 1961, Oswald informed who would thetheEmbassy travel to United States with \im\.{3Sl) He wrote that a marriage stamp was placed on his present passport for an individual without citizenship. (-55^) Osvrald said, "I am asking not only for the right to return to the United States, but also for full guarantees tluxt I shall not, under any circvmstances, be persecuted for any act pertaining to this case."(.?(5J) (139) The Julv 8 entry in Oswald's diary described an airplane trip to Moscow for his first interview at tlie Embassy since his attempt to denounce American citizenship. (-5<94) Oswald stated that he took no oath, affirmation, or allegiance of any kind, nor was he required to sign any kind of papers in connection with his employment. {385) He denied being a member of the factory trade union or ever having been asked to ]om.{386) Oswald gave his earnings as 90 new rubles per month. (J57) This contradicted an earlier entry in his diary that he made the equivalent of 70 new rubles as a salary and 70 new rubles su]:)plement per month. {388) (140) Oswald denied making statements of an exploitable nature concerning his original decision to reside in the Soviet Union. {389) He remembered being interviewed in his room at the IMetropole Hotel by a reporter from Radio IMoscow concerning his impressions of Mos- cow as an American tourist. {300) He stated he had never been avsked to make any statements for radio, press or audiences since his arrival. {301) This contradicts his first comment and what he wrote in Janu- ary 13— March 16, 1960 entries in his diary. "I meet many young Rus- sian workers my own age. * * * AH wish to know about me even offer to hold a mass meeting so I can say. I refuse politely." (^P^) (141) When aslced if he had provided information he had acquired as a radar operator in the I\Iarine Corps, Oswald stated "that he was never in fact subjected to any questioning or briefing by the Soviet authorities concerning his life or experiences prior to entering the Soviet ITnion and had never provided information to any Soviet oro-an.'' {303) (142) Oswald stated he never applied for Soviet citizenship. {39 j) His original application was for permission to remain in the Soviet Union and a temporary extension of his tourist visa pending the out- come of his request. {395) Oswald stated he had addressed this appli- 457 CRtion and mailed it to the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet although it ap- peared to have been delivered to the central oflice of the 2doscow OVIR. (396) Apparently this was the basis of a notification Oswald stated he received 3 days later that permission had been granted for him to remain in the Soviet Union. {397) Subsequently he was issued a "stateless" internal passport. {39S) (143) The Embassy returned his passport to him after it was amend- ed to be valid only for direct return to the United States. (399) The passport expiration date was September 10, 1961, but Oswald needed the passport to apply for exit visas immediately in i\Iinsk. {AOO) Oswald wrote "July 9 received passport. Call Marina to Moscow also." {40J) (144) Oswald wrote after he and ^larina returned to Minsk on .nuy 14, that meetings to persuade I^Iarina not to go to the United States began. (402) Her visit to the Embassy was Imown. (403) (145) The 20 or so papers, birth ceilificates, affidavits, photos, and so forth needed to apply for exit visas were turned in by Oswald be- tween July 15 and August 20. {/M) He writes in the diary that "they say it wilfbe 31/2 months before we know wheather (sic) they'll let us Committee to Oswald's application on Executive the OVIR forthe 'Mili- go or tia not. (405) The Department, MinskdateCity issuance of an exit visa from the U.S.S.R. is July 15, 1961. (406) (146) The application Marina had to sign to give permission for her husband to leave the Soviet Union bears a July 19 date. {4p() According to ^Marina's visa application she requests an exit visa to join him on liis departure from the Soviet Union, August 21, 1961. {40S) (147) The personnel department chief and plant director where Oswald worked, issued a report to the Minsk City Militia Department in December 1961. (409) It stated that Oswald : (1) Takes no part in the social life of the shop and keeps very much to himself. (2) Reacts in an oversensitive manner to remarks from the foreman. ; (3) Is careless in his work. (4) Does not perform satisfactory as a regulator, and (5) Does not display the initiative for increasing his skills as a regulator. (4^0) (148) Oswald wrote in his diary that on Christmas Day 1961 ;Mar!na was told at the passport and visa office that she and Oswald were granted exit visas from the Soviet Union. (4^^) Oswald's application to the Minsk Militia Department for the ex- tension of his identity card bore a Jasiuaiy 4, 1962, date. {4i£) He wrote in his diary he was granted a residence document for foreigners. (413) Identity card for an alien series AA No. 549666. received by Lee Harvey Oswald was issued January 4 and was valid until July 2, 1963. (4J4) (149) On February 15 Oswald wrote that, June Lee Oswakl was born. {4I0) His diary stated that ]Marina formally quit her job on I\Iarch 24 and he received a letter stating her entrance visa to the United States had been approved the following day. (^i^) 45S XIII. Soviet Citizenship (150) Lee Harvey Oswald was not a Soviet citizen during his resi- dence in the Soviet Union. He requested Soviet citizenship by mail on October 16, 1959. On October 21, a Soviet official interviewed Oswald and tried to dissuade him from defecting to the Soviet Union. Later that night a police officer told him he would have to leave the Soviet Union within 2 hours. (151) Oswald immediately attempted to commit suicide. His hospi- tal records reflected it was done in an effort to postpone his departure. After a week in the hospital, Oswald applied at the pass and registra- tion office for Soviet citizenship. Three days later he orally denounced his American citizenship at the Embassy. Although he did so in order to convince the Soviets to grant him citizenship, he was granted a residence visa for foreigners without citizenship. Oswald received this visa on January 4, 1960, 21^ months after his original application. Oswald told American reporters in November that the Soviets would allow him to stay. The January 4 date appears in Oswald's diary and on the residence document provided by Soviet authorities. (152) One year later the residence visa was extended after Oswald refused the Soviet citizenship offered to him. When he wrote to the U.S. Embassy in February 1961 he stated the Soviets had not insisted on his acceptance of citizenship. Oswald wrote that he had "nonper- manent type papers" for a foreigner. In January 1962 the Embassy had reissued Oswald's American passport and the Soviets issued him a residence visa for foreigners. ANALYSIS (153) Oswald was not the only American who had difficulty o]:)tain- ing citizenship while residing "in the Soviet Union. Eicciardelli re- peatedly requested citizenship from the Visa Department of the In- tourist Service Bureau. He was told that he would have to leave the Soviet Union on the expiration date that appeared on his visa. Eic- ciardelli did not depart and was told he would be allowed to remain only after being hospitalized for rheumatic fever. A Soviet passprrt was given to Eicciardelli 7 months after he requested it. Ahlici^h his wife refused a Soviet passport his children were considered Soviet citizens. (154) Webster waited 2 months for acceptance by the Soviets. He received Soviet citizenship only after altering his stated reason for defection and assuring the Eussians he could manufacture tlie Eand spray gun he was exhibiting in the Soviet Union. citizenship grant Davis to Dubin^kyas ora Petrulli, whom left the not both ofauthorities^did (155) Soviet country. was clocumented "stateless person" and allowed to reside in the Soviet XTnion. (156) Sloboda waited 1 month to be granted Soviet citizenship as did his oldest and yonngest child. His wife and middle child were issued internal passports for foreigners. (157 ) The Soviets offered citizenship to the Blocks, but they received internal passports for foreigners. After a number of years in the Soviet T'nion the Blocks were pressed to accept Soviet citizenship, which they would not do. 459 (158) In the case of Diitkanicz, the Supreme Soviet, by special decree, granted him citizenship 1 month prior to his defection. XIV. Propaganda Use A>rD Financial Arrangements (159) Richard Snyder, the American consul at the Embassy in ^Moscow was asked about the Soviet use of defectors for propaganda. He said : I think that if there is a usual pattern — and, again, this is difficult to use words like 'usual' because there are never two cases alike in this sort of thing — but if there is a usual pat- tern, itis that there is some exploitation of the defector in Soviet public media, usually after the details of his defection have been settled, particularly^ the detail as to whether the Soviet Union desires to have him. Up to that point, publicity in the Soviet Press probably is not to be expected. {U'^) He testified that in the Oswald case, there was no Ivnown Soviet press or propaganda {^18) Marina Oswald's testimony before the Warren Commission was to the contrary. She said that "Lee took part in radio broadcasts, propaganda in favor of the Soviet Union, which he felt helped him to stay in the Soviet Union. {pO) (160) heOswald which did not wrote he had been diaryinformed Hehisalso do. 'in asked to give the American a speech, Embassy in Moscow that he had made several statements to Lev Sefyayev on his impressions of Moscow as a tourist. The committee found no informa- tion that any statements made by Lee Harvey Oswald were used for Soviet propaganda purposes. (IGl) The committee also found no information that the Soviets had used Citrynell, Dubinsky, Greendlinger, Potrulli, or Webs^tn- for propaganda purposes. There was no apparent correlation between Soviet citizenship being granted to an individual and subsequent propaganda exploitation as suggested by Snyder. Dubinsky and Pe- trulli were not granted any type of residence visa and remained in tlie Soviet Union only a short time. Citrynell and Webster became Soviet citizens with relatively little difficulty. There was no informa- tion available on Greendlinger's circumstances. Absence of data does not necessarily mean the Soviets made no propaganda use of these five individuals or Oswald. (162) Three of the defectors that had anti- American propaganda statements published — Ricciardelli, Sloboda, and Dutkanicz — were Soviet citizens. Two other defectors whose anti-American statements received Soviet press, the Blocks, had residence visas for foreigners. They were, however, frequently pressured to accept Soviet citizenship. Davis was the only defector documented as a "stateless person," as was Oswald, who had anti-American statements published for propa- ganda purposes. (163) Two defectors made the type of propaganda statements dur- ing radio broadcasts that Marina Oswald Porter describes Oswald as making. Both these defectors, Sloboda and Dutkanicz, had contact with the KGB while stationed in West Germany with the U.S. Army. They were still serving in the Army wlien they entered the LT.S.S.Il. 460 XV. Residence, Employment, and Financial Arrangements (164) All tlie individuals within this study, including Oswald, who received permission to remain in the Soviet Union, v,^ero assigned to reside in cities within the v/estern portion of the country. Oswald was assigned employment, as wei-e the others, with the also exception of Davis, who was a student at the Kiev Institute. Sloboda received 300 rubles a month, although his employment is unknown. (165) Income comparison was difiicuit as the number of household members varied over time. Income of additional household members, an important variable, was usually unknown. The devaluation of the ruble in 1960 confused amounts in some cases. (4^6^) (166) Salary was known for Osv'ald and five other defectors. Finan- cial aid received from organizations li]:c the Soviet Red Cross v.as also known in most of these cases. Oswald received the lowest salary aniong the defectors in this study, 70 new rubles. Davis, a single male attending the Kiev Institute, received the salary closest to that made by Oswald. Ho was paid 90 new rubles and lived in a free dorm room. Oswald, however, was the only individual known to receive a monthly stii^end in addition to his salary. He wrote that each month he re- ceived the equivalent of 70 neAV rubles, technically from the Red Cross. It Avas, in fact, probably arranged for by the M.V.D.(4^^) This would bring Oswald's s mademonthly close toincome to 140 but newhadrubles. The toBlocks Ricciardelli this amount, families supportand in addition to themselves. Sloboda and Webster both received over 250 new rubles a month. (167) The defectoi-s also received occasional financial aid. The amount varied greatly from the 10.000 mbles (presumably old rubles, equpJing 1,000 new riibles) that Davis wrote a friend he had received and 50 rubles given to Sloboda's wife to buy a present. Oswald received the equivalent of 500 new rubles to pay hotel and transportation bills to Minsk. N'o defector received payments above 100 new rubles except Oswald and Davis. The CIA 201 file on Davis states that becau.se the sum Davis wrote he had received was so fantastically high it was per- haps a mistake. (4^2) (168) Althougli Oswald received more aid than most of the other individuals studied, it is possible that it supplemented the low salary he received. Oswald wrote "it was really payment for my denunciation of the United States in :Moscow * * ■•= A.s soon as I * * * started negotia- tions with the American Embassy in Moscow for my return to the United States my Red Cross allotment was cut off." (4^3) XVI. Soviet Relationships and Exrr Visas (169) Two American citizens married Soviet citizens while residing in the U.S.S.R. Oswald had been in the Soviet Union IS^A months when he married Marina N. Prusakova. Two months prior to the mar- riage, Oswald wrote the American Embassy concerning an agreement that might be made for his return to the United States. A month after the marriage he informed the Embassy his wife would be returning to the United States with him. Marina applied for an exit visa to leave the Soviet Union and waited 4 months for it to be granted. Oswald, who 461 had applied for a Soviet exit visa approximately W2 months earlier waitedMarina, than 5i/^ months for his learned an exit been granted with IMarina's. He had had visa. (ITO) Green dlinger-s second trip to I^Ioscow in April 1958 resnlted in his marriaa-e to Yelena Ivano^aia Pyatnitskaya within tlie inontlu He had been enconraged to believe her passport and Soviet exit visa would be issued in ^\o 4 months by OYIR. After a year, the Soviet authorities issued his wife an exit visa to depart the Soviet Union. The U.S. Eml^assy refused to issue her an entrance visa due to her membership in Komsomol and a trade union. Because Greendlinger left the Soviet Union in July 1959, it took, at most, 16 months for the Soviets to grant Greendlinger an exit visa. His wife's Soviet exit visa took approximately 12 months to obtain. (171) Webster did not marry the woman with whom he lived in the Soviet Union and did not try to arrange for her departure from the U.S.S.R. He applied for a Soviet exit visa for himself and, after a 2-month wait, was refused and told he could reapply in a year. Webster waited the year ar.d reapplied for an exit visa. The Soviet authorities granted it^ and Webster departed for the United States after 14 months. (172) Others living in the Soviet Union were also refused immediate issuance of exit visas. The Blocks had their requests denied or not acted upon for at least 12 months until they were ex^x-lled for acts of hooliganism and handing out anti- Soviet propaganda. Citrynell re- ported he was detained in the Soviet Union involuntarily for 8 months. (173) It may be assumed ISIary Dutkanicz obtained an exit visa because she was allowed out of the Soviet Union on March 22, 1962. Her husband made immediate efforts for his children and himself to depart also. Sixteen months later his children were taken from their home. They spoke to their father once and learned his fears that the Soviets would render him an idiot. Three months after the children's- removal. Dutkanicz was reported as dead to his wife. The children were allowed to depart from the Soviet Union 6 months after the re- ported death, or 25 months after their mother had left. (174) In this analysis, only one Soviet exit visa was granted in a shorter time period than was Oswald's. Sloboda's wife received an exit visa within 3 months of application. Nevertheless, this was the only case in which the visa w^as an exit-reentry visa, and a|)plication proce- dures may have been different. Reasons for Oswald's short vv ait obtain- ing an exit visa are unknown. XVII. KGB Contact (175) During Oswald's efforts to regain his American passport, he was questioned by Embassy personnel about his activities in the Soviet. Union. He was not candid in all of his responses. This places into doubt Oswald's statement that he had never been subjected to any question- ing of briefing by Soviet authorities concerning his life prior to enter- ing the Soviet Union and that he had never provided information to any Soviet organ. Oswald had previously informed the Embassy that he would provide information he learned as a radar operator in the jSIarines. 43-792—79 30 462 (176) Other questions are raised about Oswald's statement by an October 17, 1959, entry in liis diary that his Intourist guide "asks me about myself and my reason for doing this." The committee was in- formed byKGB ojfficers wdio had defected from the Soviet Union that Intourist guides were frequently used by the KGB as agents or sources of information. Oswald's diary reflects he saw a great deal of his In- tourist guide. (177) Oswald's officials to discuss diary also todescribed his desire various reside in the Sovietmeetings withmetSoviet Union. He with at least five representatives of the pass and registration or visa de- partment. Later Oswald had a meeting with the Soviet Red Cross, and he is met in Minsk by two other Red Cross employees and two Intourist representatives. Oswald wrote in his diary that he kept contact with one of the Intourist representatives for 3i/^ months, and 6 months after that, she attended his 21st birthday party. (178) Oswald's diary also contained entries concerning his asso- ciates. {If^Jf) Marina told the FBI that : She believes he was observed and perhaps his neighbors and associates were questioned concerning his beliefs and his ac- tivities** * there is a possibility that there will be speculators and espionage agents among tourists and immigrants in Rus- sia ** * for this reason * * * tourists and immigrants are inves- tigated to a degree in Russia." (4^5) Marina also informed the FBI that she knew Oswald's contacts and knew of no contact by Russian intelligence or government agencies. (4^<;) Marina did not believe Oswald had been given any assignment to perform, either in Russia or the United States. (^7) (179) The committee requested permission of the Soviet Embassy to conduct interviews of the Soviet citizens that were reported by Oswald to have had contact with him. (4^5) This permission was refused, as was the committee's request for additional Soviet documents concern- ing Oswald's surveillance. The committee had no other available means to determine possible connections between the described individuals and the KGB. (180) The committee interviewed Webster concerning any contact he may have had with the KGB while in the Soviet Union. {Ji-29) Webster said the KGB had never contacted him, that there was no reason for them to do so, as the government officials that had aided him in his defection had his entire story. {Ij.30) He stated he had never been questioned relative to intelligence matters. (4=?-?) ( 181 ) File reviews revealed that Mrs. Block thought they would have l)een of interest to the KGB while in the Soviet Union, tjut that they had no knowing contact with them. (4'^^) She said that the Soviet rep- resentative who resettled them asked a lot of questions. {1(^33) She only recalled his inquiries about how an illegal U.S. passport, or one with a false identity, could be obtained. {43If.) (182) The committee found that Ricciardelli had contact with a rep- resentative from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Red Cross. It was the Red Cross that relocated him to Kiev. He stated that visitors to his apartment believed it to be bugged. File reviews produced no information concerning KGB contact with either Ricciardelli or Citiy- 463 •nell Citrynell was known to have had contact with the Office of Visa and Registration and the Eed Cross. The only defector requested not io make derogatory comments ahout the Soviet Union after leaving was Citrynell. He was asked for a signed statement concerning this bv the Eed Cross. ^^. .^ o -^ <'183) Apparently , Dubinsky and PetruUi never met with any feoviet authorities other than their Intourist guides. They were refused citizen- ship or any type of Soviet residence visa and remained in the Soviet TTnion only for a short period. Dubinsky's treatment may characterize Soviet treatment of foreigners they consider mentally unbalanced. (184) The committee found Dutkanicz and Sloboda had contact with the KGB before and after their defection to the Soviet Union. Dutkanicz was recruited in a bar in West Germany by the KGB. Upon liis defection, his family was resettled in L'vov with KGB assistance. The KGB watched over Dutkanicz closely and kept in daily telephone contact with him. (185) Sloboda. a reported KGB agent before defection, was sub- jected to frequent questionings by the KGB. His wife, Imew however, re- ported the only Russian Intelligence Service officer she was the resettlement officer. . ISfi) In re^dewing the circumstance concerning KGB contact with these 12 defectors, it could be concluded that only those having had contact with the KGB prior to their defection, had contact with Soviet before thehowever, This conclusion, would be in di- rect conflict afterward'". intelligence with the testimony committee of experts m Soviet intelligence and officers who defected from the KGB. (187) The committee received testimony that: (1) Americans enter- ing the Soviet Union were of intelligence interest to the KGB; (2) Americans offering to defect to the Soviet Union were rare and paid particular attention to by the KGB ; (3) in any case similar to that of Lee Harvey Oswald, the defector would have been debriefed for intelligence information. (4^5) ! 188) " In the cases of these defectors, representatives from the Soviet Red Cross, Intourist, the Office of Visa and Registration, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the KGB fulfill overlapping roles. In addition, KGB off.cers use the employees of the various other agencies as agents to gather information. It is probable that KGB officers misrepresent their employment while debriefing unknowledgeable defectors. It is also possible that the defectors misrepresented any contact they may have with foreign intelligence agencies, tlius files might not accurately reflect experiences in the Soviet Union. Consequently, contact between the KGB and Lee Harvey Oswald cannot be ruled out. In most cases, the files reviewed in the FBI and CIA did not in fact contain indica- tions of debriefing of the defectors by either agency in the United States. Thus, most individuals were never asked if the KGB had made contact with them during their stay in the Soviet Union. ADDEXDTJBr: American Debriefing Practices The committee (189)determine conducted a review of defectors' files in order 'to whether defectors other than Oswald were routinely debriefed upor their return to the United States. The committee 464 requested that the CIA provide a list of persons traveling to the Soviet Union during the period from 1958 to 1963, including both visitors and those persons considered by the agency to be defectors. (4'36) In response, the CIA provided a computer listing of 380 individuals entitled "U.S. Persons Who Have or ]May Have Defected to the U.S.S.E. Between 1958-1963." (f??) The Agenc;/ stated that this listing represented U.S. persons includ- ing some non-U.S. citizens who owed some measure of allegiance to the United States, who either had defected or had shown some in- tention of defecting to the U.S.S.K. within the requested time (190) As period. (4^8) this list ^ was compiled from a more detailed computer progr'am on American defectoi-s, a more detailed description concern- ing these individuals was requested and provided in an expanded version of tlie original list. This machine listing included the follow- ing infonnation wliere relevant or available for each individual : name, date, and place of birth, 201 file number, arrival in Soviet Union, departure from Soviet Union, employment in Soviet Union, most current address, and other miscellaneous information compiled from the individuaPs 201 file and citations for/or other agency documents regarding this individual. (191) The committee compiled a list of persons who appeared fron^ the information available in the Agency's expanded list, to be U.S. citizens born in the United States, who defected or attempted to defect to the Soviet Union between the years of 1958 and 1963 and who returned to the United States within the same period of time. In addition, the committee included individuals from an October 19(;0 State Department request for information from the CIA regarding these persons whom they considered to be defectors to the Soviet Union or Soviet bloc countries. {4-39) (192) The committee requested files or 20 individuals who fit tlie above-described criteria and the CIA provided files on 28 individuals on whom they maintained records. These 201 files were reviewed as well as any existing Domestic Contact Division files regarding these per- sons. The committee's files review revealed that, in the case of six of the individuals, there was no indication that they ever returned to the United States. (44^) In some of these cases, the files contained a re- port fron) a source who observed or spoke with the subject and then reported the contact to the CTA, but there was no indication of direct contact with any of these |)ersons on the part of the CIA. (193) In regard to the other 22 defectors, the file review showed that there is no recoi-d of CIA contact with 18 of them. Again, four of these files contain reports by soui'ces who advised the Agency of their con- tact. Included in this group are Joseph Dutkanicz and Morris and jMollie JMock. (44!) One file regarding a former military person, Bruce Frederick Davis, contained a report of a debriefing. (4^) (194) The circumstances of the CIA's contact with the four remain- ing defectors differed in each case. The file of Irving Amron re- flected that he had actually been living in the U.S.S.R. since 1933 aiid returned to the United States in 1962. He was debriefed in 1964 by a CIA officer after applying for employment in response to a newsjjaper advertisement. (,^4^) Another returning defector, Harold Citrynell, 465 ^vas unwittingly interviewed by a CIA officer abroad upon the offi- cial's departure" from the Soviet Union enroute to the United States. iM) While Citrynell's file indicated that the Agency considered it desirable that a full luid controJled debrieiing by the CIA and I'^lil be conducted and CIA wrote to the FBI suggesting a joint debrieiing, there is no evidence in Citrynell'S 201 hie nor in any DCD documents that suggested further contact on the ])art of the CIA.(44^^) (105) '^More extensive debriehngs were conducted of the other two defectors. Robert E. Webster, a plastics expert with the Rand Devel- emj: tihc Institute of Poiytechnic Plastics. (447) Shortly after his return to the United States, Webster was debriefed in home territory by CIA's representatives in conjunction with representatives from the Air Force. (4-^5) It was decided that a more extensive debrieiing was in order and Webster was sulisequently brought to the Washington, D.C., area where he was debriefed for a period of 2 weeks. (44-^) The debriefing reports included a chronology of Wel:)ster"s life and the CIA's assessment of him as well as a large body of infonnation regard- ino- life in the Soviet I'nion, Webster's work there, and biographic information on persons he had met during his residence there. (4^>.'^) (196) Likewise. Libcro Ricciardelli who had lived in the Soviet Union for nearly 4 years, was contacted for purposes of debriefing soon after his return to\he United States in late June of 1963. (4.5i) His initial debriefing included such subjects as the motivation to defect to the U.S.S.R. as well as activities engaged in during his ]\roscow stay, relocation from Moscow to Kiev, and general aspects of life such as residence controls and costs. (4-5.'^) While the CIA believed it was in- feasible to debrief Ricciardelli more thoroughly due to his cvxrrent status of attempting to regain U.S. citizenship, the Agency expressed an interest in eliciting more information on such topics as cost of living, medical care, consumer goods, highways, transportation, and restrictions upon travel within Kiev. {ItoS) (197) It becomes clear from the review of files on these defectors tiiat debriefing of defectors l)y tlie CIA was, in fact, somewhat of a random occurrence. Nonetheless, in the instances in which the Agency •did choose to debrief returning American defectors, the Agency ap- peared to be interested in topics of general interest regarding life in certain areas of the So^•iet Ihiion. In this regard, the persons who were debriefed were similar to Oswald in that they defected and re- turned within the same general time ]5eriod and each spent his time in the Soviet Union in areas of interest to the CIA. (19S) It appears from an examination of all available materials that Lee Harvey Oswald was not interviewed by the CIA following his return to the United States from the Soviet Union. Although persons in a branch of the Soviet Russian division expressed an interest in interviewing Oswald, they never followed up on this interest. Thei'o was also no indication tliat the Office of Operations interviewed Oswald. (199) While the CIA did conduct interviews of some tourists who visited the Soviet Union during the ])eriod 1959-63 as well as some American citizens who defected to the Soviet Union and then returned 466 to the United States, there was no standard policy to interview all per- sons in either category. Thus, the fact that Oswald was not interviewed was more the rule than the exception according to procedures followed hj the CIA at that point in time. Submitted by: JoiiAxisrA Smith, Eesearcher. REFERENCES {1 ) Smith notes from the Central Intelligence Agency, (JFK Doe. No. 014951) . (2) Ibid. (5) Ibid. (//) Smith notes from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's file on Morris and Mollie Block (JFK Doc. No. 014935) (hereinafter FBI notes, Block) . (5) Ibid. (6-) Ibid. (7) Ibid. C S ) See ref . 1. See also footnote 4, FBI notes. Block. (9) See ref. 1. (10) Ibid. (11) Ibid. (12) Ibid. (13) Ibid. (U) Ibid. (15) See ref. 4, FBI notes, Block. (16) Ibid. (17) Ibid. (18) Ibid. (19) Ibid. (20) Ibid. (21) Ibid. (22) Ibid. (23) Ibid. (24) See ref. 1. (25) Ibid. (2(1 ) See ref. 4, FBI notes, Block. (27) Ibid. (28) Ibid. (29) See ref. 1. (30) Ibid. (31) Ibid. (32) Ibid. (33) Ibid. f S/f ) See ref. 4, FBI notes. Block. (3.5) Ibid. (86) Ibid. (37) Ibid. (38) Ibid. (39 ) Ibid ; See also ref. 1. (JfO) See ref. 4, FBI notes, Block. (41) See ref. 1. (Ji2) Smith notes from the Central Intelligence Agency (JFK Doc. No. €149.52). (43) Ibid. (U) Ibid. (45) Ibid. > (46) Ibid. (47) Ibid: see also Smith nntes from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's file on Harold Citrynell (JFK Doc. No. 014936) (hereinafter FBI notes, Citry- nell). (48) See ref. 42. (49) Ibid. (50) Ibid. (51) Ibid. (52) Ibid. 467 (53) Smith notes from tlie Central Intelligence Agency (JFK Doc. No. 014995). ioJf) Ibid. (55) Ibid. (5G) Ibid. (57) Ibid. (5S) Ibid. (59) Ibid. (GO) Ibid. (67) Ibid. (02) Ibid. (OS) Ibid. (67/) Ibid. (05) Ibid. (6-6-) Ibid. (67) Ibid. (68) ymith notes from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's file on Bruce Frederick Davis (JFK Doc. No. 014937). (09) Smith notes from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's file on Shirley Dubinsky (JFK Doc. No. 014938) (hereinafter FBI notes, Dubinsky). (70) Ibid. (71) Ibid, (72) Ibid. (78) Ibid. (77/) Ibid. (75) Ibid. (76) Ibid. (77) Ibid. (78) Ibid. (79) Ibid. (80) Smith notes from the Central Intelligence Agency (JFK Doc. No. 0149.54). (8J) Smith notes from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's file on Joseph Dutkanicz (JFK Doc. No. 014939) (hereinafter FBI notes, Dutkanicz). (82) Seeref. 80. (83) See ref. 81, FBI notes, Dutkanicz. (84) Ibid. (85) Ibid. (86) See ref. 80, CIA notes. (87) Ibid. (88) Ibid. (89) See ref. 81, FBI notes, Dutkanicz. (90) See ref. 80, CIA notes. (91) Ibid. (92) Ibid. (93) Ibid. ( 9^1 ) Ibid ; see also ref. 81, FBI notes, Dutkanicz. (95) Ibid. (90) See ref. 80, CIA notes. (97) Ibid. (98) Ibid. (99) Ibid. (100) Ibid. (101 ) See ref. 81, FBI notes, Dutkanicz. (102) See ref. 80, CIA notes. (103) Ibid. (10/,) Ibid. (105) Ibid. (106) Ibid. (107) Ibid. (108) Ibid. (109) Ibid. (110) Ibid. (111 ) Ibid ; see also ref. 81, FBI notes, Dutkanicz. (112) See ref. 80, CIA notes. {113) Ibid. 468 an Ibid. {115 Smith notes from the Central Intelligence Agency (JFK Doc. No. 0149; )i Ibid. (116 {111 Ibid ; see also Smith notes from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's file on Martin Greendlinger (JFK Doc. No. 014942) (hereinafter FBI notes, Oreenc inger). {118 See ref. llij, CIA notes. {119 Ibid ; see also ref. 117, FBI notes, Greendlinger. {120 See ref. 115, CIA notes. Ibid. {121 Ibid. {12'^ Ibid. {123 {12h Ibid. Ibid. {125 {126 Ibid. {127 Ibid. Ibid. {128 {129 Ibid. {130 Ibid. {131 Ibid. (182 Ibid ; see also ref. 117, FBI notes, Greendlinger. {133 Classified staff summary of review of the Central Intelligence Agency Doc. No. 014963). {m Ibid. Ibid. ) Ibid. (iS~) See ref. 167, FBI notes, Ricciardelli. (188) Ibid. (JS9) Ibid. (190) Ibid. (i9i) Ibid. (i92) Ibid. (193) Ibid. (i9^) Ibid. (195) Ibid. (i96') Ibid. (i97) Ibid. (19S) Ibid. (i9.'') Ibid. (200) Ibid. (2W) Ibid. (202) Ibid. (203) Ibid. (204) Ibid. (205) Smith notes from the Central Intelligence Agency (JFK Doc. No. 014966). (206) Ibid. (207) Ibid. (208) Ilrld. (209) Ibid. (210) Ibid. (2ii) Ibid. (2i2) Ibid. (213) Ibid. (2i4) Ibid. (215) Ibid. (2/6') Ibid. (217) Ibid. (218) Ibid. (2/.9) Ibid. (220) Ibid. (22i) Ibid. (222) Ibid. (223) Ibid. (22.)) Ibid. (225) Ibid. (226') I»)id. (227) Ibid. (228) Ibid. (229) Ibid. (230) Classif.od staff summary of review of the Central Intelligence Agency (JFKDoc. No. 014967). (231) Ibid. (232) Smirh notes from the Central Intelligence Agency Domestic Contact Division file (JFK Doc. No. 014967). (233) See ref. 230, staff summary, Webster. (23 Jf) Ibid. (235) Ibid. (2.56) Ibid. (237) Ibid. (23S) Il)id. (239) Ibid. (240) Ibid. 470 mi) Ibid. (242) Ibid. {2^3) Ibid. (2U) Ibid. {245) Ibid. (24G) Ibid. (2^7) Ibid. {248) Ibid. (249) Ibid. (250) Ibid. {251) Ibid. (252) Ibid. (253) Ibid. (254) Ibid. <255) Ibid. (256) Ibid. (257) Ibid. (258) Ibid. (253) Ibid. (260) Ibid. (261) Ibid. (262) Ibid. (263) Ibid. (264) Ibid. (265) Ibid ; see also ref. 232, Smith notes from CIA Domestic Contact Division, ■file on Webster. ( 266 ) See ref. 230, staff summary, Webster. (267) Ibid. (268) Ibid. (269) Ibid. (270) Ibid. (27i) Ibid. (272) See ref. 232, Smith notes from CIA Domestic Contact Division, file on Webster, (273) See ref. 230, staff summary, Webster. (274) Ibid. (275) Ibid. (276) Ibid. (277) Ibid. '(27S) Ibid. (279) Ibid. (2S0) Ibid. (281) Ibid. ■(282) Ibid. (283) Ibid. (2cS4) Ibid. ■(285) Ibid. (286) Ibid. (2S7) Ibid. (288) Ibid. (289) Ibid.; see also ref. 232, Smith notes from CIA Domestic Contact Divi- sion, file on Webster. (290) See ref. 232, Smith notes from CIA Domestic Contact Division, file on Webster. (291) Commission exhibit 984 Hearings before the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy (Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969), vol. XVITI. p. 402 (hereinafter Warren report volume). (292 ) Commission exhibit 98-5, Warren report vol. XVIII, pp. 404-405. (29 S) Ibid. (294) Id. at pp. 400-479. (295) Ibid. (296) Ibid. (2,97) Commission exhibit 3096, Warren report, vol, XXVI, p, 706, (298) FOIA Doc. No. 13-1 for review August 1976 Commis.sion exhibit 24. W.arren report, vol. XVI, pp. 94-10.5 (JFK Doe. No. 014933) (hereafter Os- wald Dinry) page numbers refer to FOIA No. 13-1 (JFK Doc. No, 014933) not Warren Commifjsion volumes). 471 {29d) Ibid; see also ref. 2, Commission exhibit 9So, Warren report hearing, Tol. XVIII, pp. 404-479. (SOO) Deposition of Yuri Ivanovich Nosenko, May 30, 1978, Select Committee on Assassinations (JFK Doc. No. 014724) pp 23-26; see also Brady notes, inter- view of X (JFK Doc. No. 015001) ; see also Brady notes, interview of Y (JFK Doc. No. 105000). d Canithers "Soviet to Issue New Rnlde and Put A\ ortn at $1 11 " New' York Times, Ruble p. 1 ; see also. November 15. 1960, York Harby Schwartz,. "Soviet Hints Rich Cut Hoards," New Times, October 23, 191)0. p. •>.^,- see also Max Frarikel. "Soviet Will Revalue Ruble: Income Tax to End by •65," New York Times, May 6, 1960, p. 1 (JFK Doc. No. 015002). 473 (//?/) Commission exhibit 25, Warren Report, vol. XVI, p. 121. {Jt22) See footnote 53. CIH notes. (42^) Commission exliibit 25, Warren Report, vol. XVI, p. 121. {1,21, ) See ref. 208, Oswald Diary, pp. 8-14, 16, 19-20. (-^£.5) Commission exhibit 1403, Warren Report, v>l. XVII, p. 774. {,J,26) Commission exhibit 1401, Warren Report, vol. XXII, p. 754. (-'/27') Ibid. (-J28) Outside contact report (with VladlUen Mr. Vasev and Ikar I. Zavrazh- nov) .Tune 1, 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations (JFK Doc. No. 00SS73I. (4.-?») Staff interview of Robert E. Webster, Mar. 16, 1978, House Select Com- mittee on Assassinations, p. 3 (JFK Doc. No. 014999). (J,3Q) Ibid. {1,31) Ibid. (.;••:?,?) See ref. 4, FBI notes, Block. (453) Ibid. (./.?4) Ibid. (.J.3.5) Deposition of David E. Murphy. Aug. 9, 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations, pp. 14-15, 16-18 (JFK Doc. No. 014723) ; see also executive •session testimony, DC SB. Nov. 16, 197S, hearing before Select Committee on Assassinations, pp. 24-25 ; see also testimony of John Limond Hart, Sept. 15, 1978, hearing before the Select Committee ou Assassinations, 95th Congress 2d Ses- sion, Washington, D.C. : T.S. Government Printing Office, 1979. vol. Ill, p. 526- 27: see also notes, staff interview of May 19, 1978 (JFK Doc. No. 01.5001) ; see also notes staff interview of Xosenkn. May ."JO, 1978 (JFK Doc. No. 01.5003). (.',36) Letter from House Select Committee on Assassinations to CIA, Jan. 6, 1978. (4.?7) Attachment to CIA memorandum Jan. 27, 1978. (i?8) Ibid. (j.39) Letter from Hugh S. Cumming to Richard M. Bissell, Oct. 25. 1960. i-'i-'iO) Among the six defectors who did not return to the United States were Martin and Mitchell. i-'i'iD Classified staff summary of review of the Central Intelligence Agency < JFK Doc. No. 0149.54) . {-',-',2) Classified staff summary of review of the Central Intelligence Agency (JFK Doc. No. 0149.52). (4-/3) Classified staff summary of review of the Central Intelligence Agency. (-'i',f,) Classified staff summary of review of the Central Intelligence Agency Tnent Mother in the USA Mother USA 31?li ^"est Kti't V/orth ?th St. Texas Kurgaret Oswald Date: December 29, 1959 Signature of appHc: • tsl-E'^ed] . Lee H, Oswald Technical remarks: [Text in English signed by Lee H. O:;- .;ld] CHie following Russian text is a tr "ration of Oswald's statement in English]: I have no passport because I have given Viit document to the American Consul in Moscow, I request an identity card for purposes of residing in the Soviet Union, since I an witliout citizenship (nationality). Translated by Shironova. 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BiiA ua )RaTejii.CTBb axm ■",' BUABUHUfl (KtfM H FAC) . cpoKoa AO :— ! lU") r. i. 4 (J)OTOCipTUlKU ' Commission Exhibit 985 — Continued 485 t PoACT,';c';.:i!iK"» i;;io!;.;:.r:.::";':C' n CCC;^ C'.-iioiii. po.ioiiia (oi.i',, 1, Ml., liy;::, -/.ciin. c: :, jioii., Cp.vii.n, c;y.^ ;) l>2;.;..:i;;:-.:.vi; Po.',;v. ..i":i:i!;i!, «po::;:::::..Druic 3n rjv Ciciicub poACfiia (oron, C>&uu;suir, cun, 0Ts:a>'s9 iciTJ., uy;!, J.;ciia, ci4;i, rp.v.:;:M!CT:o Ao ii., CpiiLn, cccTii^:) poxcrrc:!i;:;!:o3 U^CCui/b noi!.t;ct. 3;!:;:iTc.-..T >-^, ///^ ^■J'C '^- •■ "'' TliJqill'lCCKllE OTilLinai .7 JUxyy.H- /-uc' c j. 9 A i a ^o i. B u n E? 2 Jj. c u S Ao a a— £ 3 1 - t- c '-J • 2 f= t — "O f c ^ g ' r. ^ <^ ->« bcE u « " 4, O -O ii « O c £ S; . . e» Si's La* ^ :S n w r* IS "W «•■ •^ o >« o _5i . 4; ^ O C P. '■.<: e s " T ^ C - ;= — i: s ^ c '.f r ^ - -> = - ^ C - 3 •^ C *£ ^ 5 E <•-oc «-r 5 c >> IX i -I 5« t* — o - s " u. w 5>,~ o5£ *=- i =« e » 2 I** V — - - o o 2 c o »:■ wC g V & c -• £ —J •- -J h ^ 9 U VI i.^ c ** d O 4> f i ■ - a: X j: "" ^ Z 0.£ — ^"O — « r c. _ - t r i >s = _ Mi •._• ^ c- - - _ V -c £ c • (2 oo , » - o c 5 jc V ^ . .T.to X 5 U = i:**o. c 5 • > CC ^ -^ «. > b te en ?n " c » S ^ ■? ■0 3 ^ gSJ.^w ? 3 f ^ - '^ ^ - ■*" _ O — iJ w ^ -■ a ss >? ■o - S at S '1 o ? C X a ? c ♦• r- »* - a ? w-a t-^- 5 is i5>Je . 5 JB >» 5 * - a*' O > V u ^ O w ai S O a £ i 2 t - - u tl ' T.7. ^c -e ^*- _ o O O S " — ^ if ^ Jl5 .^.c* 53 a; — Ct D 5 =: - -«• He- V-' 490 Mr. Klein, Looking at the newspaper article clipping, on the right-hand side, with the heading "U.S. Fair in Soviet Jammed at Close," do you see that? Mr, NosENKO. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. And what is the date of that story ? Mr. NosENKO. The date is Septemiber 4. Mr. Klein. Axe you aware of the fact that the American Exhibition ended on September 4, more than a month ibefore Oswald came to the Soviet Union? Mr. NOSENKO. Mr. Klein, I would like you to ask when Americans wlio were working for this exhibition left Moscow. Mr. Klein. I will ask you another question. Yesterday, when I asked you if things got back to normal once the fair ended, did you say yes? Mr. NosENKO. No ; till they were leave the Soviet Union, No. They are the same targets. OK, you are right, it is closed September 4, but does it change the im- portance of these people against whom the KGB was working? They were still in Moscow. Mr. Klein. Do you recall yesterday my asking you, did things in your depart- ment get back to normal once the fair ended, and do you recall saying yes? Mr. NOSENKO. Well, I meaning fair ended when left all the people involved in work on American Exihibition, Americans when they left, and they were staying quite a long time after it was closed. It was closed for visits for Soviet citizens, but it took quite a time for them to leave. Mr. Klein. You also testified yesterday that Lee Harvey Oswald was allowed to stay in the Soviet Union after he said that he was going to kill himself if they sent him home. You told us that he slashed his wrist and two psychiatrists ex- amined him and both found him mentally unstable. Mr. Nosenko. Bigiht. Mr. Klein. What was the point of having two psychiatrists examine him ? Mr. Nosenko. I think simply to be assured that it was right found decision, concerning this person. Two independent. Mr. Klein. After they examined him, the decision was made to let him stay ; is that correct? Mr. Nosenko. It is not because of the examination he was allowed to stay, Mr. Klein. You are a little bit mixing things. He was allowed to stay because KGB and Soviet Government had come to the conclusion if this i)erson will kill himself it will be reaction in newspapers, which can in any way hurt the start- ing, the warming of Soviet- American relations. Mr. Klein. The Soviets were worried he would kill himself in the Soviet Union? Mr. Nosenko. Right, if they would not allow him to stay. Mr. Klein. Could the KGB have taken him and put him on the next plane out of Russia and thereby ended their whole problem with Lee Harvey Oswald? Mr. Nosenko. It is a very sensitive question. He can jump out of car. If he decided, if he is mentally unstable, you don't know what he will do. Mr. Klein. Do you think the KGB didn't do that because they were worried he might jump out of the car or do something like that? Mr. Nosenko. Simply a mentally unstable person, they didn't want to go it on any such action. Mr. Klein. They would rather keep him in the Soviet Union ? Mr. Nosenko. No ; they would rather prefer they washed their hands, Mr. Klein ; they are not making decision, KGB. In Soviet Union decisions are made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party, and General Secretary and Politburo, not by KGB. KGB a .servant of the Politburo and Central Committee Communist Party. Mr. Klein. Going by the facts as you have told them to the Committee Mr. Nosenko. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. Why wasn't he put on a plane and sent back to America? Mr. Nosenko. KGB washed their hands. Then from Intourist it was given information Ministry of Foreign Trade; Ministry of Foreign Trade reported to the Soviet Government. As I said, I assumed the chairman was surely asked ; he told his opinion of the KGB, and up to the Soviet Government how they would decide. Mr. Klein. Could he have been brought to the U.S. Embassy and told them he is an American, "You take care of him ; we don't want him"? Mr. Nosenko. It can be done, sure. It can be done, but it wasn't done. 491 Mr. Klein. Instead they elected to allow him to stay indefinitely in the Soviet Union and they have to worry about him every single day, what an unstable American would do, is that correct? Mr. Mr. NosENKo. Klein. TheThey factsdidn't allow, as you haveKGB didn't toallow. testified them Soviet Government are that the KGB allowed. allowed this mentally unstable person to stay in Russia, and they sent him to Minsk to live and work in a radio factory. Then the KGB allowed this mentally unstable individual to marry a Soviet woman, and then this mentally unstable individual was allowed to join a hunting club where he had access to a gun. Can you think of any other cases in all the time you worked in the KGB where a mentally unstable person was treated in this manner? Mr. Nosenko. I told you I do not know any other cases of mentally unstable, excluding one code clerk, American, was also mentally ill ; he was delivered in Soviet Union. I heard it. I never have worked with him, I never have seen him. And the thing is, I am sorry, but you are putting and stressing a number of questioning, and it sounds so peculiar. What does it mean, KGB allow him to marry? Mr. Klein, in the Soviet Union there is by decree of Presidium of Supreme So- viet U.S.S.R. a law allowing marriage of Soviet citizens with foreign. A foreigner can marry a Soviet citizen, by the law. There is not a thing that KGB can in any way try not to give, not make it possible, but this is in cases when the person who is marrying a foreigner worked in some sensitive place, let's say, in missiles, rocket industry production, was in process of any place of his working seeing classified material. In these cases, KGB will try to put different type of fences. But it is unlawful. In accordance with Soviet law, marriage is allowed ; he doesn't need to ask permission of Soviet Government or anyone. And his wife, Marina, wasn't working in any place which was sensitive from the point of view of Soviet security. Mentally unstable it doesn't mean that he is raving mad; it is mentally unstable. Mr. Klein. You testified that not only was Oswald not spoken to when he first said he wanted to defect but even after the decision was made to allow him to remain in the Soviet Union, still nobody from the KGB spoke to him, is that correct? Mr. NosENKO. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. You also testified to the extensive resources that were devoted to put physical and technical surveillance on Oswald. You told us the men involved, the time involved, the facilities involved? Mr. NosENKO. Right. Mr. Klein. Do you find great contradiction Mr. Nosenko. No, sir. Mr. Klein [continuing]. In the fact that, on the one hand, you put all these resources into following Oswald around, trying to see who he talked to and whiat he did and, on the other hand, you didn't even have a person go and talk to him and say, "Tell us your background ; tell us about yourself." Is there any contradiction? Mr. Nosenko. Even in the United States, yes, sure, for you, for me just now American citizens, yes, sure, but there, no. Mr. Klein. They don't talk to people there? Mr. Nosenko. They can talk and cannot to talk, but Ieven don't see any contradic- tion there. Anyone, any foreigner who will be staying, if this defector not on his own, but, let's say, KGB pushed him to stay, to defect, he still will be watched and on him will be put this same type of work that was put on Oswald, not less. Mr. Klein. You talk about their society being different than ours. It is unusual that they allow an American to defect and live there without ever questioning him, to ask him if he is an intelligence agent? Mr. Nosenko. On the contrary, no doubt, let's say he was intelligence agent, what he will tell them that he was sent with mission as intelligence agent? Why to scare him? Let him live how he wants. We will be watching him. He will show by his behavior, by his action. Mr. Klein. They purposely don't speak to him; is that your testimony? Mr. Nosenko. In this case they didn't speak to him because he didn't present interest for the KGB and because he was mentally unstable. 492 Mr. Klein. You testified that you read the reports of two psychiatrists who examined Lee Harvey Oswald at the hospital after he cut his wrist, is that correct? Mr. NosENKO. Right. Mr. Klein. You said both found him mentally unstible? Mr. NosENKo. Right. Mr. Klein. You told us in great detail how the decision was made to have these psychiatrists examine him. I would ask that this document be marked for identification. Chairman Stokes. The clerk will identify for the record the number appearing on the document. Ms. Bebning. It wiU be JFK No. F-4. [The document referred to was marked as JFK exhibit No. F-4 for identification.] 493 JFK Exhibit F-4 [Doo. IC 2] KDliSTOI a* HEALTH OP THE USSR (Propert7 on receipt) Botkin Hoepital KEBICAL HISTCRT NO. 313 •• * Patient referred from Bldg. No, 26. 23-10-59 [Mjaitted 13 h. Cl p.m.] 23-10-1959 CDi0]oharged 28 Oct. 1959 ./ Dept.: KLdg. 7, "B" Dept. 1, [36 or 3b 7] Days spent in the hospital: 7 Name: Oswald, Lee Harrey Age: 20, Nationality: Anerican Education: high school Works independ. Lives in (address): Moscow Perm, residence: in the city Hotel Berlin, Rm. 320 Result of the treatment: ., Uiprovement [?] 35.8 Place of Biqjloyment: K - 4 - 19 - 80 Service Bureau, Radio-technician ' Work capacity: Tempor. [Admitted] For continuation of treatment disabled Clinical diagnosis: incised wound of the left forearm, 1/3 [first third?] At the time of discharge: Incised wound of the 1/3 [first: third] • ofi the" ^.eft forearm* ,"' t 2d Signatursi [Illegible] ■ .•'.•» ,.•»..■ ..•■ . T.D. DsdtrldVA. Commission Exhibit 0S5— Continued 494 — A Blood Ana]y8l8 Oswald Dept, 7 firythrocytes Hemoglob, Color Indicator 80-100 o.a - 1.0 1.07 500,000 16 [iOleg.^ 36 Cllleg.] Leucocytes Basophlles 0-0.555 3-A^nopMTp? ' Eosl Norm 6-Sth, Nona in absol. fig. 180-200 30-40 . 5,500 Neutrophlles ' 6-8^ Ifyeloc. Bacill. Segment I^jmiphoc. Monoc. Deviation Indic. — . IS 0.06 63-57 • 24-30^ 2AO-320 6040 1800- 2400 640 A020- 33 0.08 300- 50 Sedimentation of erTthrocytest 14 na par h. ^April 25, 1953 ,■ Signature [illegible] Commission Exiiibit 985 — Continued 495 - 3 - Prine Aralysis No, 61; Oswald For the physician of i 7-1 Color; light amber Reactiont acid • Specific gravity t 1025 Transparency! turbid Albumins Nona Sugar t None Bile pigments t None Ifrbbilins Cill«eib^3 -u- Sediment ra.cro8copy 1. Epithelial cells: Flat ; Nona 2. Leucocytes: one iHljoeible] U. Cylinders : Inline ; none $, Cells of kidney epithellunt none 6. Salts}.' none [one word illegible] 7* Mucus t none 8. Bacteriat none Signature t C^^^S^^^l -5- Resulta of temperature neasorement and other tests and procedures. [See chart] Commission Exhibit 985 — Continued 496 Ep;lcrl8i8 Oot. 23 The patient does not opeak Rueaian. One could judge only ^ his gestures and facial expresalon that he had no ccmplaiftts. A 2 HiB general condition is satisfactory. Pulse (illegible) is Observation rlTtlraio RbJL|2. Abdcnen soft, painless. Signatures Etadtrifliva Oct. C?] -No cooplaints. / 361 Hiertorr of present ^^^T^afl>l. 35.8 • • , Oct. 21 The patient vas brought by aobulance into the Admission Ward of the Botkin hospital and further referred to Bldg. [or wing] No. 26. According to his statement in the Admission Ward — vith the aid of an Interpreter — the patient arrived a few days ago in the Soviet Union as a tourist for the purpose of obtaining Soviet citizenship and remaining in Russia, For this reason he had been '' saving money for 3 years, and applied to the Supreme Soviet of the USSl. He did not receive a definite answer aivl on Oct. 21 was supposed to leave for his home country. 3h order to delay his • departure he inflicted wounds on the lower third of his left forearm and put it into hot water* He lost consciousness and at I6i00 ih p.m.] on Oct. 21, was brought to the Botkin hospital where he was examined by the surgeon and bandaged. He was examined by a psychiatrist. [He spent] three days in the psychiatric ward for observation. According to the conclusion of the expert, t)ie patient is not dangerous to other people and may stay in the sooatio department. Qy order of the. assistant to Commission Exhibit 985 — Continued - 7 497 Mfr«pm^*WiHiiuiiHii«ill I u *<«*** the cldef physician he was transferred to room No. 7. Oeneral condition oatiafactory. '-8 Bflspira - Uon in the lunga is vosicular. Hnti is normal. Pulse is rhythmic [illegible] RR -jq. Liver and spleen not enlarged. Pathp dlaen -uiat oals oolo «) Baslo *2 Oct. 2$ Ko ClUeglbl*] [2 words llleelble] Oigana without change. U tablespoon 3 Unss/day?] ■ '' Surgical oxaralnatlon. ' •• . Ojservatlont Signature i Didtrieva b) CompUeatiota Oct. 26, Internal organs [complio.7]:nona "^ Organs;K[ormal]. Oct. 27. Erandnatien by the surgeon 35,3 Bandage. Stitches [illegiblo] 36.3 Healing of the wound in the forearn by Mans of firet aid. ^eptlo' bandage. Kay be dlsdiarged. - 9- Splorlsls Oct. 28 , . . , ,1. The patient was brou^t to the admission ward of the Botldn Hospital by ambulance and was ordered by the assistant to the chief physician tikonnlkova t] to be transferred to Ward No. 7. [2 words Illegible]. Incised wound of the first third of the left foreara with the Intention to commit sulcldo. In the adralesion ward sutures wore made. On Oct. 27 he was examined by the surgeon. The heaUng of the wound was done by first intention. With surgeon's pemisslon^dlecharged from hospital. Bie interpreter ^bo was with hin every day (froa the anbase/7) was Informed ahead of tine. The condition of the patient Is satisfactory. Slgnatore (Durltrieral Commission Exhibit 985 — Continued 498 MINISTRr OP HEALTH OF TKB USSR {k Rubles 20 kop One foreign [2 words illeglblo] Receipt No. Ilii7) «SDICAL HISTORY NO. 1977 B7 whom referred t Anbolanoe 8O87 Bept. tillegible] Admitted; 16.00 th p.m.], Oct, 21 »59 Tranaf . Oct. 23 to Ward 7 Namet Oswald, Lee Harvey. Agex 20 Natlonalitjrt American Edacationt High School Address t Hotel "Berlin", Room 320 Works independ. . Einployment t Radio-technician Diagnosis t [illeg.] incised wound the the of leftlower third of feream. •■ * ' Vnien adndttedt same Datat .qc.t'._21, 1959 ' ' Signature! Otarpov ?] Cone word missing] when discharged t 'Incised wound in the lower third of the left forearm. Suicide attempt. Operation! Frinary surgical treatment of the wound, Sate of the operation} Oct, 21, 1959 Anesthetics! local ' Anount of narcotics t C^leg,] Nofvoo, (illeg.] Signature tm^S^^o] Commission Exhibit 9S5— Continued 499 16^ [lii30 p.n.l Exjnlnatlon in the Adnlsolon Dept. 2 - Xn hli rooB In the Hotel Berlin in the attempt to conmlt euldde, he cut the lower third of the forearm, Objectivolyt In the louer third of the - 3 left foroarn is a skiJi voond ^on« vord illegible] vlth Injury to the blood leesels. Ihe wound li 3 ca. long Karpor K.V, i2 Oot. $9 miKS iKAUSIS NO. k6 Oswald Sept. 26 Color t Xig^t amber neaetloni add Spec, gravltf [illeg.] Sransporenejri torbld Albunln - none Sneer - none Bile plgnenta - none Sediment >aoro8oop7 1. EpltheUal cells k- flat IlUeglble] pol^morphio none 2. Leucocytes h-6 [7 ]. [illegible] It. Cylinders Cranuloas t none 6. Salts [2 words Illegible] 7. Kucua [one word illegible] S. Bacteria- none Kany [one word illegible] Signature [illegible] Commission Exhibit 985 — Continued 500 -5- Ihe patient vas admitted to Botldn Hospital on Oct. 21, >S9. Re vas brought to the hospital because ot an Incised vouod of the left forenrB. The vourd Is of a linear charaoter with aharp edges. In the adnleslon depcrtnant he was glrsn ptimary treatnant of the voond and skin sutures. Ihe eharaetar of the injury is considered light vltboat functional disturbances. Ihe patient Is of clear Bind, no sign of* psjrehotio phenonena. Re explains bis attenpt to oonnl,t suicide by the fact that bs arri^d froa the VSK In the Soviet Onion on a tourist visa with th* flro Intention of staylne In the Soviet Union, Not having the opportunity to reallxe his Intention because of elrounstances beyond his control, anl having to leave the Soviet Voion on Oct. a, 1959, he tried to out the blood vessels of his left ara on the sane day. Curing his stay in tha ^aduiisalon] dspartaant, his attitude «u ooapletely noroal. Ea Insists that he does not want to ratom to the TBX. -6- KUflSmi 0? HEAUH OP TRS USSR iusca(PA))Tiiia SHmz so. fl087 Oswald • ' LeeHarv<9^ . A«el 20 Taken fron a pibllo plaee ■ , Diagnosis .... Inolsed wound In the lower third of the left foream [one word Illegible] Adffllttod to Botkla Hotpltal at 16.00 (4 p.»-) on Oct. 21, 1959, «P<« r«Iaria Iranovna HiUiailina [?] Commission Exhibit 985 — Continued 503 - 11 - W" Oct. 22 According to the translator! [The patient] arrived from the USA on Oct, l6 as a tourist. He graduated from a technical high school in radio« technology axui radioelectronics. He has no parents. He came with the intention of acouiring Soviet citizenship. In this matter he turned to the Bresidiiun of the Supreme Soviet, USSR. He did * not receive a definite answer and was supposed to leave in [2 words illegible]. On Oct. 21 he was found unconscious in the bathroom of the Hotel "Berlin", His left arm. Injured by a sharp Instrument, was lying in hot water. Ihe ambulance was called and he was taken to the Botkln Hospital. He had saved money for three years to come to the USSR and. to remain in the Soviet Union forever. His mind is dear. His perception is coz'rect. He remembers how he wanted to commit suicide by cutting his veins with a razor blade and putting his bloodstained hand into hot water. Now he is sorry for the attempt to commit suicide. Gelershtein Commission Exhibit 985 — Ck)ntinued 504 - 12 - SUPPI£KENTAL SHEET TO THE MSDICAL HISTORY Course of Illness. IVescrlptions Oct, 22 Condition satisfactory, fona Diet A word illegible] correct. Nutrition 8llghtl7 Urine and blood analysis decreased. Heart tones t [illegible], liver [illegible] and 8pleen:not [illegible] surgical examination Sol. Strych, AD- 90/65 0.1^ - 1,0 Die patient was visited by the interpreter [3 words illegible] ajid the head of the Service Boreaa. Roentgenoscopy of the thorax Oct. 23, *59 Lung areas are without focal [illegible] changes. The lung roots are stiructural, Ihe diaphragm is mobile, sinuses are free, The heart is not enlarged, Ihe pulse is rhythmic^ of medium amplitude. Aorta is without change* Signature [illegible] (N,I, PstropaTlovskaia) Transfer epicrisis Oct. 23 The patient Oswald, Lee, 20 years of age^^was admitted to the Psythosomatic Department on Oct, 21, '59 in connection with a suicide attempt. The patient arrived in the USSR ftfom the USA on a tourist visa with a firm desire to remain in the Soviet Union, of Not having the possibility /realizing his Intention because of circumstances beyond his control and being faced with the necessity of leaving the Soviet Union on the 21st of October '5^ he tried the Commission Exhibit 985 — Continued 505 same day to eat the blood vessels in the lower part of his left forearm with a safety razor blade. After [one word illegible] he kept his arm in hot water until he lost consciousness. The patient is in satisfactory condition. He haa no complaints. He revealed in En&Lish that he graduated from a technical high school, he works in the field of radioelectronics, in 3 years he saved enough money to come to' the USSR. He engages in sports (football, basketball, swimming). He is interested in artistic and j^illegible] . literature. At hone, only his mother is living. In his physical ^condition ?] there are no pathological deviations from the norm. Blood analysis oh Oct. 22 000 Er.-li,000/H - 81 (13.5150,1 -.U,000, P - 35^, S - 69%, L - 19$, M - ^, ESR - 10 it/m per h. Urine analysis Oct. 22^ No albumin and no sugar found. L-U-5 Jxi the neurolop. dept. No [illegible] [syndrome ?] Psychiatric department / ■ His mind is clear. Perception is correct. No hallucinations or delirium. He answers the questions [illegible] and logically. Ha has a firm desire to remain in the Soviet Ifoion. No psychotic symptoms were noted, de patient is not dangerous for other people. His condition permits him to stay in the somatic department, ^y order of the assistant to the chief physician Dr. Ikonnlkovna, the patient is transferred to the Tth ward. \^ • •.'■. • **• . Oelershtein, 1,0, Commission Exhibit 985 — Continued 506 Mr. Klein. Have you ever seen that document before? Mr. NosENKO. No, sir. I haven't seen it. Mr. Klein. Were you avpare that the Soviet Government provided certain documents to the Warren Commission in 1964? Mr. NosENKO. No, sir. I wasn't aware of this. Mr. Klein. Looking at that document in front of you Mr. Nosenko. Right. Mr. Klein [continuing]. Is that a hospital record? Mr. Nosenko. Oh, yes, sure. It is a hospital record. Mr. Klein. And whose hospital record? Does it have a name on it? Mr. Nosenko. Yes, sir. It is from Botkin Hospital. Mr. Klein. Whose name is it? Mr. Nosenko. Lee Harvey Oswald. Mr. Klein. Does it say what date he was admitted? Mr. Nosenko. Discharged, admitted 23d, discharged 28th. Mr. Klein. What year is that? Mr. Nosenko. October of 1959. Mr. Klein. And does it have on the bottom the diagnosis, why he was in the hospital? Mr. Nosenko. Incised wound of one-third of the left forearm. Mr. Klmn. And that date, October of 1959, is that when Oswald first came to the Soviet Union and cut his wrist? Mr. Nosenko. I cannot tell you dates, sir. I do not remember. Mr. Klein. You have in front of you the other document which tells — ^number 8 — what date he came to the Soviet Union. Is that still there? Mr. Nosenko. No, sir. This is admittance to the hospital and dischargement. Mr. Klein. Number 8? Mr. Nosenko. Arrival, October 16. Mr. Klein. And the date on the hospital admittance is what date? Mr. Nosenko. Twenty-third of October. Mr. Klein. And would you turn to the hospital admittance form, the one I just gave you, to the third page, please? Mr, Nosenko. Yes. Mr. Klmn. And do you see where it says "History of Present Illness"? Mr. Nosenko. No ; I don't see. Mr. Klein. On the third page? Mr. Nosenko. I have the third page. on Mr. the Klein. It has number 6 on the top of the page, but it's the third page document. Mr. Nosenko. Oh, number 6, History of Present Illness. Yes; just a second. Mr. Klein. Would you glance through that and would you tell us if that is the hospital report from when Lee Harvey Oswald cut his wrist and was taken to the Botkin Hospital? Mr. Nosenko. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. Now, would you turn to the next to the last page. It has a 13 on the right-hand side. Do you see that page ? Mr. Nosenko. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. The next to the last page. Mr. Nosenko. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. And do you see where it says, two-thirds of the way to the bottom, "Psychiatric Department" underlined? Mr. Nosenko. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. Would you read what is said under that? Mr. Nosenko. "His mind is clear ; perception is correct ; no hallucination or deliriums. He answers the questions legible and logically ; he has a firm desire to remain in the Soviet Union ; no psychiatric symptoms were noted ; the patient is not dangerous for other people ; his condition permits him to stay in Psychiatric Department by an order of the Assistant to the Chief Physicians, Dr. Kornika. The patient is transferred to the seventh ward." Mr. Klein. Is there anything in there to indicate he is mentally unstable? Mr. Nosenko. Here I do not see. Mr. Klein. Does that report indicate that he was normal? 507 Mr. NosENKo. Here I do not see what I have seen. But this you receive from the Soviet Government, and if you think you received the true things, what was in file, you are wrong, Mr. Klein. Mr. Klein. And that document, according to you, is that not authentic copy? Mr. NosENKo. KGB can prepare you any document. Take the material, or ask the doctors who are cooperating with KGB and they will prepare you any document. Mr. Klein. I am not asking you what they can do. Are you testifying that this document is not authentic, it is not the document? Mr. Nosenko. This document never was in the file of the KGB. Mr. Klein. So Mr. Nosenko. This I testify. Mr. Klein [continuing]. It is your testimony that the KGB sent us a phony document? Mr. Nosenko. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. You testified before this committee that there was periodic physical surveillance of Lee Harvey Oswald which was ordered by Moscow, to be carried out in Minsk? Mr. Nosenko. Right. Mr. Klein. And you testified in detail about that, and you told us how the physical surveillance consisted of following Oswald for a month or month and a half at a time, and there were a number of people that would be involved, is that correct? Mr. Nosenko. Right. Mr. Klein. It was a big operation? Mr. Nosenko. Big operation? No; it's not a big operation. Mr. Klein. There were a number of people involved, weren't there? Mr. Nosenko. It is not a big operation. It is routine. In KGB it is a routine, nothing serious. It's not an operation even. It's surveillance, it's not an operation. Mr. Klein. And have you ever stated that the only coverage of Oswald during his stay in Minsk consisted of periodic checks at his place of employment, inquiry of neighbors and associates and review of his mail? Have you ever stated that was the only coverage of Oswald in Minsk ? Mr. Nosenko. I stated before, and I stated it to you yesterday, and I state now, that the order was given, and I have seen it — to cover him by surveillance period- ical, to cover him by an agent watcliing in places of his living, places he is work- ing, control over his correspondence and control of his telephone conversations. Mr. E^lein. My question is, have you ever stated that the only coverage was checking at his places of employment and his neighbors and associates, and not say anything about periodic, physical surveillance? Mr. Nosenko. Sir, I cannot tell you what I stated. I was for quite a big period of time, quite a few years, interrogated, by hours, and in different types of con- ditions, including hostile conditions. Mr. Klein. That was by the CIA? Mr. Nosenko. Where they asked questions in such form which later my answer will be interpreted in any way, however they want to interrogate us. Mr. Klein. That was by GIA? Mr. Nosenko. And I cannot tell you what I did say. I cannot remember dates. You must understand, it's hundreds of interrogations, hundreds. Mr. Klein. This period that you are telling us about, you were questioned by the CIA during that period, is that correct? Mr. Nosenko. Yes ; sure. Mr. Klein. Were you questioned during that period by FBI ? Mr. Nosenko. I questioned by FBI in February ; yes. Mr. Klein. At this time I would ask that this document be marked for identifi- cation and shown to the witness. Chairman Stokes. The clerk will indicate for the record the number appearing on the document. Ms. Berning. Exhibit JFK F-5. [The doeumerit referred to was marked as JFK exhibit No. F-5 for identifi- cation.] 508 JFK Exhibit F-5 n,>. 3/5/64 541) ,'?? On March 3, 1964, YURI IVANOVICH KCSENSO advised that at the tine of OSV/AUD's arrival in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in the Fall of 1959, he (NGSENKO) held the position of Deputy Chief, Flrdt Section, Seventh Dopartaont, Second Chief Directos-ita (counterintelligence), KC3 (Coxaittee for State Security), This particular Section, of which he was then Deputy Chief, handled the KGB investigations of tourists fron the United States and British Coaaonwealth countries. The First Section, at that tine, and at present, contains - fifteen or sixteen officers, holding ranks of Junior Case Officers, ■ Case Officers and Senior Case Officers. At the time of President J0H2I F. KENJISDT's assassination, NOSENKO stated he then hold the ■ position of Deputy Chief, Seventh Department, (Tourist Department), Second Chief Directorate, with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. The Seventh Department, consiatiag of approximately ninety Case Officers, is responsibla for EG3 investigations of tourists from all non-coouuniat countries. Prioi; to OSWALD'S arrival in the USSR he was completely unknown to the EG3, according to NGSENKO. In this connection he pointed out that immediately upon issuance of a visa to a pereon to visit the USSR, the Seventh Department (Tourist), Second Chief Directorate, KGB, is notified. At that time a preliminary evaluation is made of the individual and a determination cade as to what action, if any, should be taken by the Tourist Department. OSV/ALD's backgro?'3d Dapartnent to hav^ an> was advance • not of sufficient interest in importance for thestated him and NOSENKO Tc-urist' that his first knowledge of the existence of OSWALD arose in about October, 1959, when Kill GEORGIEVICH KRUPNOV, a Case Officer, in his section, repiirted to hin information uhlch KRUPNOV had received from an latourist interpreter. It was to the effect that OSWALD, an Ansrican citizen who had entered the USSR on a temporary, visa, ~" desired to remain permanently in the USSR toandNCSENSO to beccma a Soviet a camorandun citizen. KRUPNOV at this time displayed prepared by KRUPNOV containing information which had been" received by KaUP:XOV from KGB infoirmants at the Hotel Berlin (which admini- stratively is part of the Hotel Metropole) concerning OSWALD'S behavior patterps, an Intourist itinerary for OSWALD, and a tw.c>- pago report prepared by the Intcurist interpreter (a KGB informant) • concerning his convv^rsations with OSWALD and his impressions and evaluations of OSWALD. At that time a file was opened in HOSENSO's : sectxca incorporating ail of xhe inxoraation wnich tamy^^uv oaa collected. On 3/3 £c 4/64 „, Fairfaji County. Virginia Fil. t^ WFQ 105^37n?. SAs ALEKSO POPTANICH and , Yf, MARVIN GHEESLTNv": /lram Dot, dicfof*d 3/4/54 Il U ih. p..J>.nr ol tb. TDI .a»cl».lon. o( .S. FBI. rtyr ot^neyi 11 ooj !:• cosl^nO oi. doI lo b. cll.uli>.l.d o^l»ld. roMr oj.ooy. py I? -> i 509 yiro ioa-37iix NOSENKO and KRUPNOV^ op basis oi t^is Inf ornation, concluded that OSWALD was of no interest to tEe~KGB aaa~both agreed tnaf oavrAES" appeared sbnewhat abnormair^ KOSENXO ccjuld not specifically state ■ what factors" caused hin to evaluate "OS WAUD as being abnoraal, button basis of all inf brmat"i~6n"" aval lable to~hirr at" the tine there- was ng doubt in his mind that" OSWALD "was nbt~''fuliy~n6rBalT" ~ At~t"S"at tine thp KGB"that stated did had not such know information of" OSWALD'S been prior available nilitary to service him, and KOSSNKO it would have basi of no particulai interest or significance to the KGB. On the basis of NOSENKO's evaluatica of OSWALD he instructeoTEnjPNOV to advise OSWALD, through the Intourist interpreter, that OSWALD would not be permitted to renain In the USSR permanently and that he would have to depar^ at the expiration of his ;visa and thereafter seelc re-entry as a permanent resident through routine ch?.nnels at the Sovi6t_EmbassyJ.n_the United States. NOSENKO' s instructions were carried out and on the saxe date or the .following day he learned that OSWALD failed to appear for a scheduled tour arranged by his Intourist guide. This prompted Intourist to initiate efforts to locate him and after a couple of hours, inquiry at the Berlin Hotel established that OSWALD'S room key was missing, indicating that he was apparently in his room. Hotel employees then determined that OSWALD'S room was secured from the inside and T^hen he'ifailed to respond to their request for him to open the door, they forced it open. OSWALD was found bleeding severely from self-inflicted wounds and was immediately taken by an ambulance to. a hospital, believed by NOSENKO to be the Botkinskayn Hospital in Moscow. NOSENKO did not know specifically whether OSWALD was bleeding from wounds in his left or right wrist or whether from both wrists and he did- not :-now what instrument was used to cause the wound or wounds. The inforr.-.aticn regarding OSWALD'S wounds was received by NOSENKO from KP.UPNOV who in turn received it from Intourist sources. NOSENKO did ■ not know how long OS'./ALD remained in the hospital but stated it was for several days. OSV/^ALD's attempted suicide was reported by .NOSENKO to the Chief of the Seventh Departmant, Colonel KCNSTANTIN NIKITOVICH DUBAS, and NOSENKO believed that DU3AS then reported it . to the Office of the Chief of the Second Chief Directorate. NOSENKO's original decision that the KGB would not become involved with OSV/ALD was approved by the Chief of the Second Directorate, and it was further agreed that ha should not be psraittad to remain in the USSH. 510 Vf?0 105-37111 A report froa the hospital was received which gave the ( circiiastances of OSTTATiD's adaittance to the hospital, treataect received including blood transxusioa, and the repor-t stated OSWALD had attenpted suicide because he was not granted peralssion to reaaia in the USSR. The hospital record also included an evaluation that . OSWALD'S attenpted suicide indicated nental InstsSTll-ty. KCai::j;)xU did not know~whether exanination this evaluation or was merely was baaed an observation of the onhospital a psychiatric Bedica.1 j^. . -staff. KSSSinCO also learned that upon CS 1/ ALU "^s' discharge from the hospital he was again infonaed by Intourist that be could not reside in the USSR and OSWALD stated he would coaait suicide. NOSEIJKO did not know who nade the decision to grant OSWALD permission to iteside temporarily in the USSR, but he is sure it was not a KGB decision and he added that upon learalag of this decision the KG3 instructed that 0SWA3LD not be permitted to resid.e in the ilosco:? area. KOSENKO suggested that either the Soviet Red Cross or the Uinistry.of Foreign Affairs nade the decision to permit OSWALD to reside in the USSR and also made the decisicn to assign him to Uinslc. NCSENKO attached no particular significance to the fact that OSWALD was settled in Uinsk but offered the opinion that since Uinsk is a capital city of one of the Republics and is an above-average- Soviet city in cleanliness and modern facilities, it was selected in order to create a better impression on OSWALD, a foreigner. After the KGB was advised of the decision to authorize OSWALD to reside in Minsk it was necessary for KRUPNOV to bring OSW.'VLD's file up to date for purpose of transferring it to the KGB^ Office in Minsk. This was done and the file was forwarded to liinsk • KRUPNOV. •"Tiiat cover letter briefly by a cover OSWALD'S -summaxized case andby specifically letter prepared instructed that KG3, ISinsk, ■cake no action concerning OSWALDnotexcept to "passively" observe his activities to make sure he was a United States intelliganca agent temporarily dormant. KRUPNOV's letter was read by II03ENK0 D^d signed by DUBAS. .^..i..=:S?^-IJ3's file that he had had access to a gun v/hich be used to hunt game with fellow employees in the USSR. Ko could not describe the gun used by CSV/ALD but did remember that it was used to shoot rabbits. NOSENKO stated that Western newspaper reports describe OSWALD as an expert shot; however, OSWALD'S file contained statements from fellow hunters that OSWALD. was an extremely poor shot and that it was necessary for persons who accompanied Ziim on hunts ,to provide him with game, school in KGSENKO statedof that the vicinity there is no KGB and -no GRU training ' Uinsk, According to KOSENKO, no separate file was maintained by the KGB concerning IIARINA OSWALD and all of KGB's information concerning her was kept in OSWALD'S file. Ha said that no information 514 T7FO X05-371H in that flla indicated that the KGB had any interest in UARINA OSWAI4D eithar while she was in the Soviet Union or after she departed the Sovst Union. NOSENSO also advised that KG3 had no plans to contact either OSWALD or UAKINA in the United States. NOSENKO opined that after OSWALD departed the USSR he would not have been pemitted to re-enter that country under any circumstances. He expressed the opinion that UARINA and her children would have been granted permission to: return alone bad President Ei;ZCrCOY' not been assassinated. Since the assassination of President Kennedy he does not know what decistlon would be made with respect to HARINA OSWALD and bar children. NOSENKO had no infornation that the. Soviet Governnent ever received any contact from the Cubans concerning OSWALD, and he knew of no Cuban involvement in the assassination. NOSENKO stated that ho had no Zcnowledge that OSWALD had made application, to re-enter the Soviet Union other than through his contact with the Soviet Eabassy at Mexico City, He pointed out in this connection, that had OSWALD applied at the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D. C. , or elsewhere, the KGB would not have ever been apprised of the Visa request if the visa issuing officer at the Embassy decided on his own authority to reject the visa application. NOSENKO noted that all nail addressed to the Anerlcaa Embassy in lloscow, btianating abroad or from the USSR itself , is first reviewed by the KG3 in Moscow. NOSENKO added that on occasions mail f rom"siEnif icant" persons is not even permitted by liGB to reach the American Embassy. In the case of OST/ALD, NOSENKO stated that since he was of no significance or particular interest 'to the KGB correspondence from OSWALD would be permitted to reach the Embassy, even though critical. However, NOSENKO had no knowledge that OSWALD ever directed a communication of any type to the American Embassy in Moscow . , 515 Wro 105-371X1 KOSENKO stated that no publicity appeared in the Soviet Press or over the radio regarding OSWALD'S arrival or departure froa the USSR and no publicity resulted trcn his attempted suicide.' Soviet newspapers and radio have carried nunerous stateuents concerning President KENNEDY'S assassination V7hich quoted frca Western newspaper stories concerning OSV/ALD's alleged involveaent including the fact that OSWALD had previously visited the USSH. NCSENKO advised he saw nothing unusual in the fact that OSWALD was permitted to narry a Soviet citizen and later pernitted • to depart the USSH with her. Ee noted that Soviet law specifically provides that a Soviet citizen nay marry a foreign national in the USSR and depart, fron tho USSR with spouse, provided, of course, the Soviet citizen had not had access to sensitive infomation. It was his opinion that President ICENNSDY was hold in high esteen by the Soviet Governaent and that President KEN^iDY bad bean evaluated by the Soviet Governnont as a person interested in naintaining peace. He stated that following the assassination, the Soviet guards were reaoved fi-on around the American Eabassy in Hoscow and the Soviet people were pernitted without interference to visit the .toerican Eabassy to express their condolences. According to NCSENKO, this is the only occasion he can recall where such actica had been taken. He said that the orders to renove the guards cace • froQ "above." He added that his department provided approxinately 20 nen who spoke the English language for assignraant in the innediato- vicinity of the Anerican Enbassy in Moscow to insure that no dis- respect was shown during this period. V On liarch 4, 1964, KOSENKO stated that he did not want any publicity in connection with this infornation but stated that he would be willing to testify to this infornation before the Presidential Comnission, provided such testimony is given in secret and absolutely no publicity is given either to his appearance .before - ;tha Cosinission or to the infonaaticn Itself. 516 Dot*. Other Xniivldu 3/9/64 als -, . On ilarch 6, 1964, YUHimjIOVICH NOSENKO inquired 1£ tho naterlal he f urnishe. ^^^' On 3/6/64 Fairfax County, Va. TfFO 105-37111 i>y SAs UAURICE A. TAYLOR, DONALD E. HALTER and ALEKSO POPTANICH AI>:lkc Dot* dictataJ . 3/9/64 Thl* documval conloln* n*ith*r r«con»«ndai Ion« oor conclualan* of th» FDl, II i* t>>* propvrtr a' *^*^^' your agmttcrt 1* <"m1 lla coalvnta .or» doI lo !>• dL»t/ibwl*(i cMt*U* yo*>r 09*00/. 35* 517 Mr. Klein. These hostile interrogations you just alluded to, did they lead you to state other than the truth to these interrogators? Mr. NosENKO. I was answering the questions which were put to me. Mr. Klein. Did you ever not tell the truth? Mr. NosENKO. No ; I was telling the truth. Mr. Klein. I would direct your attention Mr. NosENKO. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. Just a moment. Before you, you have a Federal Bureau of Investi- gation report ; is that correct? Mr. Nosenko. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. I would direct your attention to page 29 of that report. Mr. Nosenko. Right. Klein. Mr. lined. last paragraph, Theplease beginning with, "Nosenko stated" — it's under- Would you read that paragraph to us? Mr. Nosenko. "Nosenko stated that in view of instruction from the KGB Moscow, no active interest could be taken in Oswald in Minsk without obtaining prior approval from KGB in Moscow. According to Nosenko, no such approval was ever requested or granted, and based on his experience, he opined that the only coverage of Oswald during this stay in Minsk consisted of periodic checks of his places of employment, inquiries of neighbors and associates, and review of his mail." Mr. Klein. Did you make that statement? Mr. Nosenko. Yes, sir. What do you find here wrong? Mr. Klein. Doeis that statement say anything about physical surveillance? Mr. Nosenko. No ; it didn't. Mr. Klein. Did you forget to tell them about the physical surveillance? Mr. Nosenko. Maybe I forget ; maybe they didn't put ; I do not know. Mr. Klein. Do you recall speaking to agents Poptanich and Gheesling on March 3 and 4, 1964? Mr. Nosenko. I cannot tell you. I do remember the date ; no. I remember I was speaking with agents from FBI. Mr. Klein. When you spoke to them, did you recall that they spoke to you at that time, March 3 and 4, about Lee Harvey Oswald? Mr. Nosenko. I told you, they were speaking with me about Oswald, but I cannot tell you the date when. Mr. Klein. Was it in March 1964? Mr. Nosenko. They were speaking with me — February and the beginning of March of 1964. Mr. Klein. And did they tape the conversations? Mr. Nosenko. Yes ; they were taping all conversations. Mr. Klein. Did the agents make notes when you were talking? Mr. Nosenko. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. Did they ever show you those notes? Mr. Nosenko. No. Mr. Klein. Were you aware that the statements you were making to tnem were going to be written down into a report? Mr. Nosenko. Sure. Mr. Klein. Did you ever have an opportunity to see the report? Mr. Nosenko. No; the only one which was sent to the Warren Commission, this I have seen. Mr. Klein. Were you aware that the report would be put in your file? Mr. Nosenko. Must be. Mr. Klein. Were you aware that report would be shown to a committee such as this investigating the assassination? Mr. Nosenko. I didn't know that it would be created, the committee, because it was 1964. Mr. Klein. You didn't know that? . Mr. Nosenko. No ; did you know that this committee — in 1964 — will be existing in 1978, 1977? ^ ^^ ^ ^^, Mr. Klein. And were you telling them the truth when you told them that the only coverage of Oswald, and listing these things and not telling them about the physical surveillance, was that the truth you told them? Mr. Nosenko. Well, I told them that there was done the work against Oswald ; it was ordered, passive type of work, it's called passive. Whenever it's ordered not to make an approachment, not to make a contact, not to make a recruitment, this is passive. 618 Anything when enters besides whatever is called done, contact, approachments, re- cruitment, attempt to recruit, it is immediately active. Mr. Klein. Looking at that report, did youyesterday? tell them about the physical sur- veillance which you told this committee about Mr NosENKO. Sir, I do not see here, but I have no doubts. I do not know. Maybe themI didn't mention that this date you said, maybe I didn't mention but I was telling about surveillance. Mr. Klein. Didn't you tell us that you always told the truth and told every^ thing you knew when you spoke to the FBI and the CIA? Mr. NosENKO. Yes, sir. , . , Mr. Klein. If they would have asked you, "Was there physical surveil- lance?" Mr. NosENKO. Yes ; I will answer yes, it was. Mr. Klein [continuing]. You would have answered yes? Mr. NosENKO. Yes, sir. . ^ ...i, xi, Mr. Klein. You also testified before this committee that in accord with the orders from Moscow that there was technical surveillance, and you told us in detail about how they tapped his phone and recorded it and made copies of it and gave it to a certain person. Again, drawing your attention to page 29 of that same paragraph, does that say anything about the technical surveillance that you told us about? Mr. NosENKO. No, sir. Mr. Klein. Did you forget? Mr. NosBNKO. But, if you ask, even an agent of FBI, I doubt it, no. In KGB control of correspondence, control ofbytelephone, it's not big deal. It's giving order to control a telephone can be given Chief of Section, not speaking of Chief of Department, not speaking of Chief of Directorate, and not speaking to receive a warrant from the judge. Control of correspondence can be signed, permission to put control over correspondence can be done by the Deputy Chief of Section even. Do you imderstand what I want to tell you, it is absolutely considered, KGB, nothing important. Mr. Klein. Is it a big deal to check periodically at someone's place of employ- ment and talk to their neighbors ? Is that a big deal ? Mr. Nosenko. No. Mr. Klein. But you told them about that, didn't you? Mr. Nosenko. I tried simply to describe them what kind of, not to take ac- tive— what does it mean, passive type of coverage of the target? Mr. Klein. If they would have asked you was there any technical surveillance, then would you have told them? Mr. NogENKo. I would have said they were told, even word for word, in this document said not the technical surveillance. They have a certain terminology. Let's say surveillance, it's called to lead the measurement N/N, and to control telephone to lead the measurement M. Mr. Klein. If they would have said, "Was there any technical surveillance of Oswald?" Mr. Nosenko.would you Sure.have said "yes"? Mr. Klein. You also testified to this committee that the KGB would have had to have known about Marina Oswald, you said, by the end of the month they would have a batch of papers? Mr. Nosenko. You told me, if she had seen him, you something mentioned, 15, 13. Mr. Klein. Because surveillance was on Oswald, they would have had to pick her up? Mr. Nosenko. I cannot tell you it was in the moment when he was seeing her or not. You said assume that he had met her 16 and 13, and it became known to KGB through surveillance. I said by the end of month that at least something will have on her, who is she, where she is working, where she studied, where she work. Mr. Klein. They would know that through the surveillance on Oswald? Mr. Nosenko. Tlie fact will be known through surveillance; then through other outfits of KGB they will find whatever possible on her. Mr. Klein. Were you ever asked the following question and did you give the following answer : "Question. when she firstWhy met wouldn't Oswald? she — referring to Marina — have been investigated 519 unil they applied "Answer They did not know she was a friend of Oswald ge There was no surveil lance on Oswald to show that he knew her. for marrS you give that answer? W^re you ever askedI do that question and didquestio ns, and answers Mr NosENKO Sir, not remember my for identification, please, Mr. KLEIN I woild ask that this document be marked ""chSman on STOKEs'Sl'clerk will identify for the record the number appearing the document. exhibit No. F-6 for identifica- fThe^dSmen? reared to was marked tion.] . ^ ^, as, JKF [Document is retained in appropna te files.] NosENKO.Looking Mr. Klein. No, sir. at that document, have you ever seen it before .' Mr. Klein. You have never seen that before? Mr. NosENKO. I never have seen it before, , . Klein. And is that a report that says on the cover, '-Memora ndum for Mr : [cryptonym the Record ; Subject : Followup Report on the Oswald Case ; Source deleted]. " Was [cryptonym deleted] your code name at one time? Mr. NOSENKO. I do not know. Mr. Klein. "Date of Interview: 3 July 1964." Does it say that on the cover? Mr. NosENKO. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. And turning to the very last page, page 18 Mr. NosENKO. Yes, sir. Klein. DoesYes.it say, "James Michaels"? Mr. NosENKO. Mr. Mr. Mr. Klein. NosENKO."SR/CI/KGB"? Yes. Mr. Klein. Did you ever hear of a man named James Michaels? Mr. NosENKO. No, I do not know a man James Michaels. Mr. Klein. Do you recall speaking to a man named James Michaels? Mr. NosENKO. No, sir. Mr. Klein. Would you turn in this document to page 9. On page 9, the last question and answer, would you read the question for us, and read the answer? Mr. NosENKo. "Why wouldn't she have been investigated when she first met Oswald?" "They didn't know she was a friend of Oswald until they applied for marriage. There was no surveillance on Oswald to show that he knew her." Mr. Klein. Were you ever asked that question and did you ever Mr. Noseinko. I do not remember, sir. But if it is, it must be asked and I gave this answer. Mr. Klein. Was that the truth? Mr. Nosenko. As far as I remember, those conditions in which I was asked, better ask where I was in this period of time, what conditions I was kept, and what type of interrogations were going on. Mr. Klein. Did you tell us yesterday that you always told the truth? Mr. NosENKO. Yes. Mr. Klein. When you spoke about Oswald? Mr. Nosenko. Yes. Mr. Klmn. Was this question relating to Oswald? Mr. NosENKO. I was answering what I could. Mr. Klein. Is that the truth, that they didn't Mr. Nosenko. It's how it is put, how it is put. You see, again, why wouldn't sne have been investigated. Here must be question was in this form. The investi- gation, not the checkup of her, but, let's say, invitation for conversation, some- thing of this kind, it's some kind of here misunderstanding on both parts, that would be mine and interrogator. Mr. Klein. It is an inaccurate transcript? Mr. Nosenko. i consider many, many things are inaccurate. Mr. Klein. Is that transcribed accurately? Mr. Nosenko. I do not know, sir. yourMr. answer? Klein. That answer, do you think it is transcribed accurately, that that's Mr. Nosenko. Well, I can only explain only one thing. Let's say there was KGB found out that he had an acquaintance, Marina Prusakova. They were not married. They didn't know — they didn't apply for marriage. What kind of first 520 will be investigation? Checkup in archives of KGB of Byelorussia, and on the basis whatever kind of material on her will be found. Let's say, if she was ever on trial by militia, under arrest. If militia had any material, they can expand further. They can also send checkup in the place of her — one, it's in one order, to give us the picture of the character of the target, check on him in place of his work and check in place of his living, in one order. But more, further investigation, the true investigation — this is called checkup — will be studied and they will start when they see something, let's say, suspicious in behavior of Oswald and this his connection. In ease of Marina, when they found out that they are going to marry, sure, they will be more, farther investigation, thorough investigation ; but before it will only be checkup. From this point of view I was answering this question. Mr. Klein. Let me make it simple. Mr. NosENKo. Riglit. Mr. Klein. If the question was asked exactly as it appears here, "Why wouldn't she have been investigated when she first met Oswald?" would this be your answer? Is that a correct answer as it appears here? Mr. NosENKO. Well, it appears here, but I do not remember. Sure, I answered and this was question, but, gentlemen Mr. Klein. Was this true? This says, "There was no surveillance on Oswald to show that he knew her" — is that right or wrong? Mr. NosENKO. This is what I answered, yes. It is right. It is written here. Mr. KtEiN. You remember answering that? Mr. XosENKO. No. Mr. Klein. How do you know you answered that? Mr. NosENKO. You are giving me oflScial document. Mr. Klein. You have no recollection of answering this? Mr. NosENKO. Sir, I do not have any recollection of interrogations. Mr. Klein. If you answered that, were you telling the truth ? Mr. NosENKo. I don't know. I anwered. Must be. This is how I answered ques- tion. Mr. Klein. You testified to this committee that the KGB decided to have Lee Harvey Oswald Examined by two psychiatrists. You told us about how it was decided, who decided it, where it was decided. Then they found Lee Harvey Oswald to be mentally unstable? Mr. NosENKO. Right. Mr. Klein. Have you ever been asked the following questions and given the following answers : "Question. Did the KGB make a psychological assessment of Oswald? "Answer. No; nothing, but at the hospital it was also said he was not quite normal. The hospital didn't write that he was mad, just that he is not normal. "Question. Did the hospital authorities conduct any psychological testing? "Answer. I don't think so. There was no report like this." Mr. Nosenko. No ; I told that there was opinion of psychiatrists that he was mentally unstable. Mr. Klein. Is what I read to you correct? Mr. Nosenko. Sir, I do not know whether it is correct or wrong. I am answer- ing you what I know. Mr. Klein. Did you ever make a statement like that? Mr. Nosenko. I do not remember statements for 5 years, interrogation. Mr. Klein. I would direct your attention to the Michaels Report. Mr. Nosenko. Yes. Mr. Klein. Page 7. Mr. Nosenko. Yes. Mr. Klein. Would you read for us the first and second questions and an- swers, please. Mr. Nosenko. "Did the KGB make psychological assessment of Oswald?" "No, nothing. But at the hospital it was also said he was not quite normal. The hospital didn't write that he was mad, just that he was not normal, mentally unstable." Mr. Klein. Please keep reading. Mr. Nosenko. "Did the hospital authorities conduct any psychological testing?" "I don't think so. There was no report like this. "What was the Soviets' opinion of Oswald's personality, what kind of man did they think he was?" 521 "KGB thought he was of no interest for the country or for the KGB, that he is not normal, that he should leave the country." Mr. Klein. Did you say anything in there about two psychiatrists examining Oswald and about reading their reports which said he was mentally unstable? Did you say anything about that there? Mr. NosENKO. Sir, I do not remember what I said to them ; but I would like you to find out the conditions in which interrogations were done, how it was done, by what procedures, when two interrogators are seated. I never knew any names — they never announced me names — one playing part of bad guy and other good guy, and it starting slapping then, not physically but I mean, psycho- logically and in conversation, turning question upside down, however they would like, then this leave, another one will start in softer way. Mr. Klein. When did this Mr. NosENKo. And I would not trust any of their documents in those periods of time. Up to 1967 when we started from the beginning, to work, Mr. Bruce Solie. That is the one thing. Second, my knowledge of language was very poor in 1964. I didn't understand many questions, and none of them, excluding Mr. . . . [Y] knew Russian language and Mr. . . . [Y] was asking me only questions concerning my biography and this type of question, but nonoperative questions. Mr. Klein. Do you have any recollection of being asked these questions and giving the answers that you just read to us? Mr. NosENKO. Sir, I told you, and I will teU, I do not remember their questions, and I do not remember my answers ; but I tried to be truthful with them. Then was period of time when I have seen that they were simply was laughing at me ; I rejected to answer questions, and whenever they were asking, I would answer, "I do not remember, I do not know, I do not remember." theseKlein. do Mr. give responsiveThese answers, do they say "I do not know, I do not remember" or answers? Mr. NosENKo. Sir, I do not trust this document prepared by people in those years. Mr. Klein. Is it your testimony that these might not be accurate questions and answers? Mr. NosENKo. My opinion — I cannot tell you exactly, I say might be. Mr. Klein. You testified Mr. NosENKO. One more thing : If we are going into this, a number of interroga- tions, Iwas under drugs, and on me was used a number of drugs, and I know that, and hallucinations and talking during night and sodium and everything, even many others, and a number of things were absolutely incoherent. Mr. Klein. This hostile interrogation that you have been referring to, when did it begin? Mr. NosENKO. Arrested me April 4, 1964, started interrogate me in 2 days. They interrupted — I don't know — interrogate a month, two, made break ; then again, then again period of no interrogation ; then again interrogations, up to 24 hours, not giving me possibility to sleep. Mr. Klein. And this was all after April 4, 1964? Mr. NosENKo. Yes, sir. That is why I will not take as a document anything what concerns interroga- tions in hostile, absolutely hostile, situation. Mr. Klein. You testified in detail yesterday about the cable which you saw which was sent from Mexico City to the First Chief Directorate in Moscow, and you testified that you actually read that cable and that it told that Oswald was in Mexico City and he wanted permission for a visa to come to the Soviet Union. Do you remember reading that cable and describing it for us in detail, how long it was? Mr. NosENKO. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. Did you ever say to anyone that after Oswald went to Minsk, the next time you heard of him was in connectionreentry with Oswald's application to the Soviet Embassy in Mexico City for a Soviet visa, and you did not know how Mexico City advised Moscow of the subject's application ; your knowledge resulted from an oral inquiry of your department by M. I. Turalin. Did you ever say that, that you did not know how Mexico City advised Moscow of Oswald's application? Mr. NosENKo. I do not remember. I am telling you what I have seen, cable, what was told through Lieutenant Colonel Alekseev to tell to Turalin the opinion of Second Chief Directorate Seventh Department. 522 Mr. Klein. I draw your attention to page 30 of the FBI report in front of you. Mr. NosENKO. I do not have it. [Pause.] Mr. NosENKO. Yes, sir. ^ ,. ^ ^ 4.1, Mr. Klein. On the top of page 30, read for us the underlined section on the top, beginning "The next time" Mr NosENKO. "The next time Nosenko heard of Oswald was in connection with Oswald's application to Soviet Embassy in Mexico City for a Soviet reentry visa. Nosenko did not know how Mexico City advised Moscow of subject's appli- cation. His knowledge resulted from an oral inquiry of Nosenko's department by Turalin, Service No. 2, Counterintelligence in Foreign Countries, First Chief Directorate. Nosenko recalled that Turalin had orally contacted Vladimir Alex- seev, Chief of Sixth Section of Nosenko's Tourist Department, with respect to Oswald. Nosenko's department had no interest in Oswald and they recommended that Oswald's request for reentry visa be denied, Nosenko couldn't recall when Oswald visited Mexico City in connection with visa application." Mr. Klein. Did you ever say this to an FBI agent? Mr. Nosenko. Must be I said it, it's here in docmnent. Mr. Klein. It says in here that Nosenko did not know how Mexico City advised Moscow of subject's application. Did you say that"? Mr, Nosenko. Must be ; I said this in this way. Mr. Klein. And did you tell us that not only did you know how they advised them by cable but that you read the cable? Mr. Nosenko. This is what I recollection. Mr. Klein. Did you tell them the truth? Mr. Nosenko. I was trying to tell what I remembered, Mr. Klein. And this FBI report which you just read from, would you look back on the first page and would you tell us the date of that report? Mr. Nosenko. March 5, 1964. Mr. Klein. March 5, 1964. Is that before April 4, 1964? Mr. Nosenko. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. That was before any hostile interrogations began, is that correct? Mr. Nosenko. Yes. Mr. Klein. And at that time you said that you did not know anything about the cable, is that right? Mr. Nosenko. This is what I answered them, how I remembered. Mr. Klein, I have a question. Do you understand from what psychological turmoil a person passing who defected, do you vmderstand that it is necessary time, time to settle psychologically, hte doesn't know how he will be living, what he will be doing, and at the same time a person feels attitude on the part of those who helped him to come CIA? I felt something going on. Mr. Klein. You testified to us that you didn't know who wrote the summary of Oswald's file in the First Department because you never had an opportunity to read it. Did you ever tell anyone that Fedoseyev and Matveev, F-e-d-o-s-e-y-e-v and M-a-t-v-e-e-v of the First Department, Second Chief Directorate, took the file and wrote a stecond "spravka," which you told us was a summary? Mr. Nosenko. Summary. Mr. Klein. Did you ever tell anybody that ? Mr. Nosenko, Must be I told, it is again right, because you see, not Fedoseyev — Fedoseyev was Chief of First Department, American Department, and I will re- peat what I told you yesterday. Matveev has come to take file, but surely Fedoseyev who is Chief of American Department, he had given call to Chief of Seventh Department. He was involved in this ; that is why I mentioned him. He was Chief of First American Department. His deputy, Colonel Matveev, has come, and not alone ; with him was a couple of officers, has come and told that Gribanov ordered and Fedoseyev giving call to Department, we must take it, and took. Who of them wrote, I do not know, no doubts that Fedoseyev and Matveev were participated in the preparation of documents. They are responsible for First American Department. Mr. Klein. So you have an idea of who would have written, is that correct? Mr. Nosenko. American Department, no doubts that this two will be participat- ing or correcting. Mr. Klein. But you didn't read that summary, is that right? Mr. Nosenko. I do not remember reading the summary. 523 Mr. Klein. Did you read it? Do you have any recollection of reading it? Mr. NosENKO. No ; I haven't seen summary. Mr. Klein. Are you positive that you didn't see that summary? Mr. NosENKO. I have seen summaries in the file of Osvp'ald. Mr. Klein. Are you positive you didn't see the summary written by the First Department after they took the file away ? Mr. Nosenko. I do not remember seeing. As I told you, I haven't seen it. Mr. Klein. You testified that Oswald was considered normal prior to the time he cut his wrist, and even told us that you were surprised, you had no indication he would do something like that. Were you ever asked the following question, and did you give the following answer : "Question. In what way was the Oswald case handled differently from cases of other American defectors?" "Answer. The main difference is that he was not to be allowed to stay. He was considered to be not normal." Mr. NosENKO. This is what cases I know, who were staying. Mr. Klein. Did you ever say that he was considered not normal, referring to the period before he tried to commit suicide? Mr. NosENKO. I do not remember ; but if I said it, it's not right because we didn't know that he was normal or not normal. Up until the moment of he cut his wrist we started to suspect. Mr. Klein. Did you ever say that he was considered not normal? Mr. NosENKO. Sir, I do not remember. Mr. Klein. Well, if you would have said it, would it have been correct? Mr. NosENKO. No ; it would not be correct, because he cannot be considered abnormal. We didn't know anything up till he cut the wrist. Mr. Klein. You testified to this committee that you were present at a meeting with the Chief of the Seventh Department Chief of your section. Major Rastrusin ; at that meeting, it was decided that Oswald should not be given permission to defect. You told us where the meeting took place, told us who was there. Mr. Nosenko. Right. Mr. Klein. You told us that Krupnov was not even in the Seventh Department at that time? Mr. Nosenko. Krupnov appeared a little later. Mr. Klein. Did you ever tell anyone that on the basis of your evaluation of Oswald, you instructed Krupnov to advise Oswald through Intourist interpreter that Oswald would not be permitted to remain in the U.S.S.R. permanently and that he would have to depart at the expiration of his visa? Did you ever tell anybody that ? Mr. Nosenko. Sir, I do not remember. If I said it, it was wrong, not right, be- cause Krupnov started participation only in this case when Oswald was allowed to stay. In the moment when Oswald arrived in Soviet Union, when he went in hospital, Krupnov was still not in Seventh Department. He very soon appeared later. Then it was wrong. If I stated it, it was wrong. Mr. Klein. Directing your attention to the FBI report in front of you, I would like to draw your attention to page 28. Mr. Nosenko. Right. Mr. Klein. Beginning with the underlined section beginning with the first "On the basis" in the second paragraph, would you read this? Mr. Nosenko. "Nosenko and Krupnov on the basis of this information, con- cluded that Oswald was of no interest to the KGB and both agreed that Oswald appeared somewhat abnormal." Mr. Klein. Not that, the second paragraph, "On the basis of" Mr. Nosenko. "On the basis of Nosenko's evaluation of Oswald, he instructed Krupnov to advise Oswald through the Intourist interpreter Oswald would not be permitted to remain in the U.S.S.R. permanently and that he would have to depart at the expiration of his visa, and thereafter seek reentry as a permanent resident through routine channels at the Soviet Embassy in the United States." Mr. Klein. Did you ever say that? Mr. Nosenko. I do not remember saying this. It can be that simply misunder- standing, and, you see, this is not transcription from the tape. It is, I will say a summary, and I do not remember. But, if I said this, it is not right because Krupnov didn't participate it in the beginning, Mf . Klein. Also it says 524: Mr. NosENKO. It was participation of Rastrusin. Mr. Klein. Also is it correct when it says in there that you made the decision Mr. NosENKO. No ; I couldn't make decision, being Deputy Chief of Section. Mr. Klein. Does it say anything there Mr. NosENKO. I could say in my opinion ; yes. Mr. Klein. Does it say anything there about a meeting to determine what to do, or does it say that on basis of your evaluation, you told Krupnov to do it? Mr. NosENKO. It's not right. I said only that Krupnov appeared later. This period, what we are discussing here, was Rastrusin involved, decision cannot be done on my own, being Deputy Chief of Section, decision cannot be done even being Deputy Chief of Section, Chief of Section, at least it must be on the level of- Chief of Department. Mr. Klein. So it is incorrect, is that what you are saying? Mr. Nosenko. It is incorrect, and Krupnov — I do not remember. Mr. Klein. You told us, when I questioned you about the fact that you didn t tell the FBI that there was physical surveillance, the last question I asked you, if they would have asked you if he was physically surveilled, would you have told them, and you said yes? Mr. Nosenko. Yes ; sure. I will say. Mr. Klein. Were you ever asked the following question and did you give the following answer : "Was he physically surveilled" and that is referring to Minsk, and you answered "No; there was none"? Mr. Nosenko. It was not right, because it was order given and he was under periodical surveillance. Mr, Klein. I draw your attention to page 9 of the CIA document in front of you, Mr."Memorandum Nosenko. I do for not the haveRecord." it. Mr. Klein. The Michaels report. I draw your attention to page 9. Mr. Nosenko. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. Would you read the first question and the first answer? Mr. Nosenko. "Was he physically surveilled?" "No ; there was none." Mr. Klein. Did you ever give that answer to that question? Mr. Nosenko. I do not remember ; it's not right, the answer. Mr. Klein. I would ask that this tape, which is marked "3 July '64, Reel No. 66," be deemed marked for identification. Chairman Stokes. Indicate for the record the marking. Ms. Berning. JFK F-7. [The item referred to was marked as JFK exhibit No. F-7 for identification.] [Material referred to is retained in appropriate files.] Chairman Stokes. We will recess for about 5 minutes, i[A brief recess was taken.] Chairman Stokes. The committee is back in session. During the recess the witness made a request of the Chair that he be permitted to make a brief statement prior to counsel for the committee resuming interrogation. The Chair is going to grant that request and recognize the witness at this time for such statement as he would like to make. Mr. Nosenko. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I arrived in the United States in 1964, 12th of February. I felt something was going wrong because the attitude on the part of the ofiicers from CIA who was dealing with me, I felt was going wrong, by a number of remarks, their behavior. Besides, I was in a psychological process. It's a very big thing, when you are coming to live in a new country. I felt the country where I was born, never mind, my defection was strictly on ideological basis, but still psychologically is very big thing and very serious thing. A very short period of time, April 4, I was invited on checkup for the doctor, and this checkup turned to be arrest. Arrested was in very rude form, nobody beat me physically, no, but in rude form, trying to put dignity of the person, of human being, down, kept in very hard conditions. I was smoking from 14 years old, never quitted. I was rejected to smoke. I didn't see books. I didn't read any- thing. Iwas sitting in four walls, metal bed in the center of the room and that is all. 526 I was hungry, and this was the most difficult for me because how I tried not to think about food. I was thinking about food because all the time I want to eat. I was receiving very small amount, jind very poor food. I was sitting some kind of attic ; it was hot, no air-conditioning, cannot breathe ; windows — ^no windows, closed over. I was permitted to shave once a week, to take showers once a week. From me were taken toothpaste, toothbrush. The conditions were inhuman, conditions in this place ; and later transferred in another place, which is now I know where it was, the second place . . . [UjS. Government property outside the Washington area] where certain house and the same very, very Spartan conditions ; 3i/^ years. Besides that, on me were used different types of drugs and want sleeping to know.drugs, hallucination drugs, and whatever I do not know, and don't What I want to tell you, the arrest was done illegally, without due process of law, without — in violation of Constitution, which was found by the Rocke- feller Commission. It wasn't mentioned, my name, but simply nameless defector, who was over 3 years in extremely Spartan conditions. Interrogations were done sometimes 24 hours, not giving me an hour to sleep. Interrogations were in very hostile manner. Simply, what I would say were rejected. How long I will be, Avhy it is without due process, no warrants ; "You will be eternally, 25 years." How long we would want you to keep. That is why I consider all interrogations, all materials, which concerns this period of time are illegal, and I am not recognizing them and don't want to see them. And I am asking you not to ask questions based on this interrogations, including trying to play the tape during this interrogations. For me it's difficult to return back. I passed through hell. I started new life in 1969 only because I was true defector. I never raised this question with correspondents. I never went in press, because I am loyal to the country which accepted me, and I didn't want to hurt the country. I didn't hurt, even to hurt, the intelligence, the CIA. I didn't consider the whole CIA was responsible. Were responsible several people, for this. Thank God they are not working there anymore. They are out. If I will go in press, if I would be telling about these inhumane conditions, I will hurt not only the agencies, the intelligence service of the United States, I will hurt the interests of the United States. Who would like to defect, reading in what conditions and what treatment defectors is receiving. Sir, I prefer that you be using materials when it was started humane relations with me, which was started at the end of 1967. I still was under arrest but I was transferred from the extremely Spartan conditions, and with me started to work Mr. Bruce Solie, who passed through the whole life, tJirough all cases, through everything. People who were talking with me before were coming with what they were told, how to approach to me, how to treat me. They have come with made opinion, before whatever I will say yes or no. That is why I consider it is all unlawful documents in the period of interrogations done by anyone in CIA up until the end of 1967. Chairman Stokes. Is there anything further, Mr. Nosenko? Mr. NosBiNKO. No, sir. [Note : The committee granted Mr. Nosenko's request and the ques- tioning did not continue.] II. STATEMENT OF YURI NOSENKO MADE TO HOUSE SELECT COMMITTEE ON ASSASSINATIONS, AUGUST 7, 1978 In accordance with a request of the staff of the committee (House Select Committee on Assassinations), I make the following statement describing the conditions of my imprisonment from April 1964 till the end of 1967. On April 4, 1964 I was taken for a physical checkup and a test on a lie detector somewhere in a house, A doctor had given me a physical checkup and after that I was taken in another room for the test on a lie detector. 526 After finishing the test an officer of CIA, John, has come in the room and talked with a technician. John started to shout that I was a phoney and immediately several guards entered in the room. The guards ordered me to stand by the wall, to undress and checked me. After that I was taken upstairs in an attic room. The room had a metal bed at- tached to the floor in the center of this room. Nobody told me anything how long I would be there or what would happen to me. After several days two officers of CIA, John and Frank, started interrogations. I tried to cooperate and even in evening hours was writing for them whatever I could recollect about the KGB. These officers were interro- gating me about a month or two months. The tone of interrogations was hostile. Then they stopped to come to see me imtil the end of 1964. I was kept in this room till the end of 1964 and beginning of 1965. The conditions were very poor and difficult. I could have a shower once in a week and once in a week I could shave. I was not given a tooth- brush and a toothpaste and food given to me was very poor (I did not have enough to eat and was hungry all the time) . I had no contact with anybody to talk, I could not read, I could not smoke, and I even could not have fresh air or to see anything from this room (the only window was screened and boarded) . The only door of the room had a metal screen and outside in a cor- ridor two guards were watching me day and night. The only furniture in the room was a single bed and a light bulb. The room was very, very hot in a summertime. In the end of 1964 there were started again interrogations by sev- eral different officers. The first day they kept me under 24 hours inter- rogation. All interrogations were done in a hostile manner. At the end of all those interrogations when I was told that it was the last one and asked what I wanted to be relayed to higher ups I said that I was a true defector and being under arrest about 386 days I wanted to be put on trial if I was found guilty or released. I also asked how long it would continue. I was told that I would be there 3,860 days and even more. This evening I was taken by guards blindfolded and handcuffed in a car and delivered to an airport and put in a plane. I was taken to another location where I was put into a concrete room with bars on a door. In the room was a single steel bed and a mattress (no pillow, no sheet, and no blanket). During winter it was very cold and I asked to give me a blanket, which I received after some time. Except 1 day of interrogation and 1 day of a test on a lie detector I have not seen anyone besides guards and a doctor (guards were not allowed to talk with me) . After my constant complaining that I needed fresh air — at the end of 1966 I was taken almost every day for 30 minutes exercise to a small area attached to this cell. The area was surrounded by a chain link fence and by a second fence that I could not see through. The only thing I could see was the sky. Being in this cell I was watched day and night through TV camera. Trying to pass the time a couple of times I was making from threads chess set. And every time when I finished those sets immediately guards were entering in my cell and taking them from me. I was desperately wanting to read and once when I was given a toothpaste I found in a toothpaste box a piece of paper with 527 description of components of this toothpaste. I was trying to read it (under blanket) but guards notice it and again it was taken from me. Conditions in both (first and second) locations were analogical. I was there till November [sic October] of 1967. Then I again was transferred blindfolded and handcuffed to another location. In this new place I had a room with much better conditions. And Mr. Bruce Solie (CIA officer) started questioning me every day (excluding Sun- days) touching all questions concerning my biography, carrier in the KGB and all cases of the KGB known to me. I was imprisoned for the whole 5 years. And I started my life in the USA in April of 1969. August 7, 1978. NOSENKO, Y. I. III. EXCERPTS OF DEPOSITION OF BRUCE SOLIE BE- FORE HOUSE SELECT COMMITTEE ON ASSASSINA- TIONS, JUNE 1, 1978 INTRODUCTION During the period that the committee was speaking with Nosenko, it was also taking depositions from various officials and former of- ficials of the Central Intelligence Agency. One of the first to be ques- tioned was the security officer who conducted the CIA investigation that determined in 1968 that Nosenko was a bona fide defector. This officer was deposed by the committee on June 1, 1978. Part of the ques- tioning concerned the extent of his investigation into the statements Nosenko made about Oswald and his conclusions about the truth of those statements. Significant sections of that deposition follow : Excerpts From Deposition of Bruce Solie Before House Select Committee ON Assassinations, June 1, 1978 Mr. Klein. Prior to 1967 Nosenko had been questioned about Oswald. Did you read any transcripts of his answers relating to Oswald? Mr. SoLiE. I did not see all of that. The interviews concerning Oswald, I be- lieve, were partly done by the FBI and partly done by, particularly after April I think, were done by SR. I have seen parts of it. I may have seen more of it in 1967-68. Mr. Klein. Did you ever compare the different transcripts relating to Oswald, what Nosenko said to the FBI as opposed to what he said in July 1964, as opposed to what he said in April of 1964? Did you ever do that? Mr. Solie. No. In the first place, there wouldn't be any transcripts of the FBI anyway. Mr. Klein. Well, the statements. The FBI had statements. Did you ever compare that, compare that with what Mr. Solie. No, not word by word or line by line, no. Mr. Klein. Well, did you speak to Nosenko about Oswald ? Mr. Solie. No. Well, all I have, you have there. I did a writeup on it. I didn't see that it seriously conflicted with what we had. Mr. Klein. This writeup that you are referring to is a three-page writeup, the first page beginning with the word 0-s-v-a-l-d, underlined. Is that the writeup that you are referring to? Mr. Solie. Yes. Mr. Klein. And how did it come about that Nosenko provided this information ? Did you ask him for it? Mr. Solie. The transcript will reflect I asked him to prepare it in his own words on a previous day, a day or two before. Mr. Klein. You asked him to prepare what in his own words? 528 I know that the document says something, but I want for the record for you to state what you asked him rather than referring to the document. Mr. SoLiE Why Mr. Klein. Sure.don't I use the record. Mr. SoLiE. The record reflects on January 3, 1968, I asked Nosenko to give me an accountof everything he did in the Oswald investigation. Mr. Klein. And is that three-page Mr. SoLiE. The memo was prepared in his handwritten form and what you have here is a typed copy of the handwritten memo. Mr. Klein. And did you ever question him about what he wrote? Mr. Solie. No, because I had no reason to disbelieve him. Mr. Klein. Did you ever compare what he wrote to what he had said in earlier interrogations by either the FBI or by the CIA? Mr. Solie. All of this information was provided to the FBI. They would be in a much better position for that judgment than I would be. The information was available to the FBI. Mr. Klein. I understand that they had it, so they could have compared it if they wanted to, but did you ever compare it? Mr. Solie. I did not have all the information on the Oswald investigation. That was an FBI investigation. Mr. Klein. Well, was it available to you if you had asked the FBI for their reports of what Oswald had said to them? Mr. Solie. It might, under certain circumstances, but in this case here, as far as our oflSce was concerned, the Oswald matter was an FBI matter. Mr. Klein. Did the Oswald matter have any relevance to the bona fides of Nosenko? Mr. Solie. A factor to be considered. Mr. Klein. So then to that extent wouldn't it be a GIA matter, too? Mr. Solie. I fail to see what you are driving at. You are assuming that Nosenko was dispatched. Mr. Klein. No ; that is not correct. My purpose is simply to determine to what extent the Oswald aspect of what Nosenko said was investigated. I have no as- sumption whatsoever about him being dispatched. Mr. Solie. That he has no more information from what had been obtained from him in various interviews in 1964, and had been furnished to the Bureau. Mr. Klein. That is precisely my question, when you made your judgment in 1967, did you compare what he was saying in 1967 to what he said in 1964? Did you know what he said in 1964? Mr. Solie. There was no conflict as far as I was aware of. Mr. Klein. That was my question. Mr. SouE. As far as I am aware of. Now, again, the Oswald investigation, I don't know the extent of it. This only concerns one little aspect of Oswald's life. Mr. Klein. Did you ever have an opportunity to compare all the statements made by Nosenko about Lee Harvey Oswald beginning 1962 or 1964, whenever he was first — well, actually not 1962, in 1964, up to the statement which he wrote out for you in 1968? Is that when this statlement was written? Mr. Solie. I think about the first of January. Mr. Klein. Did you ever have an opportunity to compare all prior statements with this statement? Mr. Solie. No ; I wouldn't say all prior, no. Mr. Klein. After Nosenko wrote this account of his contact with Oswald and his knowledge of Oswald, was he questioned by you about what he had written? Mr. Solie. No. Mr. Klein. Was he questioned by anybody, to your knowledge? Mr. Solie. I don't recall whether at a later date the FBI may have touched on Oswald with him. It is possible, but that would have been at a later date. Mr. Klein. For your report, your 1968 report, he was not questioned. Mr. Solie. Yes. ******* Mr. Klein. Do you believe that Nosenko has told the truth in what he said relating to Lee Harvey Oswald? Mr. Solie. Yes ; I have no reason to disbelieve him. Again, I am commenting on my specific knowledge. I have not discussed this matter with him. I imagine the committee has discussed this in detail with him. I imagine 529 Mr. Klein. Considering the fact that you haven't discussed it with Nosenko, would it be fair to say, and If not, correct me, would it bte fair to say that you, your belief in Nosenko's credibility as to what he says about Oswald is really based in your belief of his credibility in all the other aspects which you did check out, as opposed to specific knowledge of the Oswald part of the case? Mr. SoLiE. It has a certain relationship, not necessarily — it is not necessarily conclusive, but if the person tells you the truth about — and you can prove it on this, this, this, and this, and you have this one you can't quite prove because it is not provable, it would have an effect on your opinion. Then you should look to see are there any holes. Mr. Klein. Well, I am really giving you the converse of this. Does the fact that you know or believe that he is telling the truth on A, B, C, and D, did that more or less lead you to say that you believe he is telling the truth about Oswald because you really were not able to check out the Oswald aspect of this case? Mr. SoLiE. No ; I wouldn't quite say that. There were other cases you couldn't quite check out. You have got to believe it or you don't believe it. Mr. Klein. Then if that wasn't it, what specifically leads you to believe that he was telling the truth when he told you his account of Oswald? Mr. SoLiE. Well, to make me think otherwise, I have got to see some evidence or someone to show me that he is not telling the truth. You have to have some contrary information. And I have seen no contrary information. Mr. Klein. So you start off with a presumption that he is telling the truth, and that has to be rebutted to some extent in order to question his statement on Oswald. Mr. SoLiE. Well, your opinion of something is, you know, an opinion is an opinion. Some things are provable and some things are not provable. Mr. Klein. I am not trying to get into a word game. What I am really saying is he has got three pages that he has written out and given to you. Mr. SoLiE. Right. Mr, Klein. And you have told me that you believe what he says, and I am trying to understand specifically what you base your belief on, that these three pages are correct. Mr. Solie. I didn't have a part in the Oswald investigation. I did not talk to Nosenko in 1964 concerning the Oswald case, or any other case. It is regrettable that this whole situation arises and in 1967 we are trying to resolve something that should have been resolved in 1964. So Oswald was gone over and over and over in 1964 by the FBI and by SR. I see nothing that says it wasn't true. What am I supposed to do, go over this again point by point by point? Is there anything I have a reason to disbelieve his statement? Mr. Klein. But when you say it was gone over in 1964, the people who were conducting the interrogations for the CIA in 1964 did not believe that Nosenko was credible, is that correct? Mr. SoLiE. Yes. Mr. Klein. So as far as the CIA was concerned, nobody had ever said that Nosenko was credible when he talked about Oswald. So my question to you is, you can't base your belief that Nosenko was credible when he talks about Oswald on what the CIA had done. Mr. SoLiE. And the FBI. The FBI talked to him, too. Mr. Klein. Are you saying that you based your belief in his credibility about Oswald on the FBI, what they found? Mr. SoLiE. No. Mr. Klein. Let me make it simpler. I am trying to make clear my question. When I read your lengthy report, in many areas you go into long discussions as to why you have accepted a particular claim by Nosenko, why you have accepted he was a KGB oflScer, why you have accepted he is who he says he is, and why you have accepted that he served in a particular department he says he served. And you gave specifics. You checked the things out. My question is, on what do you base your belief that he is telling the truth about Oswald ; because I have read no specifics in the report or anywhere else explaining that? Mr. SoLiE. Well, tell me what is there that is checkable? Mr. Klein. I am not saying that there is. I am asking you if there was anything that was checked out, or if there was anything that was done at all to determine whether he was credible when he spoke about Oswald ? 530 Mr. SoLiE. Well, this is one of the factors I had to consider in connection with the entire case. I have accepted it, and I will continue to accept it until someone can show me some contrary evidence, not opinion. Mr. BxEiN. One of the things that Nosenko states is that the KGB never per- sonally interviewed Oswald. They didn't interview Oswald when Oswald stated he wanted to defect, and they didn't interview Oswald when they decided to allow him to stay in Russia and sent him to Minsk. In your opinion, based on your knowledge of Nosenko, based on your knowl- edge of the Oswald case, based on your knowledge of KGB procedures and tech- niques, do you find Nosenko credible when he says they never interviewed Oswald? Mr. SoLiE. The question of what is meant by interview, a formal interview, taking him down to the local KGB headquarters, if that is what is meant Mr. Klein. What I am referring to is a KGB oflScer speaking face to face with Oswald, maybe not identifying himself as a KGB oflScer, but speaking to him under whatever identity he chooses, Nosenko says that never happened. My question to you is, do you find this credible? Mr. SoLiE. Speaking to the best of his knowledge, I will have to — I will accept it. Mr. Klein. Why would you accept that? Mr. SoLiE. Because it could happen. Now, that wouldn't say that the KGB didn't have a large book on him. Mr. Klein. Was any work ever done to check out the feasibility of statements such as this? For example, checking to see what the experiences of other defectors were, whether they ever were debriefed by KGB oflicers? Was that ever done, to your knowledge? Mr. SoLiE. No ; not unless the individual had been interviewed for some other reason, but not to check against the Oswald case because the Oswald investigation was an FBI investigation. Now, whether there have been some who were in Russia in a proximate period of time and had been interviewed, it is very possible. You would almost have to confine yourself to a proximate period of time because the international situation changed from year to year. So the comparison should be within the approximate period of time. Mr. Klein. Nosenko was given how many lie detector tests, to your knowledge? Mr. SoLiE. Three. Mr. Klein. Do you consider any or all of these tests to have been valid? Mr. SoLiE. I consider the last test to be a completely valid test; that is, the 1968 test. I would prefer that you be in actual discussion concerning the poly- graph techniques with someone else from our oflice because I am not an operator. Mr. Klein. I understand that, and I will only confine myself to questions relat- ing to how you incorporated the lie detector information into your report. The first two tests you do not consider them to be valid, is that correct? iMr. SoLiE. I consider them not only to not be valid, to be completely invalid. Mr. Klein. Would it be fair to say that Lee Harvey Oswald was a minor aspect of Mr. the investigation SoLiE. No. into Nosenko's bona fides? Mr. Klein. How would you characterize the Oswald aspect? Mr. Solie. It was an important part to be considered. Mr. Klein. Do you think that it received the full consideration and the time and effort to investigate it, the Lee Harvey Oswald aspect? Mr. SoLiE. There was a tremendous amount of investigation done in 1964. Mr. Klein. If it were to be proven that Nosenko was not truthful in his rela- tion, in what he said about Lee Harvey Oswald, would that be significant as to the question of whether Nosenko was bona fide? Mr. Solie. It would be something I would have to consider. Mr. Klein. Do you think it is possible that he could be lying about Oswald and still be bona fide? Mr. Solie. I do not consider that he was lying about Oswald. Mr. Klein. I'm sorry? Mr. Solie. I do not consider it. Mr. Klein. If it were proven that he was lying about Oswald, do you think that that would change your opinion as to whether he was bona fide? Mr. Solie. It sure would. 531 IV. EXCERPTS OF DEPOSITION OF DAVID MURPHY BE- FORE THE HOUSE SELECT COMMITTEE ON ASSAS- SINATIONS ON AUGUST 9, 1978 INTRODUCTION Having heard from Nosenko and from an intelligence officer who believed him to be bona fide, the committee spoke to the CIA official who had overall responsibility for the interrogation of Nosenko dur- ing the years 1964-67, when Nosenko was kept in solitary confine- ment. Among other things, he was asked about the reason Nosenko was placed in solitary confinement, about why he questioned No- senko's credibility, and about Nosenko's charge that his statements to the Agency were inaccurate because he had been drugged by the Agency. Portions of that transcript follow. of David Mtjbpht Befobe House Select CoMMirrEB on ExcEEPTS OF Deposition Assassinations on August 9, 1978 Mr. Klein. When Nosenko defected in 1964, when he came to the United States, was he in the custody of the Central Intelligence Agency at that time? Mr. MuBPHY. I don't want to be cute by saying I believe so. I am not exactly sure of the legal— I mean what his legal status was. Insofar as physical facts, he was in the custody of the 10. Mr. Klein. What division or unit of the Central Intelligence Agency had pri- mary responsibility for Nosenko? Mr. MuBPHY. The Soviet Russian Division. Mr. Klein. Of which you were the Chief? Mr. MuBPHY. Yes, sir. Mr. Klein. And what year did you leave the Soviet Russia Division? Mr. MuBPHY. Beginning in 1968. Mr. Klein. And up until what year did the Soviet Russia Division have primary responsibility for Nosenko? Mr. MuEPHY. I don't recall the exact time but it was certainly up until the spring of 1967. Mr. Klein. The investigation by Bruce Solie began at the end of 1967. At that time did the control or responsibility over Nosenko change from the Soviet Russia Division to another division? Mr. MuBPHY. My recollection is that it changed in the spring or early summer of 1967 and the responsibility was turned over to the Office of Security of which Solie was a member. Mr. Klein. As Chief of the Soviet Russia Division, did you have the primary responsibility for what happened to Nosenko? And when I say happened, where he was kept, what he was asked? Mr. MuEPHY. I was responsible for the case. Mr. Klein. OK. Mr. Murphy. Although the case was handled by one of the groups within the Division. Mr. Klein. But they would report to you? Mr. MuBPHY. Yes. ******* Mr. Klein. There came a time in 1964, April 4, I believe, when the treatment received by Nosenko greatly changed in that hostile interrogations began, is that correct? Mr. MuBPHY. I am not sure I agree with the formulation of the question. Mr. KxEiN. Well, elaborate. Mr. MuBPHY. No ; the previous pattern of voluntary discussion of issues under consideration changed and Nosenko was not permitted to evade questions or to decide when he would or would not want to respond. Mr. Klein. Could you describe for us what the pattern was before, as far as conditions and how it was changed? 532 Mr Murphy. Well, the pattern before was one of pretty much permitting Nosenko to call the shots. In other words, we wanted his cooperation and we wanted to discuss these things in a reasonable manner, but his preference was the time, not to sit still for a fulL day's briefing, to want to go out socially all important which made it difficult the next day to continue to work. And the most aspect, I think, of the change was the decision to confront him with inconsisten- cies as opposed to taking what he said and passing it on. Mr. Klein. What about the day-to-day living conditions, were they changed? Mr. MuBPHT, Well, he was not permitted to leave. He was not permitted to depart. , ^ ,. ^ Mr. Klein. Other than that, his day-to-day treatment, not the actual interroga- tion sessions, but his food intake, his recreation, was that changed at that time? Mr. MuKPHY. I don't think so, not that early. I don't remember that. *»*♦♦♦• Mr. Klein. Subsequent to April 4, is it correct that Nosenko was interrogated by people from the Soviet Russia Division? Mr. Murphy. That is right. Mr. Klein. And how were the particular subareas on which he was interrogated chosen ? Mr. Murphy. I am not sure. I don't know. Subject areas? This is a guess, this is a recollection, but I think the decision was made hased; on what the CIA people thought offered the best opportunity to get an admission and to break on that. In other words, I think it was based on points that they had collateral on. By that I mean other information which said what this man is saying is not the truth or this man does not know about this and, therefore, let us hit him hard on this. And so it was a fully tactical, these were tactical considerations relating to pos- session of information in the hands of the interrogators which then offered the best opportunity to get through and get the truth. (One breakthrough it was felt, as is normally the case, gives you other break- throughs. The decision on what subjects to be interrogated was essentially a fac- tor of the tactics of the debriefing. Mr. Klein. Would it be fair to say that after April 4 the subject areas were determined by a desire to try to catch him, to break him, as opposed to a desire to gain knowledge that would be of use to you in your role as an intelligence agency ? In other words, knowledge of the operation. Mr. Murphy. That is an accurate impression. The answer is yes because by the end of April there was a view that the man was not telling the truth, that parts of what he was saying were known to be untrue and that, therefore, made no sense, and although the reasons for his behavior and his statements were not clear, it made no sense then, it did not appear to make sense to accept as valid any data he might provide unless you could be sure that that data was in fact correct, and there were so many doubts about this, leaving aside the moti- vation for it, the contradictions or the way in which he presented it, that the information was not considered acceptable. 0 ***** * Mr. Klein. Were you aware of the substance of what Nosenko had to say about Oswald? Mr. Murphy. From the very first. I mean, when he first said it back in February or March. Mr. Klein. Do you recall now the substance of it? Mr. Murphy. No ; not exactly, anything I said would be polluted by so much back and forth. I know that the thrust of the message was that Oswald was never of interest to the Soviet Intelligence Services, that he was never debriefed by them, and I can guarantee that because I was personally involved in the affair. There is more detail, but I can't really pin it down. Mr. Klein. Did you accept this statement by Nosenko? Mr. Murphy. I did not. I did not believe that it would be possible for the Soviet Intelligence Services to have remained indifferent to the arrival in 1959 in Moscow of a former Marine radar operator who had served at what was an active U-2 operational base. I found that to be strange. It was only later, I think, that as the Nosenko case and its other ramifications began to emerge that it sfeemed to me that the Oswald story became even more unusual. I think I mentioned the other day it seems to me almost to have been tacked on or to have been added as though it didn't seem to be part of the real body of 533 the other things that he had to say, many of which were true. You understand that Nosenko was — much of what he said was true. Mr. Klein. You are talking about other areas ? Mr. Murphy. Yes, sir. This one seemed to be tacked on and didn't have much relationship, and it seemed to be so totally dependent on not just one coincidence but a whole series of coincidences, for him to have been there and all that sort of thing. That is what I mean. ******* Mr. Klein. Do you recall any other specifics about what you could not accept in Nosenko's statements about Oswald? Mr. Murphy. Yes, that they just — this is part of the first one — no contact was ever made, that he went up to Minsk and lived happily and well with no contact. The Soviet Union with foreigners don't do that. I mean, he is the only person. Read the accounts of what happened to this poor gentleman, what happened to Jay Crawford in Moscow and their intensive debriefing of him on the layout of the American Embassy. It didn't seem to be possible. Now, again, that does not constitute proof, doesn't constitute any breakthrough. It seemed to me to be strange. Mr. Klein. Would you distinguish between first the fact that nobody debriefed Oswald when he first came to the Soviet Union, nobody tried to find out what he knew as a marine, as a radar operator, and, second, the fact that once they decided to allow him to stay, nobody debriefed him to find out if he was some kind of a Western security agent or working for 01 A? Mr. Murphy. Yes, they would be two different points. The first point clearly involves the KGB and GBU. This is simply a chap arriving with this background and no one taking the time just from a military intelligence technical point of view, telling us how it worked when this thing came in at 90,000 feet what did the blips look like. I don't think they had many American radar operators handling operational traflSc involving U-2's. Mr. Klein. How would you react to a statement by Nosenko that although the KGB knew Oswald was a marine, they did not bother to question him, and because of that, never knew that he was a radar operator or that he worked at the base from which the U-2's took off and landed? Mr. Murphy. I think it would be strange. My other point, going back to your first question, that is, the first aspect of your question, which is the initial arrival and lack of debriefing. There is no indication here that the GRU was advised, which in the case of a defector, there is no operational interest in a defector. GRU would be properly the out- fit that would want to be talking to any marine. They will talk to a marine about close order drill. You follow me? It doesn't require that he be known to have been a radar operator or that he be known to have been a — they would talk to him about his military aflSliation just as we would. I realize that there is a body of thought which says that some people think the Soviets are 10-foot tall. I don't believe they are. I think they are very, very, very much the other way. What I find difficult on the part of many Ameri- cans is that they will not ascribe to the Soviets the same elemental competence that we have. That is all I ask. And, therefore, we in Germany will talk to a private in the East German Border Guards, period. The GRU would be interested in talking to a private. He was a corporal in the Marine Corps, who had stated to a consul in a consular office, which is manned by the Soviets, Soviet locals and what have you, fully accessible to the Soviets, unlike the higher floors of the Embassy, that he wanted to talk about his experiences, that he wanted to tell all. I guess I found it difficult to believe this is one of the things that made, or many other aspects of the case, but this is one of the things that created an atmosphere of disbelief that there must be something to this case that is important, vitally important to the Soviet Union and we can't understand it. Yuri believe. may be right, he may be right, but at the time it was very hard to * * * • * * . ♦ Mr. Klein. And on the basis of your experience and knowledge gained over almost 30 years, is that what is giving you trouble with Nosenko's statements about Oswald? Mr. Murphy. And other things. Mr. Klein. Do you know of comparable situations where somebody wasn't questioned like this, was just left alone, as Nosenko says Oswald was? 534 Mr. Murphy. I honestly couldn't find anyone, or I am not aware of anyone that the division or the CI Staff, that is, those officers concerned with this case, were handling it directly. I don't know of any former Soviet intelligence officer or other knowledgeable source to whom they spoke about this matter who felt this would have been possible. If someone did, I never heard of it. Mr. Klein. During this interrogation period, beginning in April 1964, would it be fair to say that the questions relating to Oswald and the problems which you have just been discussing relating to Oswald constituted a major area for questioning and in interrogating Nosenko? Mr. MuRPHT. Probaby not. Mr. Klein. Why would that have been? Mr. Murphy. Because there were many other areas which posed equally inter- esting aspects yet about which we knew much more and which had occurred abroad and involved collateral knowledge, which obviously is not easy for us to obtain in the Soviet Union. Mr. Klein. Who in the Soviet Russia division made the decision as to who would question Nosenko, subsequent to April 4? Mr. MUEPHY. [CIA employee], chief of the group. Mr. Klein. And do you know of any criteria that he used to pick his inter- rogators? Mr. Murphy. Some knowledge of Russian, as Nosenko's English was not good, the fact that he had been exposed. Well, that is one of the aspects of the CIA interrogation. You try not to use too many people because you then lose. In the first place, you are dealing with a potentially hostile guy who is liable to go back to the Soviet Union, or return to the other side, and so you don't want to expose too many officers, plus the fact it is not a good idea to simply bring a lot of people in. You have to have people who studied the case and became in depth, know it in depth and therefore, so they use the officers that they had available and there were a variety of criteria. Mr. Klein. As I mentioned to you in our conversations about a week ago, it is our information that the person who interrogated Nosenko about the Oswald matter had no background whatsoever in Oswald, he didn't know anything about Oswald's background or really about Oswald at all. Is there any reason that such a person would be used that you can tell us? Mr. Murphy. I am not sure I understand. I thought the point was that he had, he was not a man of a lot of background in the CI debriefings or interrogations. I wasn't sure of the point he didn't know about Oswald. I am not sure very many of us knew very much about Oswald than was available at the time. Mr. Klein. Two jwints Mr. Murphy. The reason that the chap was chosen was because he was level- headed, extremely toughminded, and was going to be with the case for the long pull. He was not going to be changed. That is why he was used. And his career since then has borne out the judgment of many, he is a very good officer. Mr. Klein. But wouldn't Mr. Murphy. I don't know that he didn't, that he wasn't what you are saying, he knew nothing at all about Oswald's case. I find that difficult to believe. But I don't know. Mr. Klein. Well, if I asked you to consider a hypothetical situation, where I told you the officer who interrogated Oswald knew nothing about Oswald other than what he learned from Nosenko, would you think that was unusual that they would not, if they didn't have somebody already who knew about Oswald, at least given somebody a thorough briefing from A to Z, everything that the CIA knew about Oswald, would you think it was unusual, that they didn't do that? Mr. Murphy. I would certainly think so. Mr. Klein. The second part of my question was the other point I made to you a week ago when we spoke, to our knowledge, let me be frank, we spoke to the particular officer in a deposition, so that our knowledge is gained from that, it is possible that since I have not seen the typed up deposition that what I say might not be exactly what the deposition says, but my recollection of it is that he also had little or no prior interrogation experience, and my question is would that be Mr. Murphy. That wouldn't surprise me because there were very few people, relatively few people, in the Division or indeed elsewhere who had a lot of interrogation experience. We hadn't done a lot of very many hostile CIA debrief- ings. People who might have been used were probably otherwise, either abroad, 535 might have had experience, but I know it might sound strange. There just wasn't squads and squads of highly trained fluent Russian speaking CI experienced interrogators. Mr. Klein. One thing I would point out to you is that I have listened to a number of tapes, and all of the ones I have listened to were totally in English, there was no Russian. Mr. MuBPHY. Yes. Mr. Klein. My question is, was the questioning of Nosenko considered a major operation in the Bureau in 1964? Mr. Murphy. It was an important operation, an important case. Mr. Klein. And yet there was nobody with interrogation experience who could be used to interrogate him? Mr. Murphy. I am sure some of the people had interrogation experience. I mean [CIA employee] himself had a lot of background in this field. I can't explain why the oflScer who debriefed him on Oswald did not have prior briefing on Oswald except what I mentioned to you the other day, because it was not a thing that we thought we were going to get through on, because we were weak in that area at that time. ***** * * Mr. Klein. Was Nosenko ever given any drugs? Mr. Murphy. Not to my knowledge. Mr. Klein. Were there ever any conversations in which you took part about whether to give him drugs in order to get him to tell the truth ? Mr. Murphy. There were many, many conversations all the time about various things that could be done, all the techniques that are known, to get him to talk, but as far as I know and in discussions with the medical officer who handled the case, there was never any decision made or any attempt made to use these, because none of them appeared to be likely to produce results and they all would be very harmful and, therefore, not produce results. Mr. Klein. Between 1964 and 1967 when you lost control over the case, in those years, it is your statement that if any drugs were given to him, to get him to tell the truth, you would have known about it, and no such thing happened? Mr. Murphy. That is correct. ***** * * Mr. Klein. Are you aware that Nosenko was given a lie detector test in 1964, in April ? Mr, Muephy. Yes, sir, Mr, Klein, Do you know the result of that test? Mr, Murphy, It indicated he was lying on several key points, Mr. Klein, Do you have any reason to believe that test was invalid? Mr. Murphy. No. Mr. Klein. Are you aware that he was given a second lie detector test in 1966? Mr. Murphy, Yes, Mr, Kleen. Do you know the result of that test? Mr. Murphy. Same thing. Mr. Klein. And do you have any reason to believe that test was invalid? Mr. Murphy. No ; I believe the operator who gave him the test in 1966 was the same operator who gave him the test in 1964. Mr. Klmn. That is correct, V. EXCERPTS OF DEPOSITION OF JAMES C. MICHAELS AND ALEKSO POPTANICH, AUGUST 11, 1978, BEFORE THE HOUSE SELECT COMMITTEE ON ASSASSINA- TIONS INTRODUCTION In a further effort to clear up the facts surrounding Nosenko's claims that his statements to the CIA should not be used to impeach his pres- ent testimony, the committee took depositions from FBI and CIA agents who were present during the 1964 interviews. These agents were 536 questioned to determine if Nosenko was drugged, whether he was able to understand the questions, and what was the general atmosphere that prevailed during the interviews. Portions of those depositions follow : Excerpts of Deposition of James C. Michaels Before the House Select Committee on Assassinations, July 27, 1978 Mr. Klein. Are you an employee of the Central Intelligence Agency ? Mr. Michaels. Yes ; I am. Mr. Klein. How long have you l>een employed there? Mr. Michaels. Since January 1956. Mr. Klein. I would like to diarect your attention to July of 1964. At that time you were employed by the Central Intelligence Agency ? Mr. Michaels. Yes ; I was. Mr. Klein. At that time did you have occasion to speak to Yuri Nosenko? Mr. Michaels. Yes ; I did. Mr. Klein. What was the nature of the conversations that you had with Mr. Nosenko? ^ , . , ,, Mr. Michaels. I was one of the oflScers wlio was assigned to debnef Mr. Nosenko on his career in the KGB. Mr. Klein. How many officers were assigned to the debriefing? Mr. Michaels. At 'that time it was mostly two of us. Mr. Klein. When did you first begin the debriefing of Mr. Nosenko? Mr. Michaels. I don't know the exact date. That it was in April or May of 1964. Mr. Klein. At the time you began debriefing him was he already in what we would call solitary confinemenit or hositile interrogations? Mr, Michaels. At that time I would say that he was in confinement. The nature of the talks with him at that time was more debriefings than interroga- tion. Certainly there was interrogation involved in the debriefing but it was not a hostile interrogation. Mr. Klein. What division were you in at the time you began speaking to Mr. Nosenko? What division of the CIA, that is? Mr. Michaels. I was in what was then called the Soviet Russian Division. Mr. Klein. Who was the Chief of that Division? Mr. Michaels. The Chief of the Division at that time was Mr. David E. Murphy. Mr. Klein. How long had you been in that Division at that time? Mr. Michaels. I had been in that division in headquarters for slightly over 1 year. . ^ ^ Mr. Klein. Prior to your interviews with Mr. Nosenko had you debriefed any other KGB defectors? Mr. Michaels. I do not believe that I had debriefed any KGB defectors prior to that time. Mr. Klein. Prior to the interview with Nosenko had you been involved in any investigations of any KGB defectors? Investigations into their bona fides? Mr. Michaels. I don't recall that I was involved in any investigation of KGB defectors. I had been involved in the investigation of one East European officer defector. Mr. Klein. At the time that you began debriefing Mr. Nosenko would it be fair to consider you at that time an expert on the KGB ? Mr. Michaels. No ; I don't think so. Mr. Klein. At that time when you began debriefing Mr. Nosenko had you read files or done any research in order to increase your knowledge about Lee Harvey Oswald? Mr. Michaels. I cannot specifically recall having read any files pertaining to Lee Harvey Oswald. Certainly I had read and heard a lot about him in the news- papers, television, and radio. I may have had the opportunity to read some previ- ous debriefings of Nosenko concerning Oswald but I am not sure of that. Mr. Klein. Did you at any time read any FBI interviews with Nosenko pertain- ing to Oswald prior to your interviews with Nosenko? Mr. Michaels. I am not sure. I may have. Ik * Ik « * * * 537 Mr. Klein. Concerning the physical appearance, at any time did he appear to have been beaten when you were debriefing him or during that period? Mr. Michaels. No ; I never saw him at any time that he appeared to have been beaten. Mr. Klein. Did he ever complain to you or state to you that he had been pliysically abused in any manner V Mr. Michaels. To the best of my recollection, no. Mr. Klein. Did he always appear to understand what you would say to him during your sessions with him? Mr. Michaels. Essentially he understood quite well. If he did not understand he would indicate that he had not understood. Mr. Klein. Did he speak coherently during those sessions? Mr. Michaels. Yes ; very much so. Mr. Klein. Would it be fair to describe him as cooperative during those sessions. Mr. Michaels. Yes ; it would. Mr. Klein. Did he ever appear to be drugged during any of the sessions you had with him ? Mr. Michaels. No ; he did not. Mr. Klein. Did he ever complain of being drugged ? Mr. Michaels. I don't believe he ever complained to me about ever having been drugged. Mr. Klein. Do you have any knowledge of his complaining to anybody else about being drugged? Mr. Michaels. Well, I have heard recent comments. Mr. Klein. I mean at the time did anything occur which led you to believe that he was telling the officials at that point that he was being drugged, back in 1964? Mr. Michaels. My recollection is that he had explained or stated that he thought was ever he this some fashion on some occasions but I can't drugged asin early beinghappened recall that as the period around July 1964 when I was talking to him about Oswald. It may have been sometime later. But as I say, I have no recollection that he ever raised this directly to me. Mr. Klein. To your knowledge, he never raised it with anybody until after the questioning relating to Oswald in July 1964? Mr. Michaels. I could not say that precisely because I do not recall it pre- cisely. Mr. Klein. To your knowledge, was he drugged at any time while you were speaking to him? Mr. Michaels. No ; he was not. Not to my knowledge. Mr. Klein. Did he ever exhibit any what we might call symptoms of being drugged when you were debriefing him? Mr. Michaels. No ; he never exhibited any symptoms that I would relate to his having been drugged. Mr. Klein. Do you believe that he was hostile to you while you were debrief- ing him? Mr. Michaels. To me personally ? Mr. Klein. Yes. Mr. Michaels. No ; I don't think he was hostile to me. Mr. Klein. Did he always answer questions that you asked him to the best of his ability, so far as you could tell? Mr. Michaels. I don't recall that he ever refused to answer any question. He would certainly, on some occasions, indicate that he had no knowledge of the matter about which I was questioning him, but where he claimed to have knowledge it was his normal practice to answer readily and rather completely. ^ ***** * Mr. Klein. You have seen two question-and-answer transcripts here today. One dated July 3, 1964, and one dated July 27, 19G4. To the best of your recol- lection, did you have any other question-and-answer sessions with Mr. Nosenko on the subject of Oswald? Mr. Michaels. To the best of my recollection, the report that we looked at of the interview of July 3, 1964, was the first substantive discussion or de- briefing that I had with Nosenko concerning Oswald. I recall the instance of the interview of Jidy 27, 1964, which was the subject of the second report we 538 reviewed. I could not say with certainty that I did not discuss Oswald with Nosenko on other occasions. I do not, however, recall specifically any other detailed or in-depth interviews with him on that topic. Mr. Klein. Would it be fair to say that to the best of your recollection, July 1964, that period of time, was the only time that you discussed Oswald with Nosenko, say July, August, somewhere in that area? Mr. Michaels. That is the only time that I recall this type of detailed dis- cussion with him. It is possible that on future occasions when we were together that I could have been given followup questions, specific questions, to ask him or that mention of Oswald may have come into discussion of some other topic. Mr. Klein. But you have no recollection of any other long debriefing sesisions about Oswald? Mr. Michaels. No ; I do not. ******* Mr. Klein. To your knowledge, was there any followup investigation done based on what Nosenko told you about Oswald? Mr. Michaels. I am not aware of any particular followup investigations that were conducted on the basis of my debriefing of Nosenko on Oswald. Mr. Klein. You stated that Nosenko's physical and mental condition appeared constant throughout your debriefings. To the best of your recollection, would the description that you have given earlier in the statement about his physical and mental conditions hold true for these two July sessions which dealt with the subject of Lee Harvey Oswald? Mr. Michaels. Yes ; definitely. Mr. Klein. You do not recall him at any time appearing drugged when he spoke about Oswald? Mr. Michaels. No ; not at all. Mr. Klein. To the best of your recollection, he was cooperative and friendly when he si>oke about Oswald? Mr. Michaels. He was quite alert and responsive. Mr. Klein. Did Nosenko know that you were from the CIA when you spoke with him ? Mr. Michaels. I am sure he did. Bxcekpts of Deposition of Alekso Poptanich Before House Select Commit- tee ON Assassinations, August 11, 1978 Mr. Klein. Are you currently a special agent for the Federal Bureau of In- vestigation? Mr. Poptanich. Yes. Mr. Klein. How long have you worked for the Bureau? Mr. Poptanich. About 27 years. Mr. Klein. I would like to draw your attention to 1964. Were you working with the Bureau at that time ? Mr. Poptanich. That is right. Mr. Klein. And what was your job, the division that you were in at that time? Mr. Poptanich. Foreign Counterintelligence, the Soviet area. Mr. Klein. And do you speak fluent Russian? Mr. Poptanich. I speak Russian. Fluency is marred to a degree. Mr. Klein. And again, drawing your attention to 1964, did you have occasion, in early 1964, to interview Yuri Nosenko? Mr. Poptanich. Yes. Mr. Klein. And do you recall approximately when you first began interviewing Mr. Nosenko? Mr. Poptanich. Well, probably it was sometime in February 1964. Probably early February sometime. Mr. Klein. And for how long a period did you interview him? Mr. Poptanich. Off the top of my head, a couple of months, that is all. Mr. Klein. Approximately how many times would you say you met with him? Mr. Poptanich. Well, I think we went out there, off the top of my head, twice a week. If you figure about 8 weeks, about 16 times, maybe. I can't say that for sure. Mr. Klein. When you say you went out there, what are you referring to? Mr. Poptanich. Went to the safe house. Mr. Klein. And at that time that you interviewed him was he under the custody of the Central Intelligence Agency? 539 Mr. PoPTANiCH. Yes, custody or control, however you want to put it. Mr. Klein. Did you have a particular team of people who would take part in your interviews? Mr. PoPTANicH. Yes. There was myself, Maurice A. Taylor, and then there was Donald E. Walter, and I think at a later date Walter dropped out and Tom Mendenhal helped out. He is retired. So is Taylor. Mr. Klein. And approximately how long would each session with Nosenko last? Mr. PoPTANicH. I think about 2 hours. Mr. Klein. And were they conducted in English or Russian ? Mr. POPTANICH. That depends. Some were in English, some were in Russian and sometimes portions in English and sometimes portions were in Russian. !Mr. Klein. And were you able to fully imderstand what he was saying during these sessions? Mr. POPTANICH. Yes. I think that he made sure that I translated. If I had any problems with the translation he made sure I was corrected because he under- stood enough English and we only interviewed him in Russian when he was irritated, that is, fully. Mr. Klein. And by the same token, was it your belief that he understood every- thing that you were saying or that anybody from our team was saying? Mr. POPTANICH. Oh, yes, because if there were any questions about his under- standing of English, he would ask me in Russian. There was no question about being misunderstood. Mr. Klein. There was full comprehension on both sides? Mr. PoPTANicH. Right. Mr. Klein. Did there come a time when you spoke to Nosenko about Lee Harvey Oswald? Mr. POPTANICH. Yes. Mr. Klein. And do you recall approximately when that was? Mr. POPTANICH. The only way I can recall is by the date of this memo, which is February 28. Mr. Klein. I would ask that these two memos, the first dated February 28, 1964, and signed by Mr. Taylor, Mr. Walter, and Mr. Poptanich; the second dated March 5, 1964, signed by Mr. Poptanich and Mr. Gheesling — I should say, their names are typed on these reports, they are not actually signed. I would ask these be marked for identification. [The above referred to memos were marked as JFK exhibits 1 and 2 for the record.] Mr. Klein. We have marked these exhibits 1 and 2, August 11, 1978, for this hearing. Looking at these two reports, sir, do you recognize them? Mr. Poptanich. Yes. Mr. Klein. What are they ? Mr. Poptanich. Well, they are 302's which report our interviews with Nosenko on February 26 and 27, 1964, and March 3, 1964. Mr, Klein. To the best of your knowledge, are those interviews that yon had with Nosenko about Oswald? Mr. Poptanich. To the best of my knowledge ; yes. I would say that we prob- ably went out there and interviewed him on the 26th the first time and then went back on the 27th and got the information which verified it all, and then on March 3, Marv Gheesling, who was at headquarters at the time, got together vnth me and we went out and reinterviewed him. ******* Mr. Klein. Did he ever have an opportunity to see the finished report before you actually made it an oflaeial report? Mr. Poptanich. I think that he had. In order to eliminate any questions as far as accuracy, I think he saw a lot of stuff. Exactly what he saw or what things we took him, but I think anything of importance was gone over with him and discussed with him time and time again to make sure we had it accurate. Mr. Klein. Is there any doubt in your mind that the two reports you have in front of you, JFK exhibits 1 and 2 of this date, are accurate reports of what Nosenko told you during those interviews? Mr. Poptanich. If these are the reports which were taken out of the file, the original copies of the original which we had typed and dictated on these par- ticular dates, as far as I am concerned. 540 Mr. Klein. As you look through them is there any reason for you to believe that those are not accurate copies of your own reports ? Mr. POPTANIOH. No. Mr. Klein. Why don't you look through them? Mr. PoPTANicH. I am not going to be able to remember what he told me 14 years ago. Mr. Klein. On their face- Mr. PopTANicH. On their face they look like they are accurate reproductions of the 302 we used to take and dictate on. On the 28th this appears to be basically the one. These were apparently taken from the same report. This looks like all the same material. Mr. Klein. The record should reflect that in the last few minutes you have had an opportunity to look through the two reports which are marked for identification. Mr. PoPTANicH. Yes. Mr. Klein. So after having an opportunity to look at those reports they do appear to be your records, and it is your belief that these reports are accurate descriptions of what Nosenko told you about Oswald? Mr. PoPTANicH. Yes. Mr. Klein. When you spoke with Nosecko, was there any question in your mind as to whether he might be under some kind of drugs at the time you spoke to him, not self-administered. I am talking about drugs administered, say, by the Central Intelligence Agency in order to get him to tell the truth? Mr. POPTANICH. No ; I couldn't answer that, I don't know. Mr. Klein. Did you see any indication that that was the case? Mr. POPTANICH. No ; he seemed to be himself on all occasioins. ******* Mr. Klein. Did you have any problems with his statement that the Soviet KGB was essentially uninterested in an American defector who, as it turns out, could have given them information pertaining to his work as a radar operator at an air base from which U-2's took off and landed? Mr. POPTANICH. Not really. They had a good intelligence network and all his information was dated. It would be probably useless to them except for propa- ganda purposes. If he is plenty unstable or if he had a problem where they felt they couldn't control him or anything, they probably would never touch him with a 10-foot pole. We wouldn't do it either. Mr. Klein. When you say plenty unstable, you are referring to the fact Nosenko told you they believed Oswald was plenty unstable? Mr. POPTANICH. Yes, that is my recollectioni. Mr. Klein. Looking at the top of page 28, on the March 5, 1964 report, just that first paragraph underlined. Is that what you are referring to, the reference there to him in the as facta result Nosenko believed he was abnormal and they just weren't interested of that? Mr. PoPTANiOH. Certainly, if the information he had was dated. A lot of intel- ligence isdated and of interest today, tomorrow it ain't worth a dammi Mr. Klein. Did you essentially believe from whatever knowledge you had, maybe just your experience as an intelligence oflScer, what Nosenko had to say about Oswald? Mr. POPTANICH. I accepted it at face value. He gave it to us. We had no reason to not believe him and I accepted it at face value. If I was predisposed to have my own conclusions and I would say to myself I don't think they would have done this or I think the Soviets would have reacted in a different manner, then I wouldn't believe him, and I think this is the wrong premise to start with when you are interviewing somebody like this. You have to start with the basic premise you accept the information and then you go out and you verify it or disprove it, and that is what we did with almost all the information we got from Nosenko. Mr. Klein. That goes back to my earlier question, were you able in any way to do that with the information about Oswald? Mr. POPTANICH. I didn't work on Oswald, after this was it, I had nothing to do any more with Oswald information as far as I recollect. 541 Mr. Klein. These reports are quite detailed. Nosenko gives names of other ofl5cers and there is a lot of information in here about Oswald. Is it your recol- lection that Nosenko had a good memory of the entire Oswald case at the time you spoke to him? Mr. PoPTANicH. Well, I think all these guys who come out have good memories, such as yours when you leave this job here you will remember a lot of these things for years to come because you are deeply involved in daily events and these things become ingrained to you. I think this is the same thing with these intelligence officers. They come over here and they talk to us and they have excellent memories, esi)ecially those who were predisposed to defect and they build a memory because they want to remember these things. Now, in Nosenko's case, if he worked with it, I am sure he would remember it, or anybody had talked to him about it, because it was that important, because these intelligence officers sit around and they discuss these things and discuss them over drinks and get half drunk, and that is where you get a lot of your information. Mr. Klein. Along that linte, do you recollect that he did have a very good memory of the facts in these reports ? Mr. PoPTANicH. Well, I think he had a good memory, yes. He had a good memory on a lot of things. VI. LETTERS OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY OF SEPTEMBER 1, 1978, AND FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVES- TIGATION OF JANUARY 8, 1979 INTRODUCTION In an effort to resolve questions that remained on the official posi- tions of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation on Nosenko and the nature of the investigations into the Oswald aspect of the Nosenko case, the committee submitted questions to both the CIA and the FBI. The questions and the answers follows : 43-792 0-79-35 542 Letter of Central Intelligence Agency of September 1, 1978 THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE WASHINGTON. D. C. 20SOJ Office of legisloti»e Counsel 1 September 1978 Mr. G. Robert Blakey Chief Counsel § Director House Select Committee on Assassinations Washington, D.C. 20505 Dear Mr. Blakey: Forwarded herewith are answers to the interroga- tories received at close of business on 28 August 1978, Sincerely, S.D. Breckinridge Principal Coordinator, HSCA Attachment £sa "niiwMnwMmmiiMj w Bwg«as«wiiHi'nwiiiigwia«g ga» .1 543 Question #1 Enumerate the name of any drug given to Nosenko and the date it was administered -- including those given for "thera- peutic" purposes -- from January 1964 to 1968. Drug Date Administered Zactrin August 24, 25, 1965 Tetracycline August 24 thru 29, 1965 Thorazine August 30, 1965 Donnatal August 30, 31, 1965 Donnatal September 27, 1965 Tetracycline December 17, 1965 Tetracycline May 31 thru June 6, 1967 Antihistamine September 26, 1967 Cough Syrup September 26, 1967 544 Question #2 Describe in detail Nosenko's living conditions from April 4, 1964 through 1968. The description should include, but not be limited to the following: a. where he lived b. the degree to which his movements were restricted c. his contact with other people d. his access to radio, television and reading materials such as newspapers and books e. the degree to which his actions were "observed" f. restrictions with regard to his food intake Answer : Nosenko was confined at a secure location in the Washington Metropolitan area from 4 April 1964-13 August 1965. From 14 August 1965-27 October 1967, he was confined at an installation on U.S. Government property outside the Washington area. From 28 October 1967-December 1968, Nosenko lived at three secure locations in the Washington Metropolitan area. His movement was completely restricted from April 1964-October 1967. From October 1967-December 1968, particularly after December 1967, there was a gradual relaxation in the control of Nosenko, although during this period he did not have freedom of movement. By the latter 545 part of December 1968, controls had been relaxed to the point that he was accompanied to restaurants, movie theaters, and other public locations. His contact with other people was limited to Agency personnel only from April 1964- December 1968. Nosenko did not have access to TV, radio or newspapers from April 1964-October 1967. He was provided with a limited number of books to read from April 1964 -November 1965 and from May 1967-October 1967. His reading privileges were suspended from November 1965-May 1967. From October 1967-December 1968, he was provided with an increasing quantity of books and other reading materials. Materials were screened to preclude exposure to current events until mid-1968. In August 1968, Nosenko was given a TV set. Nosenko was under constant visual observation from April 1964-October 1967. Commencing in October 1967, though Nosenko remained in protective custody, actual visual observation was relaxed. From April 1964-October 1967, Nosenko received a regular diet of three meals a day. Periodically, during this time, his diet was modified to the extent that his portions of food were modest and restricted. After October 1967, Nosenko received a regular diet. From April 1964-October 1967, he was under regular medical observation. ^ 546 Question #3 Define Nosenko's present and past employment arrangements with the Central Intelligence Agency. Include: a. the dates and nature of his employment b. the services rendered by Nosenko c. itemized accounting of all compensation received by Nosenko d. an account of the roles of Richard Helms and John McCone in authorizing Nosenko's employment and compensation arragements with the CIA. Prior to Nosenko's defection on 4 February 1964, he was promised $50,000 for previous cooperation, $10,000 for his identification, in 1962, of a particular espionage agent, and $25,000 a year compensation for future services. Mr. Richard Helms approved the foregoing on 17 February 1964. Although no effort was made to fulfill the promise until some five years after Nosenko's defection, the original promise formed the basis for the eventual employment arrangement and other monetary remunerations. Following acceptance of Nosenko's bona fides in late 1968, Mr. Helms approved an arrangement which resulted in Nosenko's employment as an independent contractor effective 1 March 1969. This first contract called for him to be compensated at a rate of $16,500 a year. As of 1978, he is receiving $35,327 a year (see attached annual compensation table for years 1969-1978). 547 In addition to regular, yearly compensation, Nosenko was paid for the years 1964-1969 in November 1972, in the amount of $25,000 a year less income tax. The total amount paid was $87,052. He also received, in varying increments from March 1964-July 1973, amounts totalling $50,000 to aid in his re- settlement on the private economy (see attached table for breakdown). The total resettlement figure, in effect, satisfied that portion of the above 1964 promise to pay Nosenko $50,000 for previous cooperation. In 197A Nosenko was paid $10,000 to satisfy that part of the above promise relating to his identification of an espionage agent. Further, he was compensated in the amount of $28,500, representing the difference between the $25,000 a year promised and the actual amount paid to him during the period 1 March 1969- 1 March 1975. Since 1969, the Agency has contributed to Nosenko 's hospitalization insurance premiums. The Agency has also compensated him for certain unusual medical and dental expenses. To date, Nosenko continues to work as an independent contractor, with the compensation provision being periodically amended. His work for the Agency includes consultation with both the Agency and the FBI on certain matters of current interest concerning Soviet intelligence activities and personnel 548 both in the U.S. and abroad. From time to time he is also consulted by various elements of the Agency on current Soviet developments and requirements. He has been and continues to be used as a regular lecturer at counterintelligence courses of the Agency, the FBI, Air Force OSI, and others. Our records do not show that Mr. John McCone played any role in authorizing Nosenko's employment and compensation arrangements with the CIA. 549 ANNUAL COMPENSATION TABLE Effective 1 March 1969 $16,500 a year Effective 1 March 1970 $18,500 a year Effective 1 March 1971 $19,500 a year Effective 1 March 1972 $21,000 a year Effective 1 March 1973 $22,250 a year Effective 1 March 1974 a year $23,750 Effective 1 March 1975 $25,250 Effective 1 March 1976 a year $26,513 a year- Effective 1 October 1976 a year $28,103 Effective 1 March 1977 $33,000 a year Effective 9 October 1977 a year $35,327 1978 $35,327 a year RESETTLEMENT FEE TABLE March 1964 $2,000 April-May 1969 $8,000 (furniture and auto) June 1970 $25,000 ($20,000 for doivn payment on house; $5,000 for additional furniture, moving expenses, and other costs incidental home) to the purchase of new July 1973 $15,000 (balance of resettlement figure promised) 550 4. On what dates and for how long was Nosenko questioned by the CIA about Lee Harvey Oswald- -from 1964 to present? Mr. Nosenko was questioned by CIA about Lee Harvey Oswald on 23 January 1964 and 30 January 1964 in Geneva and on 3 July 1964, 27 July 1964 and 29 July 1964 in the Washington area. The first four debriefings comprised the entire working sessions on the respective days; the fifth debriefing occupied the better part of the day, but not the whole day. In addition, Mr. Nosenko was further debriefed on 3 and 6 January 1968. 5. When Nosenko was questioned by the CIA about Lee Harvey Oswald, who did the questioning? Mr. Nosenko was questioned about Lee Harvey Oswald by CIA staff officers with broad experience in Soviet counterintelligence matters, in general, and the KGB, in particular. 6. What background, if any, did the interrogator have in interrogations? What knowledge did the interrogator have with respect to Oswald's background? CIA does not have a separate professional category of interrogator, although it does have activities in which interrogation techniques are employed. CIA operations officers are experienced in questioning and debriefing intelligence sources, and the personnel involved in this questioning were intelligence officers with a background in Soviet and counterintelligence affairs. 551 7. On the dates that Nosenko was questioned about Oswald does there now exist or did there ever exist: a. a tape of the questions asked and Nosenko 's answers, b. a transcript of the questions asked and Nosenko 's answers, c. a summary of the questions asked and Nosenko 's answers? a. All five debriefings of Mr. Nosenko, concerning Lee Harvey Oswald, were taped. These tapes were furnished HSCA representatives on 9 and 12 June 1978. b. We have been able to locate only a few documents that may be described as transcripts. There are, however, detailed memoranda of the debriefings. c. Summaries of the questions and answers were made and retained. 8. What criteria, if any, was used to determine: a. what subjects to question Nosenko about b. how much time to devote to each subject a. The subjects of the questions that were put to Mr. Nosenko were based on the needs and requirements of the intelligence community at that time. b. Enough time was devoted to the debriefing so that each subject was adequately covered. 552 9. What significance -- with respect to possible foreign involvement in the assassination as well as to the issue of Nosenko's bona fides-- did the CIA attach during the years 1964-1968 to Nosenko's statements about Oswald? Of course, Mr. Nosenko's status as a bona fide defector related to the credibility of what he said. And this would bear on the credibility of what he said about Oswald. Whether he was a bona fide defector was the subject of serious reservations during the Warren Commission inquiry. His state- ments to the effect that Oswald was not a KGB agent were reported by Mr. Helms to Chief Justice Warren, but with the caveat that his bona fides not only had not been established but were suspect. It is our understanding that the Warren Commission decided, on the basis of the stated reservations, not to factor Mr. Nosenko's information into its findings. CIA did question Mr. Nosenko at great length over an extended period of time. It was unable to resolve satisfactorily the question of his bona fides until well after the Warren Commission had completed its work. From the beginning, it was obvious that if Mr. Nosenko was telling the truth, what he stated about Oswald and the KGB tended to negate the likelihood of Oswald being involved with the USSR, as a KGB agent, in the assassination of President Kennedy. Because of the doubts entertained by CIA about Mr. Nosenko, this information was not acceptable for use in that respect by the Warren Commission. 553 10. What significance -- with respect to possible foreign involvement in the assassination as well as to the issue of Nosenko's bonafides -- does the CIA attach today to Nosenko's statements about Oswald? With the acceptance of Mr. Nosenko's bona fides, we believe that the statements he made about Oswald were made in good faith. 11. If the answer to question 9 is different from the response to question 10, when did the change occur and why? This question is not applicable to the preceding questions and answers. 12. yihat was the CIA's position from 1964 to 1968 on the question of whether Nosenko is bonafide? 13. What is the CIA's position today on the question - of whether Nosenko is bonafide? The point is that CIA, per se, did not reach an agreed position on Mr. Nosenko until late 1968. Various persons within CIA entertained serious doubts about his bona fides, believing in fact that he was a dispatched agent. Had the Agency, as distinguished from those employees, so concluded he could simply have been turned back. The final conclusion was that he is a bona fide defector, a judgment that has been reinforced convincingly by 14 years accumulated evidence. 554 14. If the answer to question 12 is different from the response to question 13, when did the change occur and why? This question is not applicable to the preceding questions and answers. 15. What was the CIA's position from 1964 to 1968 on whether Nosenko was telling the truth in the statement he made to the CIA about Oswald? See answers to questions 9, 10, 12 and 13. 16. What is the CIA's position today as to whether Nosenko was telling the truth in the statements he made to the CIA about Oswald? See answer to question 10. 17. If the answer to question 15 is different from the response to question 16, when did the change occur and why? See previous answers. Question *18 Why were three polygraph tests given to Nosenko? Answer: All of the polygraph examinations of Mr. Nosenko had the same ultimate purpose, i.e., to contribute to the resolution of the question of his bona fides. 555 Question #19 What is the CIA's position with regard to the validity of each of the three polygraph tests administered to Nosenko? Answer : The Agency's position in regard to each test is as follows: Test #1 (April 1964) - This test is regarded as invalid or inconclusive due to the instructions given to the polygraph operator prior to the test. According to the report the examiner was instructed, "that the polygraph interview was part of an overall plan to help break (Nosenko) . . . regardless of whether (Nosenko) passed his polygraph test or not, he was to be informed at the termination of his polygraph interview he was lying, and had not passed his polygraph interview." Test #2 (October 1966) - This test is considered invalid or inconclusive because the conditions and circumstances under which it was administered are considered to have precluded an accurate appraisal of the results. Test #5 (August 1968) - This test is considered to be a valid test. ■ i 556 Question #20 Why was Nosenko asked numerous questions pertaining to Oswald on his 1966 polygraph test and only asked two questions about Oswald on his 1968 test? Answer: The primary purpose of the 1968 polygraph test was to assist in the resolution of the issue of Nosenko's bona fides. Although the 1968 test included only two questions explicitly relating to Oswald, it also included other questions aimed at determining whether or not Nosenko had any secret mission from the KGB, or whether anyone in the KGB was aware of his intention to defect. If Nosenko was not a dispatched agent, he was a bona fide defector. If he was a bona fide defector, he did not have the mission of concealing some connection between Oswald and the KGB. In point of fact, establishment of his bona fides served to reinforce what he had to say about Oswald- -even if some of his beliefs may have not been precise in all respects. 557 Question #21 Who authorized Bruce Solie to reinvestigate Nosenko's bona fides? Question #22 Why was Nosenko's bona fides reinvestigated in 1968? It is incorrect to say that Nosenko's bona fides were reinvestigated in 1968. As of 1967 the Agency had not adopted an official position on this question and his bona fides were still under review, as they had been since 1962. In 1967, the DCI, Richard Helms, authorized an independent review of the question of Nosenko's bona fides in an effort to resolve this longstanding issue and selected Bruce Solie to be the officer responsible for this independent review. 1+3-792 0-79-36 558 23. Did either the FBI or the CIA have primary responsibility for investigating Nosenko's statements about Oswald? If neither had primary responsibility, was there any division of responsibility? While the FBI had primary responsibility for investigations into the assassination of President Kennedy, the traditional division of responsibilities would apply without additional formal arrangements. CIA had primary responsibility for establishment of Mr. Nosenko's bona fides as a defector, and for the investigation of foreign intelligence and counter- intelligence matters abroad. The FBI was responsible for the investigation of domestic intelligence and counterintelligence matters and those matters relating to internal security and law enforcement. Neither agency had the capability for conducting investigations in the USSR, by way of checking Mr. Nosenko's statements. He could be questioned -- as he was by ' representatives of both organizations. 559 24. What conununication, if any, existed between the FBI and CIA with respect to evaluating and/or investigating Nosenko's statements about Oswald? a. A review of CIA's Nosenko/Oswald file reveals that on 6 March 1964 the FBI Director sent a memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence in which the former requested that the "Bureau be furnished any information in your possession which would tend to corroborate or disprove Mr. Nosenko's information concerning Lee Harvey Oswald". Attached to the FBI memorandum were copies of two memoranda, one dated 23 February 1964 and the other dated 4 March 1964. Both memoranda were captioned "Lee Harvey Oswald." b. On 28 April 1964, the Agency responded by CI dissemination CSCI-3/780,996 to the Bureau's request. According to this dissemination. Agency files "contain the following information from Mr. Nosenko on Oswald which may amplify or contradict the information forwarded in reference." c. A copy of CSCI-3/780,996 is attached. This document appears to be the only one between CIA and the FBI dealing with the evaluation and investigation of the validity of Mr. Nosenko's statements on Lee Harvey Oswald. (A copy of CSCI-3/780,996 was released as document number 498 in response to a request submitted to the Agency under the Jreedom of Information Act.) 560 2S April .1964 M^viO;{ANr;!iM -OR: Hi iv-ctor Federal Buresj) of Jiive? ti. pat.i on SIBJLCT ': Yuri Ivanovic.h MOSi-NKO, r;sp?.on.i£:2- Russij 1. Reiijrefice is riarle to your riC^ors-M.-^vin; dated 6 'varc.h ] !;54 , sub ject as rbove, file (S) 65-6SS30, in •.>"h.lch you vcqiK.'.stcd information v.)iich kovij d tend to corrobor.-'.tc or disprove ■■.'OSKK'KO' s information concerning J,oo Harvey 0.'>','.'AJ,D. Our til.cs contain tlie following infOijriation from .N'OS]:.K.KO on OSh'ALD v.'liich ir-ay aiTjplify or contradict the ii: foririat i on forv^'.rded in reference; a. (1) Source v.ns qu;-rled on the OSITALD affair on 25 J.'ii'\;ary 1964. Source reported that his. ovrn tie Departinent vp.s involved dirc-ctlv \lf vXH'^irc-d OSVALD's req'.irst. The K^B decided to case tc see if there \;3S cny cpei jook ati intocnal Cr^'i'AlD's inverest, which part of the KGB irigl.'t 5.;-:ve use for };ir.; and vjiat v.-is beliind the request. It v;r5 decided that CSIVALD v.-as of no in\.erest v.j:r itsoever so the KGB T-cof'::i]i:}-ided that i;e iTierely go ho:Tie to tlie U.S. as a returning rourisv and there go tlirough the forinnlities Kith the Soviet l-.;,;b3ssy of requesting to becoiiie a Soviet citizen. OSlvALD t^-.en nade the dram?, ic gesture. of suicide when he receiv d this response. He had beer supposed to go on a \rip with otlicr tourists but failed to show up for t}ic group. At iiis hotel it v;as foujid that his key had not been turned in at the desk, so it v;as j "esu-iec that lie was still in his' roo!!:. The Soviets sc .t to the rooiri.. knocked and got no iif.uuer so finally they broke the door down ai. i found OSu'ALD lying there bleeding to death. So-.;:-ce himself was not present at tjiis T>};ase of th£ Oijoratic but ii.erely read a report of it. 561 (Z3 N w v.i)r r.Tod .•'joiit i;?ic •>nssibi li ty ;.hat OS'.vAI.D : o-,!lcl ;lo i'l.is ;i;;;i.vn i£ i-c r •.!:.-,,; J .'.sy.Ti.m, tl.e Soviets uccided ■•lo !j.i\o 1 i.;;i a I.- ioorary resilience pcvj-jnit altho'jgh they lind ito Jn"co!i''.ion of ,'>M'i'""j)g hiin Soviet citizenship. Vv'c asked uiiy ]ir- T-.-.d uru.ii sc-at "i.o I-'ins): .'iic Soi.rce vrepiied that this ■•.Tis v.L rely by c)r-ncc. TJ;cy had not -rtantcd GSKAhD to st.ay in 'Idscov; and Minsk ^v■'!5 clioscn arbitrarily. ■•-.•15 not(3) s Askfed about Co?iari'na coiifirjru-d > rjnistOSl.ALD, ;ind hadSource said that b^cn throA'n out she of the "oTiiOSor-iol for :'!ot paying her cues. She had no higJicr thoglits than to live a good life, liavc batter dresses and ji'ch th'tiigs. She was a stupid v,'o;.ian and had iio interest in iiiiproving herself. "From the Soviet point of viev,- she already h-^d anti-Soviet characteristics. She vas not too -sr.art any ay and not an educated person." (4) Finally OSV.ALD got tired of living in MinsI; and vo;ited to go back to the U.S. lie bad Tnarried Marina and vanted to take Iier witli him. The Soviets decided to let them go and used Marina's uncle to talk to them and persuade OSV.'.ALD not to spread anti- Soviet propaganda after his departure, The uncJe pointed out that the Sovic-t Govern-^ent had allov-sd OS'vALD to live here, that he had ;:iarried hire snd the Govcrj:ii;ent was goiiig lio let his v;ife leave with hini, etc. (5} Asked why tlie Gover;nii.-nt had sllo-.vc-d Marir.a to ffjave. Source replied "hat this v.-as perfectly natural. Siie \\'as legally inarrif . and expressed ncr desire to leave V. i th hc-r husband. Ib-njcr Soviet lav there is no q'.icstion but '.-.'hat she would be allowed to leave. (6) Yhs tlirust of Source's account vas that nrither OS'aA.LD nor his wife h? d at any tine been of any in', srest i.hatsoever to Sov.ict < thorities, that there had not ever been thought given to recruiting either- of them as agents ^rtd that, in fact, thj Soviets were glad co get rid of •tJiem both- ' \ b. CI) During an interviev,- on 30 January 1964, Source cor.iTi'.entcd that "doctors exaiiiined (OSV.'ALD) , '• and '■•there ■..'; ry no indications that he was cor.ipletely a psycho." I'uring an ensuing discussion of the possible i nvolvc-r.ient of thr Soviet g vernment in the ay '■-assii'iCtion of Presid'cnt Kennedy, Source stated, "No iTiatver how 1 may }i,'-::e anyone, but I cannot speak against my convictior.s P.nd ? nee I know that the this Soviet case I Union could car.iot ui ";esitatingly sign tiii be tied into off s i-O the fact (assassination) ij; any v.ay . " He cor tinued that tJie KGB was frigbtoiid of - i 562 ssnd 5i,Cii r. u^-^;tor with \i.n, ■> 1 .."C'jlil (.,'.-, ■."■"■t ]!.-.VC i'-!;C. !^'}j■;n the ;".as:; : b:i ! i ty ■■>£ r. crriting OSWALD vas bro\:v;ht the M>-iJsioi h:is ";:hsoj u ; cl; !:Ot." T1:C Onlv 1 H VOT V^i''^- n 1 ^iitte'." --^as i-o i";"7'M!;;c for I'u: tj;;^ 1 !lo?A};(i\" ' s ii*!clc in the hut)/ CCoj. Uyji pJ^)?:;>'>ov) to .^£.>c O^H'^^ vD nut to SI., rc^d nnti- Jet. :()■ T-!'-c!-".^a in the US in ' iew of the fuct thAt he hr:<' 'y:^ n r'lT(....;d \.o 51 ay in t--c USSR f:nd \.r!S .H.C boin< \ ; vhe 1 lc).>'=?a KGB tohad no ■ itod hat lie '^.Ts ;:S-c.3S.57.Ji3ti on iji OS''A].D b:.rausc- invcstiyf.tfi on oi the Pre>idcnt_, Sorrce iina to aicc a co;.:pj.c C':sc?:;;)el to M^n^V lTS tto i av 0 s t i f a t e .-nc? even sent scvo;ral KGB st^'ff on tlie Si-'ot, '"iiot trusti iig oJ: ici.Tl osfiers." (2) \•]•c-^ i-.ric^'.'ki-i)'^ of OSVJAI.D's request to return to the USSM, Source re,;iply for peri';i ssi on to go to the USSR. Our pcc-^ple asKed r:y.co"i; ai!G vc 5'.i:id absolutely nol : r^ r. " IS corw). ! Jos.i.rab!l e -- there ! 5 n o 1 n V. e r e s t ause .in bini;" ocver , (3) Asked his opinion on Ci;br.n involv.-'i-ient in iho ■ nv ;.'ss:;asinat ion , Source stated that jie had no i ■^for;^!aticn o"i this subject, but he did r,ot believe that the Cuban ":rnnisnt i.as jnvofved. jie !?.ave s reason tnaz \z .UL.a ^ ord of sv--]-. i;;vo] v.:-..Tent had leaxed cui b:.u; crushed by t/:c US. 2. This agency has no inf or;r.-a ticn vhicl; v.ould specif ical?;.; corroborate or disnxove NOSENKO's stateri.ents regarding Lee lia.vev OSiVM.D. -'ed.& ■ rag ab-ov s ens 5. The inforn'Stion in para.5raph 1 . 12 . tb ; fir iiveeti on notes taken during tiie first hal'" of arl n of the v.'i th NOSENKO on 2 3 .'anuary 3?54. T e e vox cting ed be t: 0 se raph of l.n. tapes of this V.eeti ;;; couid not be eco in pa cau the ?Le\el of external n, ise. The informati on IS y por 5 . In n CI tal.en froji: transcripts suo sequent out Lee Harvey Oswald— from 1964 to present?" The files of the FBI indicate that Yuri Ivanovich Nosenko was interviewed regarding Oswald and/or the assassi- nation of President John F. Kennedy on February 26 and 27, 1964, and on March 3, 4 and 6, 1964. The FBI files do not record the specific duration in whole or in part as to topical discussions, of those five interviews; however, summary communications indicate the February 27, 1964 inter- view was conducted on the afternoon of that date and the March 4, 1964 discussion of Oswald occurred at the outset of an afternoon interview on that date. "2. When Nosenko was questioned by the FBI about Lee Harvey Oswald, who did the questioning?" The FBI interviews of Nosenko, during which he was questioned about Oswald and/or the assassination of President Kennedy, were conducted by Special Agents (SAs) Alekso Poptanich, Maurice A. Taylor and Donald E. Walter on February 26 and 27, 1964; by SAs Poptanich and W. Marvin Gheesling on March 3 and 4, 1964; and by SAs Poptanich, Taylor and Walter on March 6, 1964. - 2 - 565 House Select Conunittee on Assassinations U. S. House of Representatives (HSCA) "3. What background, if any, did the interro- gator have in interrogations? What knowledge did the interrogator have with respect to Oswald's background?" There are no retrievable FBI statistics upon which to base a quantification of the interrogatory experiences of the SA personnel who interviewed Nosenko on the five pertinent occasions. Suffice it to say, the techniques of cooperative and hostile interrogations are integral aspects of the training and almost daily duties of SA personnel. In that regard, it is noted that during the February and March, 1964 interviews SA Poptanich had almost 13 years of SA experience; SA Taylor had over 31 years of SA experience; SA Walter had completed almost 17 years of SA experience; and SA Gheesling had over 13 years of SA experience. Further, their respective personnel files disclose the following: SA Poptanich was then fluent in the Russian language (Nosenko 's native tongue). The Annual Report of Performance Rating, dated March 31, 1962, noted that SA Poptanich, during the previous twelve months, had participated in the interro- gation of a Soviet defector and his knowledge of the Russian language and mores of the Russian people proved most helpful relative thereto. SA Taylor, on September 11, 1962, received an incen- tive award in recognition of the superior fashion his responsi- bilities were discharged over an extended period of time. The Special Agent in Charge (SAC) of the Washington Field Office, in submitting a recommendation for the incentive award, commented that SA Taylor had demonstrated exceptional ability in the interrogation and debriefing of three Soviet defectors, all of whom were intelligence officers. SA Taylor's Perfor- mance Rating for the period April 1, 1963--March 31, 1964, noted he was recognized as the finest interrogator on the Soviet espionage squad in the Washington Field Office, which accounted for his assignments to interview Soviet defectors. - 3 - 566 House Select Conunittee on Assassinations U. S. House of Representatives (HSCA) SA Walter was the recipient of a personal letter of commendation, dated October 3, 1963, from the Director, FBI, for his superior work in the handling of a very sensitive, complicated, fast moving, and highly publicized espionage case. Previously (on November 7, 1954), he had received a meritorius salary increase for his outstanding work on another espionage case, successful interrogation being the key aspect of that investigation. SA Gheesling, at the time of the pertinent Nosenko interviews, served as a Supervisor at FBI Headquarters and had considerable experience in espionage, intelligence and counterintelligence investigations. SA Gheesling supervised the field investigation of Oswald (from the latter's return to the United States on June 13, 1962 until September, 1962, and from November 22, 1963 through mid- 1964). He was assigned exclusively to supervisory responsibilities relative to the assassination of President Kennedy. While the specific knowledge of Oswald's background, possessed by these SAs at the time of the Nosenko interviews, can be answered only by the SAs themselves, SA Gheesling' s prior assignment to supervision of the Oswald investigation would tend to indicate that he, at least, was quite knowledge- able of data contained in FBI files concerning Oswald. "4. On the dates that Nosenko was questioned about Oswald, does there now exist or did there ever exist: a. answers; a tape of the questions asked and Nosenko's b. a transcript of the questions asked and Nosenko's answers; c. a summary of the questions asked and Nosenko's answers?" As noted in FBI memorandum dated June 19, 1978, captioned as above, and which was prepared in response to HSCA letter, dated June 13, 1978, to the Attorney General, FBI records searches have not located any extant tape recordings - 4 - 567 House Select Committee on Assassinations U. S. House of Representatives (HSCA) or verbatim transcripts of FBI interviews with Nosenko that concerned Oswald and/or the assassination of President Kennedy. A document has been located which indicates that FBI personnel did record the February 26 and 27, 1964, interviews of Nosenko, among others. Since no recordings or transcripts have been located, it can be assumed that the recordings were used by the interviewing SAs to check the accuracy of their notes prior to dictating the results of the interviews. It is further assumed that, upon verifying the accuracy of summary reportings of the interviews, the recordings were disposed of since they had served the purpose for which they were made, although no record of such disposition can be found. Summary reportings of the five pertinent interviews are extant, and were delivered to the HSCA on March 21, 1978. "5. What criteria, if any, was used to determine: a. what subjects to question Nosenko about; b. how much time to devote to each subject?" FBI files do not contain a specific enumeration of criteria used to determine the particular subjects Nosenko was to be questioned about nor the amount of time to be devoted to each subject in the questioning. "6. What significance — with respect to possible foreign involvement in the assassination as well as to the issue of Nosenko's bonafides (sic)— did the FBI attach during the years 1964-1968 to Nosenko's statements about Oswald?" The FBI, during the years 1964-1968, considered Nosenko's statanents about Oswald to be very significant elements of his initial reportings, the veracity of which had to be assessed in relation to the totality of information furnished by him. The FBI perceived Nosenko's statements about Oswald, depending upon a subsequent, definitive resolution of Nosenko's bona fides, to be the most authoritative information available indicative of a lack of Soviet governmental involvement in the assassination of President Kennedy. - 5 - 568 House Select Conunittee on Assassinations O. S. Bouse of Representatives (HSCA) "7. What significance — with respect to possible foreign involvement in the assassination as well as to the issue of Nosenko's bonaf ides (sic) — does the FBI attach today to Nosenko's statements about Oswald?" The FBI does not perceive any significant evidence of foreign involvement in the assassination of President Kennedy, nor does the FBI perceive any credible evidence that Nosenko's defection was a Soviet ploy to mask Soviet governmental involvement in the assassination. Therefore, the FBI is satisfied that Nosenko reported the facts about Oswald as he knew than. "8. If the answer to question 6 is different ft-om the response to question 7, when did the change occur and why?" The FBI had no direct access to Nosenko from April 3, 1964 until April 3, 1969, and therefore was not in a position to make an objective assessment of his bona fides nor of the veracity of information furnished by him. Thus, information provided by him, in early 1964, was accepted at face value and qualified in terms of the source and the conditions under which it was received. On October 1, 1968, the FBI advised the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that, based upon a review of material provided by CIA, the FBI found no substantial basis to conclude that Nosenko was not a bona fide defector; however, the FBI did not reach any overall, definitive conclusions regarding his bona fides because of a lack of access to Nosenko and all collateral information pertinent to such an assessment. Effective May 11, 1977, the CIA and FBI concurred that Nosenko was a bona fide defector, based upon an assessment of the totality of information furnished by him. "9. What was the FBI's position from 1964 to 1968 on the question of whether Nosenko is bonaf ide (sic)?" - 6 - 569 House Select Committee on Assassinations U. S. House of Representatives (HSCA) The FBI, from 1964 to 1968, characterized Nosenko as a Soviet defector whose bona fides had not been established. "10. What is the FBI's position today on the question of whether Nosenko is bonafide (sic)?" The FBI currently characterizes Nosenko as a former Soviet Committee for State Security (KGB) officer who has furnished reliable information in the past, and considers Nosenko to be a bona fide Soviet defector. "11. If the answer to question 9 is different from the response to question 10, when did the change occur and why?" The answer to question 8 is considered responsive to question 11. "12. What was the FBI's position from 1964 to 1968 on whether Nosenko was telling the truth in the statements he made to the FBI about Oswald?" The FBI did not take a position, from 1964 to 1968, on whether Nosenko was telling the truth in the statements he made to the FBI about Oswald. The statements were accepted at face value and qualified in terms of the source and the conditions under which they were received. "13. What is the FBI's position today as to whether Nosenko was telling the truth in the statements he made to the FBI about Oswald?" The FBI is satisfied that Nosenko truthfully reported the facts about Oswald as he knew them. "14. If the answer to question 12 is different from the response to question 13, when did the change occur and why?" 7 - 570 House Select Committee on Assassinations U. S. House of Representatives (HSCA) As indicated in the responses to questions 7 and 8, the FBI, as of October 1, 1968, found no substantial basis to conclude Nosenko was not a bona fide defector; as of May 11, 1977, accepted a CIA assessment that Nosenko was a bona fide defector; and has not perceived any significant evidence, from 1964 to date, that Nosenko reported other than the facts about Oswald as he knew them. "15. Did either the FBI or the CIA have primary re^>onsibility for investigating Nosenko's state- ments about Oswald? If neither had primary responsibility, was there any division of responsibility?" The FBI had primary responsibility for investigating Nosenko's statements about Oswald that pertained to his (Oswald's) activities in the United States, including the assassination of President Kennedy. The CIA had primary responsibility for investigating Nosenko's statements about Oswald's activities abroad. "16. What communication, if any, existed between the FBI and CIA with respect to evaluating and/or investigating Nosenko's statements about Oswald?" The FBI forwarded a letter, dated March 6, 1964, from the Director, FBI, to the Director, CIA, enclosing memoranda dated February 28, 1964, and March 4, 1964, cap- tioned "Lee Harvey Oswald," which summarized the results of FBI interviews of Nosenko regarding Oswald on February 26 and 27, 1964, and March 3 and 4, 1964. The results of a CIA interview of Nosenko on January 23, 1964, regarding Oswald were furnished to the FBI in a letter from the CIA dated April 28, 1964. These particular pieces of correspondence, while not setting forth any specific requests or investiga- tive leads, were furnished for purposes of evaluation. Where information is not provided, it is either not retrievable from FBI Headquarters files or is not being furnished pursuant to the Memorandum of Understanding. - 8 - 571 VII. TESTIMONY OF THE DEPUTY CHIEF, S.B. DIVISION BEFORE THE HOUSE SELECT COMMITTEE ON ASSAS- SINATIONS, NOVEMBER 16, 1978 INTRODUCTION At the committee's public hearings, two former officials of the CIA were questioned about the Agency's handling of the Nosenko matter. One, former CIA Director Richard Helms, was also questioned by the committee in an executive session. Helms was a particularly significant witness because he was involved in most of the important decisions made with regard to Nosenko. Basically, Helms testified before the committee that the investigation of what Nosenko said about Oswald was a thankless job, that the CIA did its best to resolve the issue and that, as far as he is concerned, the issue remains unresolved. The other former CIA official to appear was Mr. John Hart. Hart, the author of a 1976 internal CIA report on the Nosenko controversy and its effects on the CIA, appeared as a result of the committee's invitation to the CIA to send a representative to respond to the com- mittee's staff report. A copy of the staff report had been provided to the Agency prior to the date of the hearings. Mr. Hart spoke for l^^ hours, during which he hardly ever mentioned Lee Harvey Oswald. When asked by the committee to respond to the staff report, he responded that he had nothing to say on the subject, since he was not competent in that area. On further questioning, he did state that the CIA "failed miser- ably" in its investigation of Nosenko and in its duty to determine Nosenko's credibility with respect to Oswald. He also told the com- mittee that he personally would advise the committee to ignore any- thing that Nosenko told the committee about Oswald, although he stressed that there was no bad faith on Nosenko's part. In response to Mr. Hart's testimony, a former official of the CIA who had been in a supervisory position during the Nosenko investiga- tion wrote a letter to the committee and then appeared before the com- mittee inexecutive session. This official disputed Mr. Hart's evaluation of the CIA's investigation of Nosenko and asserted that the CIA did a competent job. EXECUTIVE SESSION THUBSDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 1978 House or Representatives, Select Committee on Assassinations, Subcommittee on Assassination of John F. Kennedy, Washington,, D.O. The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 10 :20 a.m. in room 2359, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Richardson Preyer [chair- man of the subcommittee] presiding. Present : Representatives Preyer, Dodd, Fithian, and Thone. Mr. Preyer. A quorum being present, the committee will come to order. The clerk, Ms. Berning, is asked to call the names of those au- thorized tosit on this committee. Ms. Berning. You, Mr. Chairman; Mrs. Burke; Mr. Thone; IMr. Dodd ; and Mr. Fithian will be substituting for Mr. Sawyer. ]Mr. Preyer. Thank you. At this time the Chair will entertain a motion to close the meeting. Mr. Dodd. I would so move, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Preyer. You have heard the motion. All those in favor will answer to the rollcall. Ms. Berning. Mr. Preyer. Mr. Preyer. Aye. Ms. Berning. Mr. Thone. [No response.] Ms. Berning. Mrs. Burke. [No response.] Ms. Berning. Mr. Dodd. Mr. Dodd. Aye. jSIs, Berning. Mr. Fithian. Mr. Fithian. Aye. Ms. Berning. Three ayes, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Preyer. Our witness today, the Deputy Chief, S.B. Divi- sion, Mr. D. C, served as the deputy chief of the Soviet Bloc Division of the CIA in 1962, at tlie time of Mr. Nosenko's first contact with the agency in Geneva, Switzerland, and since that time, has assisted in further interrogations of Mr. Nosenko. I understand you have a prepared statement that you propose to read to the committee and that statement includes a letter dated Octo- ber 11, 1978, to Mr. Blakey, the chief counsel of the committee. Is it correct that you would like that letter to be made a part of the record? ISIr. D. C. If you would, please. Mr. Preyer. But you propose to read the first part of your statement. Mr. D. C. Yes, sir. (573) 43-792—79 37 574 Mr. Preter. Without objection, the letter dated October 11, 1978, will be made a part of the record. [The letter referred to above follows :] October 11, 1978. Mr. G. Robert Blake y, Chief Counsel and Director, Select Committee on Assassinations, House of Repre- sentatives, Washington, D.C. Dear Mr. Blakey: I have read the transcript of the testimony of the CIA's representative, Mr. John L. Hart, before your Committee on September 15, 1978. As the former deputy chief of the CIA's Soviet Bloc Division, so prominently and so disparagingly featured in that testimony, I may be able to help the Committee to judge CIA's investigation of Lee Harvey Oswald's sojourn in the Soviet Union, as reported by Yuri Nosenko. Specifically, I can correct certain misleading impressions left by Mr. Hart. I would call to your attention at least twenty errors, fifteen misleading statements, and ten important omissions in his testimony, many of them pertinent to your task and, together, distorting the entire picture. Having been publicly dishonored by unfounded statements before your Commit- tee, Iask for the courtesy of an opportunity to come before the Committee, pub- licly if you are to hold more public hearings, to answer not only for myself but also for the Central Intelligence Agency, which has misrepresented its own performance. I mention below a few of the points of error and distortion, leaving many others to be discussed in person with the Committee. My comments refer to the line numbers in the draft transcript of Mr. Hart's testimony, and are keyed to the Committee's twofold purpose as you defined it : of evaluating the performance of the Agency and of weighing the credibility of Mr. Xosenko. For clarity I have subdivided these as follows : (1) Effectiveness of CIA's performance : (a) in getting the facts about Oswald from Xosenko, ,(6) in investigating these facts. (2) Credibility: (c) of Mr. Nosenko's statements about Oswald, ( &) of Mr. Nosenko as a source. After discussing briefly each of these points, I will make, below, a few general comments on the CIA testimony, and will address myself to the matter of Nosenko's treatment. CIA's Performance in Getting the Facts From Nosenko The committee staff report describes accurately the CIA's performance in this particular aspect of its responsibility. Referring to the Agency's questioning of Nosenko on July 3 and July 27, 1964, it says on page 7 that the CIA's questions "were detailed and specific about Nosenko's knowledge of Oswald. The questions were chronological and an attempt was made to touch all aspects of Oswald's stay in the Soviet Union." Moreover, CIA gave Nosenko a transcript of his own re- marks so he could add anything more he knew or correct any errors. (Staff report, pages 8-9. ) Mr. Hart's confusing testimony had the effects of changing the committee's appraisal. Not only giving the Agency a "zero" rating on all aspects of this case, he stated flatly that "There was no effort being made to get at more information he might have." (lines 2848-9) He thus led Mr. Fithian to suggest that the CIA had not even taken "the logical first step" of getting Nosenko's information (3622-8) and led the Chairman to conclude that no investigation of Oswald's activities as known to Nosenko had been made. (4095-8) In this Mr. Hart concui'red. (4100) < In fact, CIA got from Nosenko all he had to say about Oswald. CIA's reports contained no less than those of the FBI, who questioned Nosenko as long as they thought they needed to. Your committee seems to have been satisfied that in its 21 to 24 hours with Nosenko it, too, had got everything he had to say. That added only one new fact, about the KGB's voluminous surveillance reports on Oswald, which contradicted Nosenko's earlier reports and, as the staff r'eport notes, in turn contradicted another aspect of Nosenko's story : that the KGB didn't watch Oswald enough to learn of his courtship of Marina, 575 One wonders, therefore, whether Mr. Hart would give your committee a similar ■"dismal" or "zero" rating. In fact, of course, there was nothing more to be got from Nosenko. If there had been, CIA would have gone doggedly after it, just as the FBI and your committee would have. Your staft report said that Nosenko "recited" the same story in each of his three sessions with the committee. The word is apt : Nosenko had "recited" that story before, to CIA and FBI, each of whom questioned him carefully and systematically about it. It is difficult, then, to accept the new judgment that CIA's porformanee on this aspect deserved a "zero." It could only be u result of confusion engendered by Mr. Hart. CIA's Performance in, Investigating Nosenko's Reports on Oswald By alleging general prejudice and misunderstanding on the part of CIA per- sonnel handling this case, Mr. Hart confused the Committee on the specific question When Mr. of CIA's Fithianinvestigation of Nosenko's asked specificaily information. ^Yhether the CIA had innde any attempt to verify Nosenko's information on Oswald's KGB contacts, Mr. Hart replied yes, but then interjected an irrelevant statement about a "climate" of "sick think" ; his aim was presumably to leave the impression that even if another KGB man had confirmed Nosenko's statements on Oswald, these dismal CIA people wouldn't have believed him. (36G6) Later Mr. Hart backed off even this degree of approbation, hinting that maybe, after all, CIA didn't investigate at all: "No such file (showing investigation via other defectors) canie to my atten- tion." (4177) But Mr. Hart knew very well that no other defectors knew about Oswald's connections with the KGB.^ The truth lies in the Warren Commission report, cited in lines 4146-0. that CIA just didn't have other sources in the KGB or elsewhere in the U.S.S.R. in a position to check Nosenko's story. This is not quite the same thing as saying, as the chairman did. that "we now know that the CIA did not investigate v.hat Nosenko did tell them about Oswald in Russia." (4166) The confusion stems from "My. Hart's testimony. If CIA's failure to have on tap another spy in the KGB who knew about the Oswald case constitutes "dismal" performance, then that should be so stated. The record as it stands, at least in the transcript, casts an unjustified slur on CIA's performance in this particular aspect of its task. By the way, the coincidence that the CIA had even one KGB source on Oswald in Russia is worth the committee's notice. Of the many thousands of KG P. people throughout the world. CIA Imd secret relations with only one, and this one turnetl out to have participated directly in the Oswald case. Not only once, but on two separate occasions: When Oswald came to Rn.ssia in 1039 and again after the assassination when the Kremlin leadership caused a definitive review of the whole KGB file on Oswald.^ How many KGB men could say as much? CIA was thus unbelievably lucky to be able to contribute to the Warren Commis- sion at all. (In view of other suspicions of No.senko, the key word in that last sentence is "unbelievably.") CredihUlty of Xosenko's Statements Alotit Osicald The committee's staff report ably pointed out the contradictions between Nosenko's various statements. Mr. Hart admitted, under Mr. Dodd's insistent pressure, that Nosenko's testimony aliout Oswald was "implausible" and even "incredible." (3-.31. 4P,oS. 4396) He went so far as to recommend that it be disregarded. (3426.3438,3467) However, Sir. Hart exhorted you to believe in the rest of No.'ienko's reporting and to believe in Mr. Nosenko's good faith. (2656. .32.52-78. 3348-55) In other words, he assured you that Nosenko's incvedilde and unusable testimony al>out Osw^tld did not come as a message from the KGB but only from the confused mind of CIA's than read advisor. Therefore, Mr. Hart would have you disregard it rather it in reverse. 1 Defectors knowledgeable of Internal U.S.S.R. pronedures and controls -were queried bv CIA concerning ttie v.-hiole story of O.swald In the U.S.S.R.. and the results were rerorted. -If memory serves, there wiis a third occasion, too. Did not Nosenko happen to be in theMexico In room City in 10G3 ? when a cable arrived in Moscow concerning Oswald's visa application 676 To support tills recommendation Mr. Hart said : "I cannot offhand remember any s^tatements whicli he has been proven to have made which were statements of real substance other than the contradictions which have been adduced today Ml the Lee Earvcy Oswald matter, which have been proven to be incorrect." (3253-8) But the Committee only spoke to Nosenko about this one matter. Even so, the committee detected no less than four or five contradictions. Could this, by extraordinary coincidence, be the only such case? "When it confronted Nosenko with his contradictions, the Committee encountered the range Hart to make of Nosenko's these same excuses excuses and evasions —Nosenko for Nosenko. even before the Committee told the CIA sent that Mr. he'd been misunderstood, that he didn't understand English, that he'd been imder stress, drugged, or hallucinating. He would evade the question, saying jou shouldn't ask him what he'd said before, but should ask about the condi- echo intionsthe he'd been kept in.room. Committee Mr. Hart's testimony must then have resounded like an Nosenko even told the Committee staff that he couldn't remember what he had said before. The oddity of this will not have escaped the Committee's notice. It shouldn't matter what he'd soid before; he was supposedly talking of things he'd lived through : the KGB files he'd seen, the officers he'd worked with. If these were real experiences he need only recall them and his reports would, all by themselves, come out more or less the same way each time (within normal or abnormal limits of memory, and personality quirks, of which we are all almost as aware as Mr. Hart). As the Committee learned, Nosenko's reports did not come out straight, so Nosenko resorted to this bizarre excuse — which makes the story appear more learned than experienced. Nonetheless the CIA asks the Committee to take its word that this is the only time such things happened, the only such testimony by Nosenko that need be disregarded. But this is particularly dilBcult to aecei)t on such an important matter. The Oswald affair, after all, was exciting worldwide interest, and at the time oflaborator the of the KGB's file might CIA. One review,expect Nosenko his was already powers a willingto secret of retention work col- un- usually well here. Yet it is precisely on this matter than CIA tells yOu that Nosenko was uniquely fuzzy. What the CIA did not tell the Committee, what was hidden behind Mr. Hart's "offhand" inability to remember other such bad performances by Nosenko-the- man-of-good-faith, was that this performance was in no way unusual. It was simply the way Nosenko reacted whenever he was interrogated in detail on important matters. Not only the con traditions, not only the changes in the story, but the excuses and evasions as well : all were standard Nosenko. This brings us to the next subject. CrediMlity of Nosenko as a Source This is clearly important to the Committee, which must decide whether pleaded, or contradictory Nosenko's a message from testimony the KGB. on Oswald was an aberration, as the CIA Here are a few of the errors in the CIA testimony which might affect your decision : (1) Mr. Hart said, after having reviewed every detail of the case for six months witli the aid of four asistants, "I see no reason to think that he has ever told an untruth, except because he didn't remember it or didn't know or during those times when he was under the influence of alcohol he exaggerated." (3352) Comment: Ten years removed from this case. I can ptill remember at least twenty clear cases of Nosenko's lying about KGB activity and about the career which gave him authority to tell of it, and a dozen examples of his ignorance of matters within his claimed area of responsibility, for which there is no innocent explanation. Never, before this testimony by Mr. Hart, was drinking adduced as an excuse for Nosenko's false reporting. He had no alcohol in his detention, during which !he was questioned, as Mr. Hart reminds us, for 292 days. And not by the wildest excess of faith or credulity can all of the contradictions and compromising cir- cuinstnnces of the Nosenko case (none of whicli, oddly enough, did Mr. Hart mention) be attributed to Nosenko's faulty memory, which Mr. Hart seemed at such pains to establish 577 (2) Mr. Hart said tbat the suspicions of Noseuko arose from the paranoid Imaginings and jealousy of a previous defector, whom he culls "X". Mr. Hart told you that "Mr. X's views were immediately taken to be the definitive '.^ew of Nosenko and from that point on, the treatment of Mr. Noseuko was never, until 1967, devoted to learning what Mr. Nosenko said." (2404-29, 24SS-91) f^fifH Til /')? / ^ * (a) It was not X's theories which caused my initial suspicion of Nosenko ia 1962. It was the overlap of Noseuko's reports (at first glance entirely convincing and impoi-tant) with those given sis months earlier by X. Alone, Nosenko looked good (as Mr. Hart said, 2375-9. 2307-8) ; seen alongside X, whose reporting I had not previously seen, Nosenko looked very odd indeed. The matters which overlapped were serious ones, including a specific lead to penetration of CIA (not a general allegation, as Mr. Hart misleadingly suggested on lines 2419-21). There were at least a dozen such points of overlap, of which I can still remember at least eight. Nosenko's information tended to negate or deflect leads by X. (6) Later, our suspicions of Nosenko were deepened by concrete matters, not many of these lay outside Nosenko's own story and and boasting, hence not suppositions, paranoid explicable by his drinking, or whatnot. (c) Mr. Hart said that X "was masterminding the examinations in many ways." (2457)a few In fact X played no role at all in our "examinations" although he submitted questions and comments from time to time. The testimony of CIA on this point is inexplicable ; its falsity must have been evident in the files Mr. Hart's team perused. (d) It is simply not true that "the treatment of Nosenko was not devoted to learning what Mr. Nosenko said." In the Oswald matter alone the Committee has the record of careful, systematic questionings in January and Jul.v 1964. Similar care was devoted to his other information. The results fill some of those forty file drawers to which Mr. Hart referred. (3) Mr. Hart stated, "Quantitatively and qualitatively, the information given by Comments: Mr, X was much smaller than that given by Nosenko." (2470) This breathtaking misstatement hides the fact that Mr, X, paranoid or not, provided in the first months after his defection information which led to the final uncovering of Kim Philby, to the detection of several important penetra- tions of Western European governments, proof (not allegation) of penetration at the most sensitive level of . . . [allied service] and pointers to serious pene- trations ofthe U.S. Government. Mr. X gave, before Nosenko, the current organization and methods of the KGB, and it was Mr. X who first revealed both of the two KGB operations which Mr. Hart adduced as proof of Nosenko's good faith. (See (4) and (5) below. ) To be charitable to Mr. Hart, he admitted to the Committee (2434) that he is "not an expert on Mr. X's case." His testimony, however, suggests that he has not read the references to X in the Nosenko files. (4) Mr. Hart stated. "Mr. Nosenko was responsible for the discovery of a system of microphones within the U.S. Embassy in Moscow which had hitherto been suspected but nobodv had enough information on it to actually detect it."Comments: (2328-32) (a) Mr. X had given approximate locations of some of the microphones six months earlier. Neither he nor Nosenko knew precise locations, but both knew the mikes were there and both could indicate some specific offices where they could be found. The actual tearing out of walls, which Mr. Hart describes, would have tion. been done, and the microphone "system" found, without Nosenko's informa- (&) Contrary to Mr. Hart's statement (2350-3) the KGB xoould "throw away" already-compromised information to build up a source. Mr. Hart simply hid from you the fact that this information was already compromised when Nosenko delivered it. (c) These microphones were all in the "old wing" of the Embassy. Nosenko also said, and carefully explained why, no microphones were installed in the "new wing." Mr. Edward Jay Epstein, in his book Legend, says that 134 micro- phones were later found there. I think this can be checked, via the State Depart- ment. It would seem to have been CIA's responsibility to tell you about this, once fides. they had raised the subject of microphones to support Nosenko's bona 0/8 (5) Mr. Hart said, "A very high level KGB penetration in a very sensitive position in a "Western European government was, on the basis of Mr. Nosenko's Ifad, arrested, tried, and convicted of espionage. There Is no reason to believe that the Soviets would have given this information away." (23-54-62) Comments: Mr, Hart was presumably referring to a man we can here call "Y". although I do not entirely understand his reticence, for this case is very ; well known to the public. I Jlr. Hart has made two misstatements here : ' (a) Y's reports to the KGB were known to Mr. X, and the case had thus been ! exposed to the West six months before Nosenko reported to CIA. The KGB, recognizing off contact this, cut was with Y immediately after X's defection. Y's ' eventual uncovering inevitable, even though X had not known his name. Nosenko added one item of information which permitted Y to be caught sooner, , and that is all. i (6) Therefore, contrary to the CIA testimony, there is a "reason to beUeve that the Soviets would have given this informationin away." The reason— that Y was already compromised— was perfectly clear the files which Mr. Harts team studie d. . ^ ,,. (6) Mr. Hart told you that Mr. X had confirmed Nosenko's claimed positions in the KGB. (2431) , . .. ^ ., Comment: Mr. X said, on the contrary, that he had personally visited the American Embassy section of the KGB during the period 1%0-61 when Nosenko claimed to have been its deputy chief. X knew definitely that Nosenko was not serving there. (7) Mr. Hart said that DC/SB "had built up a picture which was based on a good deal of historical research about a plot against the West." (4809) Comment : Like point (2) above, this is part of CIA's effort to belittle the case "picture" of Nosenko's role as a KGB provocateur was based onNosenko. against concrete My factors, which as I have said above cannot be explained by Nosenko's personality flaws or memory. It was not based on "historical re- search," as :Mr. Hart knew very well— although it is, in fact, supported by a long historv of Soviet actions of this sort. At this point a word may be in order about Mr. Hart's contemptuous reference to "historical research." As I mentioned above, Nosenko's Information in 1962 overlapped and deflected leads given shortly before by X, concerning spies in the U.S. Government. Now, a KGB paper of this period, perhaps what Mr. Hart would call a historical document, described the need for disinformation (decep- tion) in KGB counterintelligence work. It stated that just catching American spies isn't enough, for the enemy can always start again with new ones. There- fore, said this KGB document, disinformation operations are essential. And among the purposes of such operations, as I recall the words of the document, the first one mentioned is "to negate and discredit authentic Information the enemy has obtained." I believe that Nosenko's mission in 1962 involved .iust that : covering and protecting KGB sources threatened by X's defection. Does this sound like a "horrendous plot" conjured up by paranoids? It is a straightforward counterespionage technique, perfectly understandable to laymen. But Mr. Hart's purpose was not enlightenment, but ridicule. The last of the four or five purposes the secret KGB document listed (purposes of counterintelligence disinformation operations) was "to penetrate deeper into the enemy service." By taking on Mr. Nosenko as a counselor, the CIA may have helned the KGB achieve this goal, as well as the first one. What conclusions can be drawn from these and similar errors in the CIA testimony? I would submit that despite these efforts to deride and dismiss the arguments again Nosenko. there is, as ^Ir. Helms testified, a solid case against Nosenko, nf which the implications are very serious. The country is not well served by Mr. Ilnrt's superficial and offliand dismissal of that case. For if Nosenko is a KGB plant, as I am convinced he is. there can be no doubt that Nosenko's recited story about Oswald in the USSR is a message from the KGB. Thnt message says, in exaggerated and implausible form, that Oswald had nothing whatever to do with the KGB. not questioned for his military intelligence, not even screened as a nossihle OTA plant. Even Mr. Hart finds it incredible and recommends that you disregard it. But his reasons are flawed, and can you afford to disregard it? By sending out such a message, the KGB exposes the fact that it h.Ts something to hide. As ISTi*. Helms told you, that something may be the fact that Oswald was an agent of the KGB. 579 The Form and Tone of the CIA Testimony It is against tliis grave background that I will comment on the general tenor of the CIA testimony. The Committee and the public must have been struck dumb by the spectacle of a government agency falling over itself to cast mud on its own performance of duty. When Mr. Dodd asked Mr. Hart if CIA had "failed in its responsibility miser- ablv," Mr. Hart replied, in a classic of government advocacy, "Congressman, ... I would go further than that." (3188) Mr. Hart's testimony — one-sided, intemperate, distorted — was carefully struc- tured to influence rather than inform the Committee. Mr. Hart went to special pains to force your thinking into a certain frame- work. He began his testimony defensively, citing all the factors which might have caused this defector to bear false witness : stresses, bad memoi'y, drimkenness. the traumas of defection (shared, by the way, by all defectors), and even the "unreality of his situation." (2634) And then on to the revelations of mistreat- ment, which you are to accept as dismissing all evidence against Noseuko. "It is with (these mitigating factors) in mind that we have to approach everything that happened from 1962" (2498-9), plus of course the sheer bumbling incompe- tence of Noseuko's handling. On the one hand CIA attacked with venom its own past performance, and on the other hand adopted an almost beseeching tone in defending a Soviet KGB person who, assassin of anbyAmerican CIA's own admission, had rendered invalid testimony about the president. "You should believe these statements of Mr, Nosenko," Mr. Hart said. (32.52) "Anything that he has said has been said in good faith." (3350) "I am only asking you to believe that he made (his statements) in good faith." (3275) "I am hoping that once these misunderstandings are explained, that many of the problems . . . which the staff has had with the questions and answers from Mr. Nosenko, and also allegations concerning him, will be cleared up and go away." (2124-31) Confronted by Mr. Dodd with the specific contradictions which made Noseuko's story unacceptable, Mr. Hart fell back on declarations of faith (3426, 3349) In the heat of his defense of Nosenko and his attack on Nosenko's questioners, Mr. Hart jumbled together the conditions of 1962 (alleged drunkenness) with those of the confinement, leading Mr. Dodd to lay importance on Nosenko's drink- ing. (3243-4) He got over to Mr. Dodd the idea that hallucinations "probably" (3241) influenced Nosenko's performance under interrogation (by a subtle turn of phrase, lines 2870-73) — while knowing that hallucinations were never a factor in the question-and-answer sessions. Noting that the CIA medical ofllcer con- cluded that Nosenko had feigned his hallucinations (in periods of isolation) Mr. Hart could not restrain a knee-jerk defense, "but that was simply one medical oflScer's opinion." (2864) And finally, by spending his testimony on the handling of Nosenko, and the mistreatment, he succeeded in skirting all the -facta of the case which are, after all, your concern. Mr. Hart's emotional closing message (4883) with its catchy word "abomina- tion," epitomizes his whole testimony. That testimony shows none of the detachment of a self-styled "historian" proud of his high standards of scholarship. (4106) It sounds more like a man pleading a flimsy cause, urgently trying to make a point. He left with the Committee, and the public, a picture of a small group of irre- sponsible half-wits, carried away by wild fantasies about horrendous plots, failing even to ask questions, much less to check out the answers, while hiding their vile misconduct and illegal thoughts from a duped leadership. Since these impressions provide the background for Mr. Hart's description of the handling of Nosenko, they may be worth a closer look. He created at least three impressions about the handling of the Nosenko case : (1) That it was the icork of an isolated group of irresponsible people Specifically, Mr. Hart rei^eated that it was a "small group of people ... a very limited group" (2509) handling the case on the basis of a "belief" held closely by "a verv small trusted group." (2518) He gets over strongly the impression that Mr. Helms was not properly informed. (4619, 3996-4019, 4632) Contrary to Mr. Hart's testimony, every step was discussed with all elements concerned; suggestions were solicited, decisions were worked out in consultation. The leadership did not lose control or confidence. 580 If, indeed, the group concerned with the suspicions of Nosenko remained "very small" it was because if Nosenko was a KGB plant, there was a KGB spy within CIA. This is not the sort of thing one wants to spread widely. (2) Tliat it was the icorJc of incompetents Mr. Hart succeeded in getting over to the Committee and the public an image of gross incompetence on the part of Nosenko's handlers. He led Mr. Dodd, for example, to ask if any of "these characters" are "still kicking around the agency, or have they been fired?" (42S2) and to suggest that even if there had been a KGB conspiracy, we would not have been competent to detect it. (4199) Mr. Hart got over this impression of incompetence in tliree ways : (a) By repeating general, intemperately derogatory judgments and labels: He called the handling of "the entire case" (3189) — including the competent parts noted above — "zero," "miserable," "dismal," "counterproductive," and so forth, and hinted that the handlers were prone to wild fancies and illegal conduct. (h) By withholding facts: Certain information Mr. Hart knew and failed to mention might have caused the Committee to wonder whether, after all, there might be more to tliis than the simplistic picture Mr. Hart drew. For example, he did not tell Mr. Dodd the following about "these characters" : (1) That the people managing this complex case were senior officers with pei-haps the most experience within the entire Agency in handling Soviet Bloc counterespionage matters. In (2) ourThat manyneither C/SB with dealings nor DC/SB tendedintelligence Soviet Bloc to see shadows where officers as they weren't.or detectors agents-in-place, we had, before Nosenko, never judged any of them to be KGB plants. If anything, I have been reproached for trusting them too far, as more than one defector will probably be willing to testify. (3) That in our service in positions of responsibility before, during, and after this affair, our performance was rated as superior, as CIA personnel records will confirm. If memory serves, even Mr. Hart judged my performance (and probably C/SB's) after this case as "outstanding." I was decorated for my service. (c) By giving you false and misleading information: Here are at least four examples : (1) ]Mr. Hart told the Committee the outright untruth that the work of C-'SB and DC/SB "on this case had been discredited and had caused thera to be transferred out of Headquarters to foreign assignments." (2.''>29) We can pro- duce witnesses, if necessary, to prove that this is false. Any "discrediting" came later, by Mr- Hart and others. We had asked, long in advance, for our particular assignments and got them when the posts came open in the normal course of events, both of us after long headquarters tours of duty. (2) Ml'. Hart introduced a red herring about my Russian-language compe- tence, which so misled Mr. Fithian that he spoke, without rebuttal by Hart, about an "English speaking person trying to take notes and writing down what this major potential defector was saying and then transcribing them and giving^ them to the Agency, right down through the interrogation." (3648-52) He led Mr. Dodd, too, to think there were "no verbatim accounts' of some of the in- terrogations but rather notes taken by people who didn't have a very good knowledge of Russian." (.'?245-7) Hart could have saved a lot of time and con- fusion by reminding you of the simple truth that a Russian speaker was i)resent at every meeting except the initial contact. In fact, there never was, after that initial contact, any problem of language, Russian or English, I concur with the FBI officer cited in the Committee's Staff Report, page 37 : "There was no questi(m about being misunderstood." (3) Mr. Hart stated falsely that discrepancies in the tran.e important after January 1964, when Nosenko himself was on hand to be questioned? (4) By introducing the question of discrepancies in the transcripts Hart misled you in two other ways : He attributed them to my language deficiency when in fact the tran- scripts were made by a native Russian speaker who had participated in 581 the meetings! How could I know there were errors in the transcripts? He told you that another defector I'ound luO discrepancies in the tran- scripts— but did not mention that it was I who brought that defector into I he case, and caused him to review the tapes and transcripts ! Mr. Hart falsely hinted that I chose to iguoi'e the defector's findings. By way of footnote to this theme, the Committee might be interested to learn that the "very thorough, very conscientious" defector cited by Hart in connection witli the ti'anscripts, who is indeed thorough and of high professional integrity and unique exiiertise on Soviet intelligence matters, reviewed the whole Nosenko <:'ase and was convinced that Nosenko was a sent KOB provocateur and had not held the positions in the KOB which he claimed. Mr. Ilart seems to have for- gotten to mention this. (3) That the case against Nosenko is nothing more than a paranoid notion: This tlieme runs clearly through Mr. Hart's testimony. I have already discussed certain a.s;>pcts of it. Mr. Hart incorrectly attributed the whole "misunderstanding" to grandiose fantasies of Mr. X. In discrediting X he mixes, in the Committee's mind, a theory about the Sino-Soviet split, a "plot" mastermined "by something called tiie KGB disinformation directorate," and the role in this imaginary plot of "penetrations at high levels within intelligence services" of the West, a plot in the continuing process of "exaggeration and elaboration." (2410-27) Taken one by one in a somewhat calmer frame of reference, these points may merit the Committee's attention. The Disinformation Directorate exists. Every defector from the KGB, includ- ing Nosenko, has confirmed this, and it has been steadily increased in size and importance within the KGB over the past decades. It offers a framework for the . C. Oh, ves; I would be glad to review what I said about that. During the period when we were dealing with Mr. Nosenko in Geneva, we — this was an active hot operational matter, there was no< question of FBI at all — we were face to face with a man who was in the jargon of the Agency, was an agent in place — Nosenko before his 607 defection, who was meeting us under clandestine circumstances in Geneva. He was telling us about Lee Harvey Oswald. We, of course, took that and got it as straight and as thoroughly as we could under those circumstances. After he defected and came to the United States, it was, through the channels that Mr. Klein is interested in — it was made clear that the FBI, as the primary investigative agency on the President's assassination, would manage the further and detailed questioning of ;Mr. Nosenko in the United States on his knowledge of Lee Harvey Oswald. Later, after the detention — as I mentioned, we tried to get some sort of admissions from Nosenko by the act of hostile interrogation. Those, as far as I remember — there were no questions involved in there be- cause there were no contradictions about Oswald, and I don't think that was part of our hostile interrogation. But subsequent to the hostile interrogation, as I say, we were able for the first time because this man had resisted it earlier, we were able to ask him the kinds of questions we would have asked him had he been free, any normal defector. We got to the questions and back to the questions of Lee Harvey Oswald in the course of that systematic debriefing. That, I think, will explain the dates, Mr. Klein, that are in your report, which I didn't know, I don't remember. They were July 3 and 27. Again, I learned from the report or I was reminded by the report that the detention and the hostile interrogation began in early April. As I remember it, the systematic questioning continued through the summer, and as a part of the questioning, not with any expectation that there was more to come, that we would have to contribute about Oswald, but because we wanted to do everything we could to get his full story before the Warren Commission closed its doors, we did ask him about these matters. The result was Mr. FiTHTAN. Even though at that time you did not have — the FBI still had jurisdiction ? Mr. D. C. The question wasn't — in fact, Mr. Fithian, the question was no longer, I think — we didn't feel any constraint during this period of detention. There was nothing preventing us from talking to Nosenko about Oswald. The only thing that may have inhibited us was the conviction that he had no more to say about it. Certainly I think the comparison of what we got in Geneva, and the rather systematic questioning in July, there wasn't any more substance to it. He was making certain statements, and those statements were either true or not true. But, they were certainly very limited. I think we could list the number of facts he gave us about the Oswald case, and they would not be a very long list. They have to do with how he heard about it and what he heard about Oswald's attempt at suicide, about Oswald's psychological assessment they did or did not do in the KGB, or in a Soviet hospital, on Oswald. These facts lined up have not changed and they have not increased by subsequent questionings. And I think by the time we were talking about, while Nosenko was in detention and we could have asked him as many questions as we 608 wanted to, I think our feeling was tliat we had his story. And I think subsequent events have borne that out. The only thing I regret, as I say. is that those 44 questions which we had passed to the FBI, I don't think we should have felt any inhibition about asldng Nosenko those at that time. I don't think anybody should have any inhibitions about asking Mr. Nosenko those questions today. So I hope that answers your question. Mr. FiTHiAX. I was just unclear Mr. D. C. While he was in detention, we didn't feel strongly con- strained. There was not much thought — the Bureau was always — the FBI was always aware that if they wanted to talk to Mr. Nosenko ;again, tliat they could have him at any time they wanted. There was mo question of keeping liim away from the FBI. With the FBI's IvUOAvledge of this case, the FBI's interest in this case, he was always. tliere. If^they wanted to come to the CIA and say, "Look, you are custodians of JMr. Nosenko. We would like to talk to liim," they would have calked to him again. Mr. FiTTiiAN. The reason I raised the qiiestion was I inferred from vour response, to Mr. Klein you somehow felt ruled out jurisdictionally, because that was the FBI's province. Mr. D. C. I would say prior to the detention, yes. Mr. FiTTTiAisr. Only for one time frame. Mr. D. C. Yes. I think from the time of his defection, or the time of his arrival in the United States until the detention. And as I say, the detention was designed to do a hostile interrogation, not to question him systematically. In fact, the hostile interrogation was a confused and confusing operation which didn't succeed, but it was strictly focused on contradictions in his story. And as I state, there were few- enough, if any, contradictions visible within his story of Oswald that there was nothinQ: there we could hook onto and use with any impact. Mr. FiTHTAX. Thank you. ]Mr. Kleix. Is it your- testimony that whether it be very early or later on that the CIA did make every effort to get all the information from Mr. Nosenko that it could get and to find the truth — all the information from Nosenko about Oswald that it could get, and to determine whether that inform.ation was true or not? Mr. D. C. There are two questions, I think. I separated them in my letter. The question did we get all the information. And then you said Mr. Kl5:tn. You attem]')ted to get all the information from Nosenko about Oswald. You can take that one first. Mr. D. C. OK. It would be very easy, and I would in good conscience say yes. But over these past weeks T have had a lot of time to think about it. what did we know, what could we have done. And the only thing that sticks in my mind right now that would have been perhaps useful for the record was to ask him those questions which our experts, knowing internal Soviet procedures, had dredged up about — which were not all to do with Oswald, and they had nothing to do with his knowledge of Oswald, They had to do with Oswald's own story, which has to do with his meeting with Marina, his permission to marry Marina, liis exit of Marina from the Soviet Union, all of these things 609 that have to do with Soviet intGrnal procedures, where we consider ourselves pariicularly Avell informed, because we had access to some former KGB people who knew these procedures. B}^ the way, they have said, they said at that time — well, their reaction to the story was quite violent. I understand that you have talked to some defectors on this subject. But the reaction of tlie KGB men' to the Oswald and Marina story, and most particularly to Nosenko's story about the failure to talk to hhn, and the ease with which he married this lady and so forth, they believed that this is not possible as given. Strongly they believe that. Mr. Klein. I think my question sort of got lost. But is it your testi- mony that at some poiiit the CIA did try to get all the information that they could from Nosenko that he knew about Oswald ? Islr. D. C. About Nosenko's lai owl edge of Oswald, yes. Mr. Kleik. And at some point did the CIA try to do its best, do whatever was possible to determine whether the inf omiation Nosenkoi gave about Oswald was true ? Mr. D. C. I would say our efforts in this respect would be on two planes. One is to check out the facts, and those facts, as I think Mr. Helms told you here, can only be found v/ithin the files of the KGB. And second, to find out whether Nosenko as such is telling a true story. In other words, is his story — is all of his stoiy true, and therefore is his story of Oswald potentially true. And in that latter respect, I would say we inade a heroic but unsuccessful efi'ort. I say unsuccessful, be- cause we didn't prove it. As I told you today — I hope I got over to you the fact that I am convinced that the story cannot be true. But that was the result of a long and strenuous effort. So my answer to your second question is yes, indeed. Mr. Klein. It is also your testimony that prior to the hostile inter- rogations, the CIA did not concentrate on the Oswald question because the FBI had priniai-y responsibility for that issue, even though it dealt with Oswald's activ^ities in Russia. Mr. D. C. Correct. Mr. Klein. Mr. Chairman, I would ask that at this tim.e I read into the record page 7 from a document received from the FBI which is responses to questions that this committee posed, to the FBI. I cannot ])u.t the entire document into evidence because portions of it are secret. But the portion I propose to read is unclassified. The question posed to the FBI by this committee was : Did either the FBI or the OIA have primary responsibility for investigating Nosenko's statements about Oswald. If neither had primary responsibility, was tliere any division of responsibility? The answer, and I am quoting : The FBI had primary responsibility for investigating Nosenko's statements about Oswald that pertained to his, Oswald's, activities in the United States, in- cluding the assassination of President Kennedy. The CIA had primary respon- sibility for investigating Nosenko's statements about Oswald's activities abroad. Mr. D. C. I find that absolutely incomprehensible, because Nosenko could not conceivably have Iniown anything about Oswald's activities in the United States. The FBI would have had nothing to talk to him about. 610 ]Mr, Kleix. In effect, what this document would seem to say is that for everything that Nosenko knew about Lee Harvey Oswald, the CIA had primary responsibility of finding it out and investigating it. Mr. D. C. Absolutely, that is what that document says to me; yes. Because it couldn't possibly have been the agreement between the FBI and CIA at that time because, as I say, there is no use talking to a jNIoscow-based internal security officer of the KGB about a man, a former Marine of the Uiiited States, who came to the United States — who had lived in the United States before lie came to Russia, came back to the United States after he lived in Russia, and at some point along the way killed the President of the United States. How in the world would this man have had anything to say on the subject? In fact, he would have shrugged and said, ''No, I don't know anything about it." IMr. Klein. So we draw the conclusion from this that the CIA was of the opinion that the FBI had responsibility in this area and at the same time the FBI was of the opinion that tlie CIA had the primary responsibility in this area? I^Ir. D. C. Certainly not. The FBI talked to this man for days. They could have terminated their so-called responsibility in 5 minutes had thev thought that we were responsible, the CIA was responsible for talking Jto him about everything to do with Oswald in Russia. Mr. Klein. Well, you are disputing that statement; is that right? jNIr. D.C. Oh, yes. And I have a feeling that there is some misunder- standing there. I can't believe that anybody said that seriously. I have no memory of any such thing l^eing said at the time because — perliaps they meant, you Iniow — it cx)uldn't mean that they felt that the FBI had — no, they were talking about Oswald, not about Nosenko. No, I cannot understand it. Mv. Klein. So, you dispute that. jNIr. D. C. Oh, of course. Mv, Klein. Well Mr. D. C. But I suspect it is a misunderstanding, rather than a misstatement. Mr. Klein. You testified earlier that you did not i-ecall any other sessions where Nosenko was asked detailed specific questions about Oswald in Russia, other than the July 3 and July 27 statements, which were mentioned in our report; is that correct? jMr. D. C. That is correct. One reason I think perhaps you have the whole picture is that there were pretty careful records kept. In re- sponse to your questions to the agency, or — I am sure you had got all of the pertinent files, and had there been anything else, it would have been clearly indicated. Mr. Klein. I should state for the record we have read those files, and we know of no others. Do 5^ou have any recollection of how long these two sessions were in time? Mr. D. C. You mean the July session ? ]\rr. Klein. July 3 and July 27. Mr. D. C. No. I take it that information came from a document. Did it give any indication of the time ? Because ]Mr. Klein. I should state for the record the sessions are on tape. 611 ]Mr. D. C. Well, then, there must be a way to know. Mr. Klein. How many hours, as an experienced security officer, "Considering what j^ou have told us was of importance to this question of Oswald — how many hours do you think that the agency should have devoted to questioning Nosenko about Oswald ? ]Mr. D. C. I would give you a practical answer to that question. When jou are faced with a man who is telling you a limited number of facts, which have a very clear limit, you can ask him the questions, and you can write down the answers, and you can ask him the same ques- tions or related questions all day long. But I think that we felt that we had touched his limits, and we didn't just feel it, we experienced it, and that had we talked more and more and more we wouldn't have gotten anywhere. Therefore, I cannot guess how many hours one should spend asking the same ■questions. I would add, by way of comment to your question, that had he lived through the experience as he said, we could have talked with him for days. Because you have a situation where a case officer named Rostru- sin, or Krupnov, if this man walks up, and they talk about it, and then they go out and have a drink, or tliey live through these experiences, that Oswald had been in a hotel, and that there was this Soviet In- tourist woman who was in touch with him, what exactly is her relation- ships with both KGB and what did she think about this guy, and did you talk to her and when — these are things which would go on and on and on had there been a genuine contact ? But the one thing I have noticed is that your complete information about Oswald and ourselves or the FBI's run to a few pages, never more. You can't expand it. You reached the limit. Therefore, my answer to your question is I can't guess how long you can spend on this man, but I don't think it is any longer than we did spend. for]Mr. thisKi^i]>j'. issue ? Is it your testimony that 5 or 6 hours would be adequate Mr. 7).C. I am sorry. That is a very difficult question to answer. Mr. Klein. I should state for the record that the committee has heard the tapes of these two sessions and they lasted, combined, approxi- mately 5or 6 hours. That is whore the figure comes from. ^Mr. D. C. I don't know. You are talking about a matter of hours — was it 6 houre or 12 hours or even 30 hours. Perhaps there could have been more. jMr. Klelnt. Now, are you familiar with the person who questioned Oswald on July 3 or July 27 ? Mr. D. C. No, I can't remember who it was. If you tell me his name, I am sure I would remember. But — it was presumably a member of my division, or my section, I would say — at that time the covmter- intelligence section of the Soviet division. Mr. Klein. My only hesitation is Mr. D.C. It doesn't matter. jMr. Klein [continuing]. Is the security aspect. Mr. D. C. Unless you want to ask me about some document. Excuse me for my question. Mr. Klein. What I do want to ask you is do you think if you have Nosenko. as he is speaking about Oswald, and j^ou said it was an 612 important issue, that the person who questioned Nosenko about Oswald should be somebody who is experienced in KGB — questioning KGB defectors. and^Ir. D. manner their C. I don'tof know. You have questioning people is more available or less for and detailed, questioning, more or less competent, depending on their training, and depending on their personal inclinations or capacities. Everj'body has to get his experience somewhere. I think many officers I have known have done brilliant and complete interrogations without any prior experience. Xo; I don't think it is necessarily relevant to be systematic about this. There was an implication in one of the reports I read that this man had not carefully studied the matter of Oswald before asking the questions of Nosenko. I think probably more could have been done there. Mr. Klein. When you say that everyone has to get their experience somewhere, do you think this situation would have been a proper place to give somebody experience in questioning a KGB defector, talking about Lee Harvey Oswald ? Mr. D. C. Yes ; I think it would — in other words, it is not grotesque, it is not unheard of to have a competent person — I am sure that the man who was sent — as I say, I don't remember who it was — I am sure he was not an incompetent. Wlien we are talking about questioning anybody about anything, we are talking about a personal capability, personal professional com- petence, rather than experience, let's say, with a Soviet defector, or with anybody else. He could go down and question a businessman about his business. Mr. IvLETN. Well, to question a businessman, say, about his business, do you think that he would have been very faniiliar in tlie facets of the business — and my question is, would the person who questioned Nosenko about Oswald, would you expect that that person should be very we knewfamiliar about with the facts Oswald of Oswald's in Russia ? life and especially everything Mr. D. C. Yes. Mr. Klein. And this committee, as is stated in the report, ques- tioned, took a deposition from the particular agent who was assigned to question Nosenko about Oswald, and was the only agent who per- formed that questioning on July T, and July 27, and he stated that his knowledge of Oswald came from the mcvdia, what he had read as all of us look at the newspapers and hear on television. Do you think that is a satisfactory way to investigate what Nosenko knew about Oswald? Mr. D. Mr. Klein. C. TheAdequate. word "satisfactory'" is a difficult one. Mr. T>. C. Certainly not maxinunn. Certainlj^ not desirable. No; I would be inclined to think that it was not — it was certainly not maximum. Mr. Klein. Do you think that had the person who questioned Nosenlvo been very familiar with all aspects of Oswald, and experi- enced in KGB, and spent more than 5 or 6 hours questioning Nosenko about Oswald, and perhaps the CIA would have come up with more 613 relevant information in determining whether Noscnko was telling the truth about Oswald ? ]\rr. D. C. No. Mr. Klein. You state in your report that tlie chairman of this com- mittee, due to ]SIr. Hart's confusing testimony ]Mr. FiTHiAX. Mr. Klein, are you departing that particular line of questioning now ? M!r. IvLKiN. I am going to come back to it. But you certainly can ask a question now. jNIr. FiTHiAN. I have had the feeling, subjective, today that perhaps, hearing your testimony and what else we have found out, that it would be fair to characterize your major interest in Nosenko as not being Oswald — either because you touched the limits of his knowledge, in- formation, orfor whatever reason — and that it would be fair to say that your real interest in Nosenko, as an individual, was the potential penetration of American Government, potential penetration of your own agency, determining whether he was sent here to mislead your agency, sent here to undermine Mr. X, whatever. In other words, the intelligence operations that he might be able to lead you to were of a great deal more interest to you than Oswald. Isn't that fair to say ? Mr. D. C. No, no, it is7i*t, Mr. Fithian. I would like to correct some of the impressions given in tliis field b}^ ^Ir. Hart, among others. During the peiiod of Xosenko's clandestine meetings with us before his defection, and during the period of his questioning under condi- tions of freedom in the United States, he was treated — and his infor- mation was gone at — precisely as would any other defector. Tlie most important information lie Iiad to offer was got at, priorities were established, he w^as questioned on everything he knew including Osv»'ald. During the period of confinement, he was also questioned on everything he knew including Oswald. Now, if the case as a whole seems to bear this counterintelligence flavor, I would like to say that is probably determined by the fact tliat i\Ir. XcsenJv'o w^as an internal security officer of the KGB. He was ques- tioned early on, both in Geneva and here, on Ins l^nowledge of anything to do with Soviet politics, Soviet personalities, on the economic or in- ternal relation ships with tiie leadership, any ty])6 of policy informa- tion that he could give from his knowledge, as a KGB officer. These are tilings which some KGB officers have had kr.owlcdge of. In othei" v/ords, we don't write them off. They are not nearlv as valuable as sources of intelligence are ; for example, officers of the Soviet Army or * * * [others] . Ikit nonetlieless, tliey are not necessarily zero, especially having to do with political information. I would say we made every effort to get what this man luid on other things, that we were not just slanting our questions in order to determine whether he was a plant. However, during that questioning we continually found reason to suspect that he was a plant, but tliat was not our purpose as it has been stated to this committee. Our purpose was to get what he knew. He didn't Imow much. That is a fact. That isn't our preconception, as Mr. Hart 614 Mr. FiTinAx. You mean lie didn't know mncli about any area ? Mr. D. C. No, sir. Well, what do you mean by any area ? Mr. FiTHiAX. The areas you questioned him on. Mr. T>. C. The areas I mentioned, on Soviet politics, economics and so on, he knew eliectivel}^ nothing. He had notliing that was of any intelligence value. Mr. FiTHiAN. Well, I had some other questions, but that would kind of lead us far astray. Mr. Klein. I don't have a whole lot more. You stated in your letter tliat the chairman of the committee, due to the confusing testimony of ]\Ir. Hart, was led to state that no investi- gation of Oswald's Mr. D. C. Yes. activities as known to Nosenko have been made. Mr. Kr^iN". And that that was incorrect ? Mr. D. C. Oh, yes. INIr. Klein. Would you tell us specifically what the CIA did to investigate what Nosenko said about Oswald in Russia? Mr. D. C. The context of that statement, by the way, as is put in m}^ letter, has to do with the getting — it is in the paragraph of that letter which talks about getting the information from, even though we are talking about investigation. This is as I read the transcript. It may not be correct. It may have meant indeed the investigation of the information which had been gotten. Mr. Klein. Right. Distinguishing taking a statement from inves- tigation, using investigation in that way, would you tell us what specifically was done to investigate this case. Jdv. D. C. Yes, with pleasure. First of all, the best way to investigate it is to check f>arallel sources of information. In this case, the only parallel source of infor- mation which could tell us, confirm or deny whether Lee Har\'ey Oswald had or had not been questioned by the KGB, or had or had not had any relations with the KGB, or some of the other things Nosenko said, could only come from the KGB, or Inturist, or from some of the personalities in contact with Nosenko in Russia. We had no such sources. Second, we would x^robably go into — I am not sure what the tech- nical terai here is— we would consult experts. We would take Nosenko's information and see whether it made sense in terms of the knowledge, our knowledge of the Soviet Union. That would not be a reference merely to files. That would be the questioning of all available sources on this subject. That is the point I made, that we did go back to every one of our defectors, not only on Nosenko's story, but on Oswald's story, directly. That would be about all — except finally the attempt to determine how valid that infonnation was in terms of the man's total credi- bility, which means investigation under interrogation. Mr. Klein. Now, consulting of experts — you told us that although you spoke to some defectors, that they never used the questions, is that right? Mr. D. C. No, no, no. They made reports. They made comments and reports about internal Soviet procedures which bore on the Oswald story. Oh, yes, they did that. They made reports. 615 Mr. Klein. So, since, as you say, you could not go to the KGB, the only investigation that the CIA did in tins matter was to con- sult other def ectoi-s about procedures in the KGB ? Mr. D. C. Other defectors, other knowledge available to the Amer- ican intelligence community. Mr. Klein. Well, what specifically? Mr. D. C. Excuse me? Mr. Klein. I say other than defectors, who else did you specifically talk to, to investigate. Mr. D. C. Talk to ? Oh, let me think. Talk to. May I ask you to be very precise in your question as to what aspects of the story you might be talking about? Is it Nosenko's story of Oswald? Because if it is, it has to do with the procedures of admission to the Soviet Union, the series of events that occurred to Oswald in the Soviet Union, the suicide, and things of that sort. Mr. Klein. And you are saying that j^ou investigated tliis — these statements by Nosenko how, by speaking to Mr. D. C. Well, who would know about, let's say, procedures for the admission of people into the Soviet Union. Who would know about — the main source, the most valued source we have ever had on things from this very closed society, where these regTilations and these procedures are in no sense open to the public, the best source we have had, of course, is defectors and that is over a large number of years — many years. The result has been we have accumulated this information, and have turned out general reports and kept them up-to-date on what certain Soviet procedures are. Those would be consulted. In other words, written reports, back- ground information. Surely we checked that, Mr. Klein. So in general you checked the reports that had been accumulated over the years, but not specifically written for this case. Mr. D. C- And then questioned people specifically about this case, those sources we had. Mr. Klein. Wlio did you question, without saying a name — if you questioned defectors, how many? Mr. D. C. Defectors. Mr. Klein. How many did you question? Mr. D. C. Certainly a minimum of three, and as many perhaps as, I would guess — my memory really isn't sure because I wasn't as closely aware of some of these other things — I would imagine that we sought or got reports from more than those three, the three that I know of. How many more, I don't remember. Mr. Klein. And were their records and files of what these — all the people that you questioned, are those records all made, of what they said when asked specifically to comment on this case? Mr. D. C. I don't know that, Mr. Klein. I don't know. Mr. Klein. And other than the number of defectors, at least three, anybody else that you questioned, or did you do anything else to investigate what Nosenko said about Oswald? Mr. D. C. The word investigation is bothering me a little. I don't know what you mean. If you mean to look into it, to verify it by what- ever information we had about Russia, what other sources are avail- 61G able' You have overt information, and you have information wliich has come from covert sources. Mi\ Klein. TVHiat I am saying- is— I am not stating at this time that there are other possibilities. I am just asking what — is that tlie extent of what you did to investigate it ? Mr. D. C. We are talking about Nosenko's story, which is Oswald in Russia. Mr. Klein. Yes. Mr. D. C. Wliat you do to investigate tliat in the United States is go down to the neighborhood and you go talk to people. But we had no such access to people inside the Soviet Union. There was a tremendous limit to our ability to investigate tliis information. Therefore, if these outsiders, talking about procedures, or wliat would or wouldn't be done normally, sounds like a somewhat inade- quate nieans of investigation, it was the only one at our disposal. Mi\ Klein. As I say, your statement is that there was investigation. I am just trying to ascertain Mr. D. G. I mentioned investigation on those three grounds, the third of those grounds being the attempt by inteiTogation to get at the veracity of Nosenko in general, and Noseiiko as a source on Oswald. _ Mr. Klein. And we Iiave already discussed the extent of the ques- tioning ofNosenko on the Oswald matter. That was those two sessions. Mr. D. C. The questioning of Xosenko on the Oswald matter was limited to those tvro sessions, I believe, because you have told me so — plus the session is in Geneva. Mr. Klein. Do you recollect in Geneva that you spoke in detail with l^osenko about Oswald ? Mr. D. C. The words "in detail" are hard to say because the condi- tions of a clandestine meeting are never satisfactory. You cai\not sit down and be system?^ tic because you don't have that much time. There are other things we talked about. Mr. Klein. Did you ever question Marina Oswald about what hap- pened in Russia when she was with Oswald, and compare that to what Nosenko was giving you ? Mr. D. C. To my knov/ledge the CIA had no access whatsoever to Marina Osw^ald, and I have no knowledge of any CIA contact wdth -her at any time. 3.1r. Klein. Did you ev'-er ask the FBI to question her specifically "about the issues vou were interested in ? D. C. YesIs!' there a written request for that? Mr. Klein. Mr. Mr. I). C. I would STispect so ; yes. Mr. Klein. And did you get anv answer back ? Mr.D.C.No. iMr. Klein. The FBI _ Mr. I). C. No; I don't believe that we would have asked them to ask her something to tp'U us because this would have been a violation of what the FBI considered its charter in this case. Mr. Klein. So you didn't ask them. Mr. D. C. We would give them questions to ask her. We would re- quest them or suggest to them tliat they ask Marina certain questions. That, yes, but not vrith the idea of reporting back to us because we wouldn't have any right to do that. 617 Mr. Klein. You wouldn't have any riglit to have the FBI give you their reports on Marina Oswald ? Mr. D. C. Oh, yes; we would have a right to ask them to give the reports. But we didn't say why don't you ask this. This is essentially why we are doing it. We gave them a request for infoi-mation and said will you go ask these questions. That is the history of the famous 44 questions I spoke about a mo- ment ago. Mr. Klein. Weren't you interested in the answers to compare it to what Nosenko was telling you ? Mr. D. C. Yes, indeed. But — the answers to Mr. Klein. That Marina gave the FBI, to compare it to what Nosenko told you what happened ? Mr. D. C. We would have been very happy to liave answers from Marina, and asked these questions. But we could not o])era,te through the FBI to do this. I think this is a thing that has come up in previ- ous testimon}'. I think we were constrained, tliat the Bureau felt very strongly it was their responsibility. Mr. Klein. Did you ever make any attempt to study files you had on other peoDle wlio had defected. Americans who had defected to the Soviet Union, and check what happened to them, and compare them to Oswald's? Mr. D. C. Oh, yes ; and the people who were doing that — by the way, I want to stress here that the agency component primarily respon- sible— I told you about our wholehearted effort and tremendous inter- est in tills. But the agency component handling the agency's require- ments on Lee Harvey Oswald were in fact tiie counterintelligence staff. They indeed did look into the experience of other defectors. Mr. Klein. Were their reports made on this ? Mr. D. C. I don't know. J.Ir. Klein. I should say for the record, Mr. Chairman, that our committee has seen these files, but has never seen any reports indicat- wald.ing that any kind of study was made to compare these people to Os- Were the results of these studies put in the final report that you TDcople — that the Soviet Eussia division published in I believe Feb- ruary of 1977? Mr. D. C. No. The Soviet Eussia — maj^ I speak about that report?' Tlie report, the so-called final Soviet Eussia division report has also- been misrepresented here. ^Yliat was being done in the so-called 1,000-page report, or whatever one chooses to call it, was to make sense out of an incredible mass of material. It had gotten to the point, there were so many interrelated cases, so much detail connected with Nosenko, that somebody new coming into the case could probably no longer master it. "Wliat I sought to do was to get each and every aspect of the case written up, what No- senko had said, what investigations had been made of it, perhaps, even comments on it, or further things to be done on it. That I don't remember — the exact format. But I do know the first two tilings were there, what Nosenko had said and what our investiga- tion, independent knowledge showed. This was put together with the idea of being a reference of easy access, not as a final report. 618 Now, exactly what was finally said in it when it got into its eventual form, the so-called 400-page report, I don't know because I wasn't there, and I had certainly not originally intended that compilation had to be a final report. It has certainly been treated as such, and has been described as such here. Perhaps there were passages in it which had the kind of conclusions which I saw quoted — Nosenko was not this, and was not that, and was trying to deceive, and things of that sort. Perhaps they appeared even in that 1,000-page report. But frankly, that wasn't its original intent, and I don't remember their being in there. Mv, Klein. Do you specifically remember a report where there was a study of all American defectors to the Soviet Union and a com- parison ? Mr. D. C. No; but I can assure you that the person to ask on that would be the counterintelligence staff. That was their responsibility. Mr. Klein. Do you recall any kind of effort to get hold of docu- ments, letters, diary written by Oswald, and compare that to what Nosenko was telling you about Oswald ? Mr. D. C. No, no. Mr. Klein. When I asked you earlier about whether if you thought that a more experienced person questioned Nosenko, somebody who knew more about Oswald did the questioning, and whether there were longer sessions, whether that might have helped to get more informa- tion and get to the truth in this matter, you said that you didn't think it would help. And in your letter to us, you told us that you felt the Agency did an adequate job, and you compared what the Agency learned about Nosenko and what this committee learned and said that since we and the FBI didn't learn any more than the CIA, that that shows that the Agency did a good job. Mr. D. C. Did an adequate job. I didn't say did a good job. Mr. Klein. An adequate job. Mr. D. C. Yes. ]Mr. Klein. Did the FBI have the same access to Nosenko that the CIA had? JMr. D. C. Yes. As I remember, I think he was delivered to them. I think tliey probably questioned him — I am not 100 percent sure of ownthis, premises. but" I seem to remember In other that they words, I think he wasquestioned out of ourhimcustody on their in the period he was being talked to by the FBI. It is conceivable that I am wrong and that the FBI people came to the house in which Nosenko was living and talked to him there. But I have some Mr. Klein. I believe the record will reflect that was the case. Mr. D. C. I'm sorry. I don't remember. Mr. Klein. Do you recall the FBI having any access to Nosenko after April 4, 1964? jMr. I). C. No. Nor do I remember their asking for such access. Mr. Klein. So they only were able to question Nosenko for approxi- mately 2months in 1964 ; is that right ? INIr. D. C. Correct. Mr. Klein. And you stated in your letter that they questioned him 619 :Mr. D. C. Wait a minute. Excuse me. You said were able to interro- gate liim only during 2 months ? Mr. Klein. Tliey had 2 months Mr. D. C. You used the words "were able." They were able to talk to him more if they asked for it. I said that earlier today. Mr. Klein. Well, you are saying they could have spoken to him after April 4, 1964. Mr. D. C. Of course. We would never have denied them access to him. Mr. KJLEiN. And your testimony is that they had questioned him all they wanted, and that is why they didn't question him any more after April 4, 19G4. ]Mr. D. C. Yes. It is certainly my understanding. Mr. Klein. Mr. Chairman, again I would like to read from the re- port given to us by the FBI, from page 5. This particular section was read into the record at our earlier hearings. I would like to read it again. The FBI had no direct access to Nosenko from April ?>, 1964, until April 3 of 1969, and therefore was not in a position to make an objective assessment of bis bona fides nor of the veracity of information furnished by him. Thus in- formation provided by him in early 1964 was ac^^epted at face value and qual- ified in terms of the source and the conditions under which it was received. Does that indicate to you that the FBI felt that they could have interviewed him any time they wanted after April 4, 1964 ? Mr. D. C. Yes. The phrase in there was they had, as I understood it— they had no access to him during that period. They didn't suggest, I think, by that phraseology that they were denied it. I know of no case in which the FBI asked for access to Nosenko or that anything was said to the Bureau that suggested to them that they could not have access to him during his period of detention. Mr, Klein. And you also compared the findings of the CIA with the findings of this committee. Do you think the fact that this com- mittee spoke to Nosenko 14 years later might have put the committee at a disadvantage versus the position the CIA was in in 1964 ? Mr. D. C. Normally I would say of course. In this case, I see no sign of it. xvlr. Klein. You don't think that the committee had any disad- vantage ^Ir. D. C. No. I say I don't see any sign of it in the result. On the contrary, I think you got everything and perhaps a bit more. As to whether the 14 years make a disadvantage in this case or not, I would say normally of course it would. Everybody's memory fades, especially of experienced events. ^Ir. Klein. Do j'Ou think that the absence of the investigative and intelligence resources that the CIA had available in 1964, tlie absence of that for this committee might have also made it more difficult for tliis committee to conduct its investigation? Mr. D. C. The absence of what — excuse me ? ]Mr. Klein. The investigative and intelligence resources that the CIA has available, and had available in 1904, that that might have ]Mr. D. C. As I pointed out to 3"ou, there were no investigative re- sources that you would consider serious ones inside the Soviet Union. 620 thisMr.conmiittee Klein. You as fardon't think available as sources that the CIA to themhad? any advantage over Mr. D. C. I don't know what your limitations were, Mr. Klein. I would think that tlie type of sources that I have described would have been made available to your committee had you asked them. In other words, defectors, available background information on the Soviet Un- ion and so forth. I don't think that — well, I don't know what other as- sets you are talking about or what other capabilities. Mr. I\j.EiN. You state in your letter that the committee came up with only one fact. Mr. D. C. Yf ell, I was talking there about the Mr. Klein. Surveillance, Mr. D. C. The surveillance. Mr. Klein. You are aware that the committee came up with numer- ous inconsistencies in Nosenko's statements ? Jlr. D. C. I certainly am. And I found them extremely well pre- sented. Mr. KxEiN. In the time the CIA had to question Nosenko, can you specifically tell us inconsistencies or untruths that the CIA pinned him to? Mr. D. C. In the details of the case ? Mr. Klein. Yes. Mr. D. C. The answer is probably no. I don't — and the answer is certainly no, I do not remember any. But as to whetiier there were or not, Mr,I don't IvLEiN.remember. In the files that I have read I can state that I have not found any. And my question to you is if the Agency did an adequate job, then how is it that 14 years later this committee found incon- sistencies, when the Agency never found an}'' at the time ? Mr. D. C. Well, some of those were changes in the story in the in- terim, aren't they ? Mr. Klein. Tha,t is correct. But they came about from questioning, from checking prior statements, questioning a number of times about the facts, 25, 30 hours. Mr. T). C. Yes, prior statements. Mr. KxEiN. My question basically is did the Agency put the time and resources into this so that if there were inconsistencies that could have been found in 1964 they would have been found. ]\Ir. I). C. I am not sure that these inconsistencies did exist at that time. And cortainl}^ I am not sure that a questioning of him. at that time v/ould have produced these inconsistencies. I have no way of knowing that. Mr. Klein. I am not necessarily referring to these particular incon- sistencies. "V^Hiat I am suggesting is that if inconsistencies develop in questioning of somebody now, would it be a fair statement that ade- Cjuate questioning in 19f;4, although maybe not developing these same inconsistencies, would have probably developed other inconsistencies which could have been investigated and could have been the basis for even f urtker questioning. I^Ir. D. C. I tliink that is unlaiowable. I don't know, ]Mr. FmiTAN. On that point, if I may add, Mr. Klein — your own professional judgment is that ISTosenko is lying about his knowledge 621 of Oswald in Eiissia, or that lie is intentionally misrepresenting what he knows to be factual about the KGB treatment of Oswald. 31r. D. C. Yes. Mr. FiTiiiAX. I moan those are the oni}' two possibilities. Mr. D. C. Yes, sir. ]\Ir. FiTHiAN. And that was your conclusion at that time. D. C. The conclusion—" Mr. FiTHiAX. Mr. Lot me just ask you. You never would have put yoi-r strjnp of approval on Nosenko's bona fides, is that correct? Mv. D. C. No one would put a stamp of approval on somebody's bona fides except as the result of a careful and considerable period of investigation ; that is any defector. Mr. FiTKMx. I undersLand that. Mv. D. C. And in his case it is suggested and has boon suggestrd to this committee that conclusions were drawn prior to his — fii'st of all prior to his reappearance in 1964, in other words, after tlie 1962 raeotings, and subsequently during that period, before he was incarcerated, if that is the word. The fact is that at all times in our discussion, regardless of what might — well, let me start again. That at all tiines we left the door open to him, for him to prove his bona fides. The key period in this, in my opinion, was in that period of freedom, after- his defection, where he was treated like anvone else, and we tried to go down and talk to him and so forth. And there weie points or questions in our minds which v/e tried to approach with him during tliat period. I would say that we went to the meetings in 1964 with a doub^ in tlie back of our minds. But in no way planning to handle the meet- ings in a different way than would liav'e been. Qxnte- a lot Avas made by Mr. Hart about tiie duplicity with- which we talked about the settlement arrnngements that would be m.ade v.-ith Mr. Nosenko when he came to the United States. This has been the subject of some controversy since. My memory tells me that "we were not and could not have been authorized to exercise duplicity as sncli. We were ofl'ering him the type of settlement which we would have oiT'ored to that established his bona fides. It was not duplicity as such. man liad he Now, if you say at the sam.e time that fellow who is promisin.^ these things is also the author of this paper over here which savs that we don't trust Inm, or that there are some odd things here wiiir-h siiggest he was a KGB plant, I v/ould say absolutely yes. But is that duplicity? of his bona Because fides. the door was always" open for the establishmeut And as for the first hostile interrogation, when we confronted him Willi these contradictions, I would say to you that we probably siis- some—he was perhaps a pathological liar or that he was boastino- or lie had a very strange memory, a whole lot of things could have come up. ® But what we had done in the meantime is to do a lot of investio-o- tion on the side, not only about Oswald, and that we presente 43-792—79 40 d this 622 outside information to him, asked him questions about it, and found that he was inexplicably unable to answer the questions. At what point has one concluded that this man — in other words, dismissed him as a source? I don't think we ever did. I don't think we talked to him about Oswald until much later, during the period we are talking about here. I don't think any less effort was made than would have been made with a serious defector. There were certainly more troubles in getting details from him than from other defectors, but I think our posture, face-to-face to him, probably was not much different than it would have been had we not had the suspicions in the background. It's the word "conclusions" that bothers me. It's the conclusion what he might have said had we not had these preconcep- tions, asMr. Hart put it. Mv. FiTHiAN. I was trying to get at a followup to Mr. Klein's ques- tions. Mainly inconsistencies occurred because stories didn't match and so on, but I was trying to ascertain whether or not in your judgment, smce you did not believe him, you had reason at that time either because of inconsistencies or lies or whatever you judged them to be, to disbelieve his rendition of the Oswald story in Russia. Mr. D. C. To the degree we had a suspicion of him at all, the answer is yes; we had that much reason to disbelieve what he said about Oswald in Russia. Plus the fact the story he was telling about Oswald in Russia was absolutely unacceptable to us alone as a story, for all the reasons we have already discussed. It was an incredible story and Mr. Hart and others have stressed that and every Soviet defector has stressed this. Mr. Preyer. I have to be at a meeting over at the Capitol at 12 :45. p.m. If 3^ou want to continue some questioning, could you come back? I suggest if it's agreeable with e"\'eryone tlint vre recess until 2 o'clock today in this room and we can post a notice on the door if we have to go to another room. The committee stands in recess. ["V\Tiereupon, at 11 :40 a.m., tlie hearing was recessed, to resume at 2 p.m.] Afternoox Session ? Ir. Pr.ETE-R. The committee will resume its sitting. The Chair recognizes Mr. Klein to complete his questions. ]Nrr. Kleii^. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I will be exceedingly brief, with only one question. ]Mr. D. C, to your knowledge is there any documentation, reports, memos, that fully describe the efforts made by the CIA in 1964, 1965, 1906, 1067, to investigate what Nosenko had to say about Oswald? Mr. D. C. No ; and T would say as of 1966 or 1967, when I cut off, my best guess is that such a document doesn't exist. I don't remember marking one and I am not quite certain what the reason for making one would be. ]Mr. Klein. Is it normal procedure that during the course of the investigation you wouldn't document the course of the investigation ? My. J). C. You would document everything you do, but you certainly need not go back and describe everything you did or everything you propose to do. I don't know who such a document would be directed to, 623 for example. If one were reporting progress of an investigation tL^re would be reports of what was done and what not. But this was ontJ aspect of one larger investigation and I can't remember any document being made up on the subject. Idi'. Klein. Thank you. I have no further questions. ;Mr. PiiETEH. Mr. Fithian. ^Ir. FiTiiiAN-. Thank you, Judge. 2\ly first question is less specific. We'll have more specific ones later. But I have always been puzzled since Mr. Hart appeared before us as to why the Director v^^ould accept a man who would testify in such a. way as to create smashing anti-CIA headlines out of that testimony and that goes beyond what you said this morning as to his own per- sonal knowledge or credentials for making such testimony. Can you shed any light on that at all ? Mr. D. C. It goes without saying, I have thought about this a lot. I think the dates of the Director's takeover of the agency may have something to do with it. He came in from outside, very much outside, and he was faced with Vvliat to him was probably repulsive or abomi- nable state of affairs and he turns to what was then the recognized expert, the man who had just before his takeover of the agency con- ducted this study. I have not seen it ; I understand it's bulky and have no doubt as to its conclusion. But I would say from the Director's point of -^'iew, this man might appear to be the expert even though he was already retired at the time he did the 1976 study. Mr. FiTHiAx. Going back to Mr. Hart's testimony/ on page 114 of our record, he says to this committee explaining how he would proceed, he says : Therefore, what I have before me are a series of notes which were finished about Admiral8 Stansfield o'clock lastTurner, night Director based onof guidance the CIA. which I got at that time from Mr. D. C. I am mystified and have been asked the question and have asked others the question and no one I know in the Agency during my time or since has come up with any sensible explanation. ;Mr. FiTHiAX. Your assessment or judgment as to why Mr. Hart was selected then stems from and concurs with what Mr. Hart is saying a little later in his testimony when he says since Admiral Turner has become Director of Central Intelligence he has been quite concerned about this case and he specifically requested I come back to the Agency from which I retired in 1972 and give presentations to agents on the nature of the case. Now my question is tliis, since the Nosenko case became a celebrated one long before this committee became interested or long before we even knew he existed, was Mr. Hart's operation such that he would be the logical person within the Agency or immediate]}'' retired from the Agency to make the kind of presentations to "senior ofHcials or agents in the case" that we might have expected ? Mr. D. C. Xo, sir, he was not. Mr. Fithian. May I reiterate in the record at this point wliat Mr. Dodd so ably did during the questioning that day, and that is to say that kind of testimony didn't in any way square with what this com- mittee had requested of the Agency. We had submitted to the Agency a very detailed list of questions or concerns we had, Mr. Klein can 624 amplify that, of all our concerns. Then they were sent over to tlie Agency for a representative to discuss these matters. I might state, in no way did tlie Department comply with the request. It's worse than I thought in this sense. We were very surprised that day that the subject of Oswald was not discussed after some 30 or 40 minutes of testimor,y and then all the questions and even the statement that he was not quali- fied to comment on Oswald, which happens to be the only thing this committee was primarily interested in. So I m.ake that comment at this point in the record. Now, let me turn to your specific testimony, Mr. D. C, and asl^ yen to refer to page 10 of your testimony. Prior to asking a question as to this particular page, let me ask a couple of background questions: As a professional in this field, I be- lieve Iread into your statement here that it is highh^ unlikely, per- haps totalh^ improbable, ground would have been that able someone to move with in, doOswald's particular the things he did inback- tlie Soviet Union, and move out without being questioned by the KGB. Mr. D. C. That is absolutely my thought. I would say it's absolutely unthinkable and. it's unthinkable for the Soviet defectors I know, it's unthinkable for anyone w^ho knows the automatic procedures of the Soviet Union, there is no way he could have evaded this action. One described to me that the KGB. as it would face an American swimming into their sea, it would be like a pool of piranhas, insofar as one could ma,ke a statement as dogmatic and filial as that. I would say it can't have happened as described. Mr. FiTHTAisr. Well, tlieii. when Mt'. Xosenko told you, told the Agency that story, that would have been as early as Geneva ? "Mr. D. C. Yes. Mr. FiTiTiAN. Just prima facie, doesn't this raise questions on the part of the Agency as to credibility of tins man at all ? I mean, even at the very outset, the first or second contact you had with him in Geneva? Mr.D. C.Yes. Mr. FiTHTAX. Now, staying witli the Geneva scene for just a minute, this is a digression, but I was appalled at statements made to us some- where along the way, Mr. Chairman, as to the techniques of question- ing Nosenlio in Geneva, that the CIA non-Bussian-language person doing the recording and — I have forgotten all the details. I would like some amplification, because I occasionally vote on budgets around here. Mr. D. C. Yes, sir. A slight correction of dates and the manner in which I entered into this case. I was in fact stationed in . . . [West Em-ope], not in headquarters in the Soviet Division at the tim.c tliis <'ase broke. Therefore, I came into it, if you like, as the Soviet operations expert in that area. YvHiile I had given mvself in the cour^'o of my career a lot of home learning of Kussian to the point where I occasionally served as a low- level translator for the Ambassador or interpreter in some of his con- tacts with the Soviet Embassy, I was most definitely never fluent or competent in the laiiguago. But on the other hand, this shouldn't keep one from oi)erating against the Soviet Union. G25 Tlie contact inade by a member of a Soviet delegation to that area, ill tills instance a disarmament conference in Geneva, he. s^iys "I ^yant a contact with American intelligence,'' so somebody had to do that. It vsas quite clear I was the person to contact and I did. In the course of the first meeting with him, both English and Rus- sian were spoken. I told the man from the outset that I would ap- preciate his speaking clearly and relati\ olj' slov^dy and I would like to break into English whenever possible, and v/e tried to reach a language of understanding. At times either from excitement, impatience or whatever, ho expressed himself over a considerable number of sen- te^ices, fast, in Eussian, where my understanding of it was imperfect. Nov,', i think at this late date, I tokl you this at a much earlier date, but very early along our questioning of the man and of our writing reiiorts on him. we were aware of those points where he had said some- thing and I had failed to undei-stand simply because there were taped recordings of these meetings. During the second meeting — it possilily could have been the third but I think it v\'as the second — there was present in the room a native- speaking Russian ofiicer to accompany me in my dealings with this man. Altliough I came into it as a member of the * * * [an overseas] com- ponent of the Agency, I was already knov/n as particularly competent and experieiiced in this field, so it was considered as I think Mr. Helms said in 1964, it was considered a good face for the Agency, a competent qualified face for this extremely valuable source. Biit from the second meeting on — even in the first meeting, there were a few misunderstandings which consisted, I believe, of my taking notes on certain things lie said about his background. The military school which he attended was cited in your testimony and there were one or two other minor tilings having to do with the manner of his father's death. I made a mistake, I heard it Vv^rong. So, in my initial report to headquarters tJiere were mistakes. But at least for most of tliat first meeting I had no doubt there was good understanding and for all subsequent meetings, there was a total understanding. To take misunderstandings which may have appeared in tlio first cable and first meeting on insignificant matters and extend them into a judgment as to the manner in which this source was handled from beginning to end is confusing, it misleads you and is unnecessary and has no relevanc^^ at all. I want to say the so-called drunkenness, the heartfelt statement of Mr. Nosenko to Mr. Hart, "John, I was snookered," he wasn't snook- ered, he probably had a lot of booze, but he was entirely lucid at all times. There was never a time when communications were broken be- cause of the influence of alcoliol. Therefore, I suggest that element of language misunderstanding that you are speaking of and the element of drinking was artificially introduced as an explanation and excuse for other irregularities in Mr. Xosenko's reporting. IMr. FiTHiAN. Are you then saying that Nosenko used his drinking to make up or cover up or disguise the fact he did not know answers to certain questions or the account of that is erroneous ? 626 Mr. D. C. Yes ; later when confronted witli that in Geneva in 1962. he simply said, "I was drunk" or "I did not say that." or "There was a misunderstanding." In one case, Mr. Fithian, a very important case, he described in 1962, his participation in an operation involving an American of which we liad a record. In 1964, he denied any knowledge of that operation at all. It wasn't a question of a transcript bein^ ineptly made by some process I don't understand, was not the transcript at all which entered into this confrontation, we brought back a tape. This tape was loud and clear. We said, "You don't remember this operation? Here is your voice." And he hears his voice loud and clear, giving details of the operation. And his explanation was that he was drunk; he had no knowledge of ha-\dng spoken to it a year and a half earlier. It's my premise that drunkenness doesn't give you second sight. ]\Ir. FiTHiAx. I think Nosenko used the term as to Oswald being an uninteresting target. Mr. Epstein in his book perhaps makes a little too much of Oswald's potential knowledge of the U-2. Am I off base on that? Mr. D. C. I think not. It makes a good story. It's logical, but after all this is something which escaped American attention. I have had an American friend who has come to me since then and said, "You can't expect me to believe the security review of Oswald failed to pick up the fact he knew about the U-2." I don't think it's even been proven he knew about the U-2, and I think it's the sort of thing that would have slipped by in any instance. He was at a Marine radar base 500 meters from where the U-2 took off, and his radar unit tracked it. Pos- sibly certain things as to speed and altitude might have come to Oswald's attention. For example, Mr. Oswald's defection to the Soviet Union would have been a part of naval intelligence to see what he knew or didn't kn^ow ; and I liave a hunch the most conscientious investigation you could make about that man might not bring up the fact that his service in that radar shnck was in any way related to a highly secret operation which was documented in totally different ways. I do agree with you that it's unlikely that the U-2 was the special information that Nosenko — excuse me, that Oswald told Snyder. Tliere has been a lot of speculation as to the information of special interest he had. It may be he realized there was a special operation and this was the special thing he had to ofi'er to the Soviets, but it's certainly not provable. Mr. FiTiiiAisr. One of the central questions which may go unanswered, but I would appreciate your best guess, I am not sure from your testimony v/hether you believe that Nosenko came to the United States, became available as a defector — I conclude you believe him to be a plant. I am not sure as to what your real belief is as to why ho miglit have T)ecome the plant. Some very wrapped up in the assassi- nation would have us believe this was of such tremendous potential disturbing nnturo for Soviet-American relations that even if Oswald didn't have that much of a role to play with the KGB, they vrould defuse anything that had to do with Oswald before they sent him over here. Therefore, it might be worthwhile to send someone of Kosenko's caliber. 627 The ether possibility is the one I think you alluded to, that is, they believed the kind of information agent X v/as giving was of such a potential damaging nature, that they should muddy the water and send a plant calling attention to what he was testifying to. You call it on page 14, a "crude message." I take it from that you have no definitive information. But I would like to know wliat your guess is. Mr. D. C. It would be a pleasure to saj'. It seems to be difficult for INIr. Hart or for anybody coming into this case to malce distinctions, and one of the big distinctions is between liis contact in Geneva in 1962 and his recontacts in coming out in 1964 say- ing he was going to defect. In 1962, he made it absolutely clear to us that he Avould never defect, under no circumstances. He had his family, he liked living in the So- viet Union, but he had certain undefined objections to the Soviet re- gime. Iwas reminded in Mr. Hart's testimony, I tliink that he needed some money urgently and therefore he was coming to us. He not only said he wouldn't defect but he wouldn't accept contact with us inside the Soviet Union. However, he would see us whenever he came out on official duty on Soviet delegations abroad. In January of 1964 he came out and stupefied us with this statement that now he wants to defect. I can assure you my first question was, "Why ? Didn't you tell us you never would ?" His answers were extremely vagiie. "Well, I think they may suspect me. I have decided to make a new life." I asked, "Plow about your family?" He said well, he had decided to start anew and they would be all right. jSTow, I detect in that a tremendous change of course. Therefore, I would like to answer your question as to what he might have been about in 1962 and 1964. In 1962 I say in my letter and testimony he was deflecting informa- tion given 6 months before by defector X. This was clear. There were such connections; there was an astonishing overlap. I have dealt with many Soviet-bloc intelligence officers and, of course, many would know two or three doing the same thing. But the degree his information coincided to certain information given to us by X was simply not unacceptable, but it was noteworthy. I would guess on that basis, Mr. Fithian, that the purpose in 1962 was that this man was sent out to do a perfectly understandable coun- terespionage technique. The question has been asked why the tremen- dous change between 1962 and 1964. His reasons make no sense. They are not convincing. So what is it in the Soviet mind that would cause a man to physicali_y send a man out when they said they never wouid ^ By way of footnote, I would like to say I mentioned in my testimony the insight we got into this man is that he hadn't in fact held the posi- tions he said he had held. Not only was he not a plant but he was not a real KGB officer. The reason we have what we have in this tremendous volume of information is that we have that detention and we were able to take it. We had him sitting— he tried to avoid him sitting dov»'n but once we had him sitting down, we could see he did not know al^out the operations of his colleagues, he did not know about his main taiget, lie did not know those things. u 28 But still in 1962, liad lie come out to see us in Copenhagen, New York, or Buenos Aires, he could have seen us only for an hour liere or there under tense circumstances where there would Ijo uo chance to get hito details under the controlled conditions I am speaking of. Therefore I think the Soviets had a good thing going had they left the man where he was. But as a defector they were running a big risk. This is not jroinii- away from your question, because it invoh'es the decision to do this, to change the course. This is all assuming under your category we are speculating that he is a KGB plant. Something made them want us to have him in hand as a defector. One of the possibilities could be the event which happened in the in- terim, the assassination of President Kennedy, and therefore he was as you snj, used for this message because he may have been the only valid, controlled, and trusted secret contact to CIA. The Soviets have shown a proclivity to use tricky methods like this to give us messages through clandestine means going directly to the President, escaping suspicious desk ofHcers. But it's possible they looked for a way to get a message of their innocence as to President Kennedy's assassination. If it was the best available chamiel, I can see the non-KGB or let us say a member of the Soviet leadership, like Mr. Khrushchev himself, may have said do it, and the professional might liave said, yes, but the fellow might nm into trouble, and the reply would be yes, but do it. This is again in the realm of speculation. I only know of one other — by way of background — I only laiow of one potential explanation of this man coming out to see us in short stretches or the man putting himself into our hands as a defector. That has to do with an unrelated matter. It is very diiScult — it is even more speculative than is related to the Kennedy assassination. In other words, I am not at all sure that the other speculation is any more valid than what I liave just said. So, I would say tliat in groping for an explanation on the basis of the hypothesis that he is a sent KGB agent, one of the two things, one of the on]y two that I can think of, is that he was sent to give a mes- sage to the Warren Commission. jlr. FiTHTAN. In that 1962 interview, is there any reference made to Kosenko's Mr. D. C.alleged Yes. Herolesaid in recruiting that at thatAmerican tourists time he had made ? his career from 1955 until 19 — until tlie end of 1959 in the tourist department, and he spoke about it at that time. In 1962 lie had just gone back, after a 2- year period in the section working against the American Enibassy in jMoscow, he had gone back to that section, working against tourists, with a promotion. So, needless to say he did tallc about operations .ngaiPiSt tourists. Mr. FiTiiTAN. Was there in that interview, in 1962, anything which tends to support his later claims of his position within the KGB ? Mi\ T). C. Prior to his contact with us in 1962, he claims to have made a brilliant career as an English-speaking case officer, an opera- tions oiHcer, a man who gets out in the field, a tough guy, as he used to en 11 himself. He tnld of certain things he had done. We checked fern out. It goes without saying we were fairly meticulous about that. We found only C29 t\ro operations that in T\-]iicli lie physically appeared at all prior to 1962, we could co)ifirm. In other words, we were getting- from him the statement of where he was, and then we were going back to what we laiew about those opera- tions, or else going out and interviewing the people involved. One was as a member of a team of about three, thiee people in the compi'omise of a tourist on homosexual grounds in 1956. The otlier was a junior officer, a companion of an identilied officer, senior officer, of the tourist department of the KGB in meeting with an agent of theirs whom tlie bureau had interviewed. That agent's testimony — I will say he was a person — this person's testimony showed that Xosenko appeared exclusively as a jimior member of the team. He had never appeared alone. The other man, who was an identified officer of the section, of the tourist clii'ected section, did all the questioning and all the control of tlie meetings as testified by the agent. Xow, one of the interesting things about that particular case is the meetings with Nosenko playing a junior role continued well into 1960, at a time when ISIr. Nosenko said later that he had shifted into the sec- tion working against the American Em.bassy in Moscow. ^Sr. FiTHiAN. And held an important position in it. llr. D. C. Tlie deputy chief of it. IMr. FiTHiAN. And you are saying that according to Soviet structure, that would be highly improbable ? i^Ir. D. C. Very. I can't imagine wh}' the deputy chief of a section busy working agaiust the American Embassy sliould accompany a sen- ior tourist department officer in meeting an agent who, while admit- tedly American, a resident — from time to time a resident in Moscow — but primarily directed to tourist-oriented operations, why he should continue in that capacity. If we were the senior case officer and had a special relationship with the man he would be acceptal^le, quite, no reason why not. They might feel no one else could do it as well, and maybe this man had some potential to talk about members of the American Embassy. I believe by the way that that is the vrnj that Nosenko explained it when we asked him about this. He knew people in tlie Embassy, but that doesn't really check with tlie story as given by the man himself when interviewed b3' the FBI. Mr. FiTHiAN. Do you have any information on the treatment of Nosenko's family in Russia after his defection ? Mr. D. C. There was a story, as unlikely as the story I mentioned in my testimony, of Mr. Epstein's being told by an official member of the Soviet Embassy in Washington that Nosenko is the best qualified man in the United States, the best qualified man in the world reall}^ to talk about Oswald in Russia. That other story has to do— let me see — with the approach by a Soviet official to a large circulation magazine in this case Paris 3.[atch, offering a story to them, illustrated by pictures, a story of the pathos of the family of Yuri Nosenko, Colonel Nosenko, I believe is one of the many people who referred to Nosenko as a colonel, having left his family behind, and how this would turn into — there would be a divorce, and these children were left behind. 630 lie offered, by way of illustration of tliis heartrending article, a pic- ture of two daughters, I think, as I remember — I think we got hold of them — on a boat in a lake somewhere, I suppose in ^Moscow. In other words, here was a Soviet ofncial coming and saying here is the family. In other words, they were talking about the f amil3\ For the first time in our experience, after a defection, the wife and mother of the defector came to the American Embassy to plead with the Em- There bassyhadto, I don't been know, at thatgive timetheir no son back or Isomething, precedent. I don't believe since then loiow. there have been one or two similar cases where the family has done this, but I can assure you that no family of any defector is going to be free to go to the American Embassy in Moscow, unless the KGB wants it that way. So, I find the whole family business, from what we knovr about the family after the defection, very strange. As to their faith, I don't think we do know. At least not at the time I left the operation, I don't think we had any really firm information about whether they had suffered or whether they just had gone ahead with a divorce. I am told, by the way, by some sources, that if a man defects, he becomes automatically an enemy of the state and a divorce is gTanted automatically. I was told unofficially somewhere in between, after I had left the case, that, if memory serves me, that a divorce had gone through in the Soviet Union. Xow, how that is known, I have no idea. Perhaps through Nosenko ; perhaps he was notified in some way. Mr. FiTHL\N. I wanted to turn to what seems to me to be kind of a curious situation. I refer to the questions that you say you submitted to the FBI. _ Ju.st glancing over them, there seems to be several questions in which the CIA would have just been vitally interested in — how the KGB works against American tourists, for example, any techniques, any process, any procedure or whatever. I don't know, Mr. Klein, I have not reviewed the interviews of the 23d andthe 27th — I have not had them available to me, so I may just be covering ground that you have already covered. If that is so, Judge, we could save this time. But in the second question listed, the second set of questions that you gave to the FBI, among others in that section was, "Describe the routine handling procedure of U.S. tourists to the Soviet Union. Was Oswald's trip handled any differently?" You alluded earlier this morning to the fact that you were always trying to update your files on procedures. It seems to me that you had a potential, at least, a superb opportunity, a person who had worked in this sensitive area, right in the area of one of the important pro- cedures as far as we would be concerned, and that is safeguarding American tourists from being som.ehow enticed away to becom^e de- fectors and so on. Am I to believe that 3'ou submitted these to the FBI, the FBI did or did not use them, you are not sure, and then subsequently you never really returned to this ? ]\Ir. D. 0. No. I don't know how it got included in the questions for the FBI for ISTosenko because it involves the handlinir of touiists. I 631 "We did a very, very systematic debriefing of Islr. Nosenko on the sub- ject of the KGB's handlino- of American and other tourists in the JSoviet Union. I must say that if I had to list the information which is valuable, that would be at the top of the list. He had that. He gave it well. We got it out, and we put it into forms which would serve the purposes that you just mentioned, iSIr. Fithian. We circulated widely not only to those elements of the U.S. Gov- ernment, and even to the American public — I think a version was put out into the public domain. But to foreign liaison services, to our allies who themselves could draw value from knowing the techniques of the KGB control and actions against foreign tourists in the U.S.S.R.. Yes, indeed, weAnother did that. Why it appears there, I don't laiow. Mr. Fithian. is a question which seems logical enough. If jou worked so hard at trying to establish Nosenko's authenticity, it would be likely that they Avould work equally hard on establishing whether Oswald was bona fide or not. Mr. D. C. Much, much harder. Mr. Fithian. Did you ever ask Nosenko ? Mr. D. C. Of course. INIr. Fithian. Those questions ? ]Mr. D. C. I can only say the answer is of course. I don't know what the record shows, but there is no doubt that we at some point shov/ed some — perhaps it was in the house — but we must have indicated to Mr. Nosenko our disbelief in this disinterest on the part of the KGB. I don't know what the record shows on that, but it was blatant. We were aware of it at the time. It seems almost unthinkable to me that -we didn't confront Nosenko with it and ask for an expbnation. By the way, I would think that this is one of the many times when he, I won't say clams up, but when he stubbornly opposes the line of questioning by simplj^ repeating what he said before; that is, that it is uninteresting, uninteresting— at v/hich a standard — I am not sure this happened, I am saying this is the way it would have gone — we would have said, "Well, that doesn't answer the question." This was an American young exmarine coming into 3'our country. He would say, he is unstable. I am sure this was his line of defense tiofainst this type of question — that this man was considered person- ally unstable, and uninteresting — those words are used over and over again, I believe, in the reports. I think ]\Ir. Klein knows the reports better than I do at this point. But he emphasized that the act of suicide, or attempted suicide, in the first place, showed that the man was unstable, and after that the psychiatric examinations which either were or were not done more or less confirmed this. To believe ISfr. Nosenko, this suspended all their procedures. But that the question was asked to him. how is this possible I have no doubt. It must have been. Mv. Fithian. Do you happen to know, just from your own loiowl- edge of Russian operations, whether a person judged unstable, an American who wanted to defect and so on, would have been_ per- mitted under Russian law or procedures to marrv a Rur^sian citizen? "Mv. D. C. I don't know the answer to that question. I don't know. 632 Mr. FiTiiiAK. Do you have any iirfoniiation at all on Marina and any relationship that she had to the KGB in any way, shajDe or form I Mr. D. C. None whatsoever. On the contrary, lie said she was an uninterestino; o-irl with no character, nothing. I remember this re- sponse about Marina. Mr. FiTiiiAN. You mean tliat is Nosenko's ? Mr. D. C. Nosenko's response, as I remember. I am surely not hav- ing afailure of memory here, but I know that he must have addressed himself, and that v/e must hiive asked him about Marina. His reaction, I knovr, I remember his statement tliat she was of no interest. I tliink it may have been in comiection with why did they let her go. Well, she was of no value, no interest, it didn't matter,, dumb girl, something of tluit sort. Mr. questions. more FrniiAN. ILet^me suspend thought I had atonetlieormoment. two moreI may as I not have back walked anv over. Judge. Mr. Pkevejb. Well, I will ask a few, and maybe it vrill refresh your recollection. When you first brought Nosenko to this country, there was a free period, as you described it, in which he was treated like any other defector. Some of the recent news stories, some of the treatment is quite free indeed, I notice. But you indicated that he resisted nomial questioning during the free period. That resistance was mere in terms of simply evading your questions ? He vras not physically trying to evade you ( Mr. D. G. No, no, no, no. It was in terms of evading the questions. Mr. Peeyer. I^jut you felt lie wasn't responding the way a normal defector during that free period might respond, in tlie openness with which he would [inswcr questions ? Mr. D. C. Absolutely. Mr. Pkeyer. Then you went into a period of controlled questioning. He was first confined to a safe house, I gather, somewhere in the gen- eral area liere. Mr. D. C. Yes. Mr. Peeyer. When was he no longer ailovrcd to use alcohol ? Or was- there ever any period in which ho was never alhnved to use alcohol? Mr. D. C. I would say the entire period of detention. Tliere was never any question of his having an}' alcohol from April 4 onward. jMr. Prei-er. So as soon as he went from the free period of question- ing to the safe house, controlled period, all alcohol was barred from. that tiKie on? My. I). C. Yes, sir. Mi\ Preylr. On the question of hallucinations, T think you indicated that he did not suifer from any hallucinations from alcohol. Did he ever liave any periods in which he hallucinated, to your knowle(tge? Mr. D. C. This is a debated question. You may remember — in tlie periods when he was alone, not being questioned, he sometimes spoke is ashimself, to I remember and hethewould form i:he his guards that, tell hallucinations "I see something.'' That took. We were botli concerned and interested in it. The doctor went to him. He maintained he was hallucinating. This was, I believe, a ^T.ry 633 limited period. It ha-- been inade out as if this took place during periods Avlien he "tvas in face-to-face contact with someone in ansAvering questions. It isn't true. Ir was stricih,' noted by tlie guards and Tiosenko him- self sajdng' this to tiieni. The doctor, who is a trained psychiatrist, his opinion was that tliese h.aihicinaiions v^reve feigned. I am certainly not quaiitied to say wh?ther tliey were or ]iot. So. the answer to your question is I don't know whether he was actually hallucinating or not. I do know that it had iiothing whatso- ever at any time to do with the question sessions. It had no impact on his answers to any questions that he was ever asked. ]Mr. Prkyeh. Well, once controlled questioning began, yon have described it as somewhat spartan conditions. I think you have helped rc.-tore some balance to this nature of that question and confinement. >7ow, yon mentioned on the diet, ytnir comments on that I gather was tliat was tliat therechecked was a with deliberate ell'ort to put him on a lean diet, but that a doctor. ]\Ir. I). C. Yes, sir. Mr. Preykk. At reirular intervals? Mr. D. C. Yes, sir.^ ^Ir. Preter. Ho^'" often did you see Xosenko yourself once he, got into a controlled period of questioning? Mr. D. C. Frequently, during the first period of hostile interroga- tion. Ibelieve that is alh I participated from the wings in subsequent questioning, but not directly face-to-face with Xose]"iko. ]S[r. Preyur. During the iirst j)eriod, tlie safe house period, would you see him once a week or once a month? ^Ir. D. C Oh, no. I spoke about the hostile interrogation. Tliat was daily. That was for the period it lasted. I actually can't remember wliether that was a matter of 1 or -2 weck^-. It wasn't long. It was a veiy short pei'iod. Tlien I saw him very frequently indeed at the other side of the table. ]Mr. Preyer. Well, when he went into what hns been described as tlie bank vault period of questioning, was that the period when you did not see him very often ? ]Mr. D. C. Well, yes : I did not see him during the bank vault period at all. I did not see him after the first liostile interrogation. I did not see him face-to-face even in the fii-st holding area. In other words, during this summer questioning, the questionin.g tliat followed the liostile interrogation, and during the second hostile interroiration, I did not se*^ him. I '^aw him no more after the month of April 1964. yir. Preyer. Well, under whose direct control was he at that time, after vou no longer saw liim face-to-face? 3Ir. D. C. Mine. Your question was whether I saw him face-to-face. Mr. Preyer. Yes. Mr. D. C. But direct control, I would sav, in the sense of responsibil- ity for the interrogation and for the handling of the case !Mr. Preyer. These are all people in your division who were seeing jiiui and questioning him daily. Mr. D. C. Yes, sif. ^ \ Mr. Preyer. What relation is ^Ir. Angleton to your division? 634 Mr. D. C. They are entirely separate. Mr. Angleton's counterintel- ligence staff has a staff role as against an operational or executive role. The Soviet division was the organization within the Agency specif- ically operating against the U.S.S.R. and the satellites. We would run the cases, handle the defectors, plan and carry out,, sometimes throiifirh. people who v^^ere not members of the Soviet divi- sion, of course, in the stations abroad. Mr. Preyer. Did Mr. Angleton ever see him face-to-face during this; period ? Mr. D. C. No, sir. Mr. Angleton's role was as the overall agency, tlie seat of Agency expertise in counterintelligence in general. He kept an eye on these things, and he would have an advisory role. In this particular case, his role was conditioned by the fact that liis staff' Mr. was Preyer. managing Were the youearlier aware defector, of the twoX. lie detector tests that were given to him? Mr. D. C. Yes, sir. Mr. Preyer. Was it two or three ? Mr. D. C. I think three. Mr. Preyer. Three ? Mr. D. C. Yes, sir. Indeed, I was aware of them. Mr. Preyer. Is it accurate that they were given to him with the un- derstanding that he would be told he failed the test whether he did or not? Mr. D. C. After the test, yes. That is true. The first test given, at the time of his confinement, but before he was told he was going to be con- fuied, he was simply taken and given the test. Now, Mr. Ilart has said that there was already an extraneous ele- ment added, that somebody, instead of putting on the normal three controls of palm moisture and blood pressure and heart beat, that an additional thing, sometliing to increase his tension, v/as put on hiiri to allegedly be capable of measuring brain waves. I don't remember that. It is possible. If he has the record that it was done, fine, but I thought that the first lie detector test was given straight, and there was indeed, sir, the intent to tell him that he had failed it, as the means of opening the hostile interrogation, which would confront him with all the collected contradictions in his story and the what he said data hefrom was. outside his story which indicated that he wasn't Mr. Preyer. You mentioned somewhere in your testimony about the word "disposal" being political jargon, CIA jargon. Disposal does not necessarily mean liquidation in jargon, or does it ? Mr. D.'C. No, sir. I have never heard of the word being used for liquidation. I would like to just add one — as long as the subject comes up once more — I would really like to say one more thing about liquidation. I remember some years ago, Mr. Helms saying that not onlj would there be no assassination, murder, liquidation, any kind of this action which has been in the jargon called executive action, not only would there not be any, but there Avould not be any discussions or proposals, it Avould not be a subject fit for human ears within the agency. I have lived my time in the agency under that belief. Like many other officers of the agency were surprised when the publicity came out 635 about someone had contemplated, one or two or three of these political assassinations, they were counter to what I thought was the very spe- cilic, explicit policy of the agency. It was unthinkable that anyone could therefore have thought oi dis- posal in those terms. Mr. Pkeyek. Well, the question of disposal in the sense of resolving this issue in some ways must have certainly occurred from— at increas- ingly frequent intervals, I would think— wliere you have a man in this controlled custody for some 5 years and where it became, was begin- ning to become clear that you were not going to get much one way or the other from him. Which gets back to the question of what you referred to as the duped leadership, and the idea that a small handful of you were aware of this, were aware of his treatment, but that no one else was really very aware of what was going on. Would you make periodic reports to somebody from time to time of the progress or lack of progress that was being made? ;Mr. D. C. Oh, yes, yes; indeed. First of all, who knew about it is the first thing— the small group we are talking about consisted of everyone on that particular^ case, that operation, everyone responsible. In other words, for the inter- rogation of Nosenko and the investigation of his leads, and the use of his information for whatever purpose within our agency, which meant primarily certain elements of the Soviet division, Soviet bloc division. It involved the counterintelligence staff, as I mentioned, because of their advisory function in counterintelligence matters. In that case it meant the chief of staff and those members that he delegated to be aware of this, and there were several. It meant the Office of the Chief of the Clandestine Services, known then as the Deputy Director for Plans, and since changed to the Deputy Director for Operations, I believe, the DDO, his office and the^ assistant DDO office, DDP at that who time- thp assistant DDP's of- fice, and those members of that office needed to cope with the paper. On upward to the office of the, I guess— my dates may be a little fuzzy— but I think the then-Deputy Director of the agency, then- Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, Mr. Helms. It goes without saying if we are sending the doctor out to check him next week, or if we are planning to interrogate him on a certain subject, or if we are talking about making — giving him or not giving him books to read, or things like that, that we would never go to Mv. Helms about that. But if we were planning an interrogation session on a certain sub- ject, or plannin.rr somethins: that was substantive or if a cortnin amount of time had passed, and it was just time to check in, Mr. Helms was always available, as I think he has testified. _ He was always available. Surely, as I read what he said, I think what he said was a very accurate reflection of what was really going on. In other words, he got some of it, but by no means all of it. He wouldn't liave known that the man was hot or cold. If the man had been — if that had been a matter of policy, to make the man hot or cold, he most surely would have known about it. But the various little 636 aspects of tliis lioldi^is; certainly would not have been brought to his attention routinely. They would have been brought to the attention of whoever was concerned. There was a lot of consultation in advance. There was a lot of I>Griodic consultation— staff meetings, I suppose you would call it— on the subject. As you say, sir, there was increasing concern as time went on becaxise I felt that Mr. Helms was always aware, (a) that what we were doing was legal but (5) that it became more and more sensitive as time Trent on and this couldn't go on indefinitely. He v.-as as interested as he could be because he understood the impli- cations behind this operation, which were immense, and they went way beyond Mv. Nosenko. They went to several other operations, several other * * * people who were in touch witli us in one way or another. The implications underlying it clearly pointed at serious matters. Not only that Mr. Oswald may have been a Soviet agent, but also that there would be penetration in the U.S. Government. It followed logically as an implication of the fact that Nosenko could have been sent — and by the way, could have told us a false_ story about his career. I think that is a very menacing little piece of infor- mation because if he can lie to as about a key jol) during a key period, it would suggest to me that the KGB knows that v/e are unable to check on this, which I find disturbing. thisMr,wasPeeyer. "\^'ell, you the treatment thatcategorically Nosenko, anddeny, was then, knownanyto implication that only a handful, five or six people in the agency, and tliat they were deliberately — I think this is at least an implication from the testimony — deliberately hiding it from the upper echelon of the CIA for fear that the planted agent might get wind of it. ^Ir. D. C. I certainly do categorically deny that. There was — it is fiction. Within the agency, it always works on the need to know, and some operations are kept tighter than others. But a defector in our hand, held. unfortunately bv the very nature of things, can't be very tightlv The number of people who knew about the case and generally about wliat was going on were — was aj^propiiate. I would say there were in our division alone, there must have been five or six people directly talking to Nosenko. Plus those that were supporting them at the desk, plus the leadership of the division, plus all these elements of the counterintelligence staff. We are talking about a multiple of the five or six you are speaking of. It was done as am' such operation vrould be do7ie in tlie agency. In other words, all who had any I'esponsibility would know about it. All who had any responsibility for that particular line of work. Mr. Preyer. This question might be an invasion of privacy. If you don't want to answer it, don't answer it. I am just curious as to your general political viev/s — whether you are a liberal or conservative. I ask that because knowing some of your relatives, and knowing their views, they are hardly what would be known as hard line conservatives. There has been some implication that this group controlling Nosenko was a very hard line group. I don't know whether you want to comment on what your political views are. 637 Mr. D. C. Oh, yes, I would welcome that. Insofar as the tradition, family and otherwise, it certainly has been liberal indeed. My line of work has kept me apart from active political life in the United States, so I haven't identified myself in any way. But, I would certainly consider myself very strongly middle of the road. Then w^e came to the whole question of being anti- Soviet or not. To say that I am hard line anti-Soviet, anti-KGB, anti — well, that is enough — Soviet and KGB I most assuredly am. I think — I make remarks here which I think even looking at them now seem fairly firm about what the KGB is up to in terms of deception and sub- version. I have been exposed to the people who are doing it for a very long time, and none of them has ever given any other view of what the KGB is up to. That is just as much 1978 as 1962 or 1958 or 1952, before the death of Stalin. Nothing has changed the basic thrust of the KGB's work against this country. I found it tremendously rewarding as a career to be able to focus on what was very clearly the enemy of our country — outside enemy of our country — rather than some of these Third World things which have caused such, well, really confusion in the motivation of some of the men that have had to work with them. I consider not that I would have been — I might have shared some of these feelings, and I might have taken — might have fallen on either side of the fence in those operations where we were supporting a government or a political party in certain Third World areas. I don't know how I would have felt about it because I didn't have to. So, I consider myself more lucky than anything else to have avoided that. But certainly the group who were exposed to KGB officers day in and day out, whether as adversaries or as defectors, are extremely anti-Soviet. I believe, by the way, that that permits me to be in American political terms a liberal. Mr. Preyer. Yes, I think Mr. Moynihan and Ben Wattenberg and a number of people of that sort would agree with you on that. Did you ever talk to Mr. Epstein ? Mr. D. C. Yes. Mr. P*REYER. About his book ? Mr. D. C. Yes. Mr. Epstein has made that clear publicly and I think there are certain things in the book which make that clear, too. Mr. Epstein got from others the basic outlines of the Nosenko story, and then made an approach to me, and I of course refused to talk to him. Later he came back, a few months later, and with a long letter tell- ing me some of the things he knew, which were things which I would never have thought could have gotten into the public domain. At which point I did accept to see him and he, without my saying a word, exposed exactly what he had and what he was doing and showed me what he was going to write, which was in its broad lines the general story of the Nosenko case and in its details full of confusion and inaccuracies. So, the primary help that I gave to Mr. Epstein on that book was to insure that at least the errors were not in there, and that this book. 43-792 0-79-41 638 which was going to be the first time that the Nosenko story was going to become public, that at least there would not be egregious errors. There are some errors of emphasis which Mr. Fithian has pointed out, which I happen to agree with. But that is entirely Mr. Epstein's busi- ness, how he chooses to interpret what he hears. Several of the things are wrong, and I gather they have even been accepted by the CIA. For example, Mr. Epstein insisted that there was some sort of a cleansing, of purposeful cleansing of the Soviet opera- tions of the CIA, and people like myself and the chief of the Soviet division were got rid of. intoI explained his book because to him at thatthe was time, I said I Ididn't incorrect. thinkhowthatI had told him should get gotten my assi^ment abroad, and how I justified my leaving my headquar- ters position. I happen to know the way in which the chief of the division got his overseas assignment. It had nothing to do with any such plot. I think in retrospect that we would have both done better to stay here and be purged, if purging was in the mill. In fact, it did, our assignments abroad did occur in the normal course of events. Mr. Epstein put it different. There are two or three things like that, interpretations which I most assuredly don't share. But the facts that Mr. Epstein has in the book are generally accurate. Mr. Preyer. Thank you. Mr. Fithian? Mr. Fithian. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. D. C, do you think that the CIA did all it could to cooperate with the Warren Commission ? Mr. D. C. Yes, I do, because — my exposure to it was by the way a minor one. I think — I know — on one of these occasions — it hasn't emerged in the record, and perhaps it will, but I thought I had actually gone over once with Mr. Helms to the Commission. It was at a time when Mr. Helms was making a statement — when Mr. Helms was telling — I think it is one of these things that has come out in all this testimony. My exposure to it was practically nil. I don't know, but the impression I get is that every effort within the agency, in every corner of the agency was to dig out everything we could that could possibly help the Warren Commission in its job. I am absolutely convinced of that. But I do stress that I am not in a position to judge because it was the counterintelligence staff that centralized the activity and all. But I know that our people dug, and dug, and dug. For example, in my section at the time, an officer went — we thought what can we do, how can we use the files of the CIA to contribute in any way. We decided to have a look at the photograph file of the agency, which is a rather extensive thing, and see just what Minsk looked like, and what we could see, the places that were in Oswald's life, in Oswald's background. It was a member of my section who dredged up, out of files of the CIA, a tourist picture which showed Oswald in front of I believe the opera house. It was one of those columned buildings. There was a tourist group, and there was Oswald. 639 This fellow came up to me and said, look, I have been looking through pictures of Minsk and doesn't this look funny to you, and showed me this picture, and that was him. That document, of course, is a part of the Warren Commission report. In other words, we were doing everything we could think of to do to help the Warren Commission. Absolutely good faith. Mr. FiTHiAN. I am curious. At the very outset Nosenko appears to be a fraud — that is pretty harsh, but I will let it stand. Assuming that was your interpretation, assuming you didn't get anything to persuade you that you were wrong, isn't 5 years ^ a long investment in somebody that you thought was a fraud ? Mr. D. C. What do you mean by investment, Mr. Fithian ? Mr. Fithian. Time, money, resources, commitment. Mr. D. C. No, sir, for what that meant, that case is potentially the most important and the most interesting operation possible, because as I say the implications underlying it— had we been able to prove, which we never were — we were certainly able to give operational indi- cations and enough to draw — operational conclusions at least as a basis for further activity or investigations. But we were not able to prove that this man was a sent KGB agent. Had we proved it, all of those implications would have come to the surface and would have been investigated, and I think the security of the United States would have been the better for it. So, I don't think this investment was too great. By 5 years, you are presumably Mr. Fithian. Is that longer than you worked with any other defector? Mr. D. C. Well, it is absolutely unique in the sense that there was no other defector that we gave either that much attention to or that type of attention to. Mr. Fithian. But you concluded, didn't you, that he really wasn't a very important person in the KGB ? Mr. D. C. I conclude that he may never have served properly within the KGB. That he was sent by the KGB to pose as a KGB agent there is no doubt. He is not a fabricator ; he is not somebody who pretends to be just on his own. He had detailed knowledge of KGB operations, which he claimed to have been part of his knowledge as an oflS.cer. Mr. Fithian. Is he the only person in your whole span that falls in that category ? Mr. D. C. No, sir. Mr. Fithian. That is, he was sent by the KGB ? Mr. D. C. No, sir, he is not. Mr. Fithian. Well, then I kind of repeat, if that is your conclu- sion, and if you thought him designed to mislead you to start with, you still don't think that much investment of time and resources and so forth is Mr. D. C. No, very much not so. If you know the man or you can make the operational assumption that the man is being sent against you, as we just have for purposes 1 1962-67. 640 of this discussion, you can read it in reverse and find out what really lies behind this mission of the KGB. Those indications are very, very interesting. They are as good as a look inside the KGB files. By the way, I won't digress here for very long, but I do want to give you an example to illustrate my answer. Mr. D. C. In the invasion of Normandy, 1944, there was a large, tremendous investment in deception by which the Germans were led to believe the main thrust of the invasion would fall on the Pas de Calais region instead of Normandy. Under General Patton an inva- sion unit was set up. All the radio communications which would accompany an army group was set up in trying to fool the Germans in making them thinS there was a group there. There were landing craft much too far away to participate in the Normandy invasion. The result was the Germans were fooled and when the invasion struck in Normandy, I believe it was the 17 German army groups were held at Pas de Calais because the Germans believed the Normandy inva- sion was a diversion. They held the force there and as you know, the landing was nip and tuck for 4 days. Had that German force in the north invasionbeenwould able have to befailed. present at the landing beaches, it's possible the The problem is, had the deception been known to the Germans as a deception, it would have told them that first of all, the 1st U.S. Army group doesn't exist, and second, that the diversion was toward the Pas de Calais to the north, and there was only one other place for the invasion, and that was Normandy. In other words, the perception of the allied deception would have been a spectacular piece of intelligence for the Germans. I don't neces- sarily want to put this thing on the same scale as Normandy, but it has all the same effect. If a perception is perceived it can be turned against the deceiver, and that is, in my opinion, what we did so long as we made the operating assumption Nosenko was sent. In other words, I do believe it was a valuable expenditure of time. Mr. FiTHiAN. You think the mistake to depart from that interpreta- tion was a serious one ? Mr. D. C. Very. More important in terms of lost opportunities than the things I speak about in my prepared testimony about the exposure of personnel to him. I think it's bad enough to bring him onto the premises and let him talk to counterintelligence trainees. I think it a very bad mistake to let him talk to our foreign liaison officials with- out informing them there is a body of evidence suggesting he is no good. I don't know exactly what they are doing, but in Mr. Helms' testimony I found an indication, a statement that he was of value to current counterintelligence investigations. It suggests to me that current information, current activities are being exposed to him. I think that is a mistake. Mr. FiTHiAN. You say in your letter to the committee, in a para- graph you say if Nosenko is a KGB plant there can be no doubt that Nosenko's recited story about Oswald and the U.S.S.R. is a message from the KGB. Then you say by sending out such a message, the KGB exposes the fact it has something to hide. 641 As Mr. Helms told you, that something may be the fact that Oswald may be an agent of the KGB. Do you have an opinion, and if so will you provide the basis for your opinion on two things: (1) The likelihood of that; and (2) I am struck by the use of the word "fact" — that conveys to me a very strong impression. Mr. D. C. That was probably not the very best word I could have chosen. It was meant to be softened by the verb, which was "may" — one of these messages "may" have been the fact that. It was not meant it was a statement of fact. It just follows — perhaps I can put that more felicitously by saying it would hide the possibility — instead of saying the operation would hide the fact, say the message hides the possibility that this man is or could have been a Soviet agent. By a "Soviet agent" I don't mean a Soviet assassination agent. I mean something quite different. Mr. FiTHiAN. I was just asked by Congressman Dodd's staff to follow up on this whether or not you would rule out the possibility that even though the KGB had nothing to do with the assassination that they would spend this kind of energy or effort personally to con- vince us they had nothing to do with it. Mr. D. C I think it entirely conceivable. If you accept the hypoth- esis, the supposition, the speculation that in fact they had something to hide and that something might have been perhaps he had a code name, perhaps he was a sleeper agent, they obviously couldn't expect as much from him coming back to the United States with a Soviet wife, they couldn't expect him to be elected President, but at the same time, they may have said, "We will get in touch with you in time of war," or they may have recruited him by saying, "We will get in touch with you by the following procedures." This is pure speculation. But then if he is on their rolls as a sleeper agent or for wartime sabotage or something of that sort, they would be absolutely shocked to hear their man had taken it upon himself to kill the American President. I would think their reaction could very well be of the sort you suggest. They might indeed change the mission of another man of another operation in order to get this message over to us that they really had nothing to do with it. The only thing I am quite sure of, I don't want to tell you what I think is behind us, because I really don't know, but I am quite sure of one thing, and that is that it's not true. That's all, it's not true ; they didn't speak to him, that the KGB didn't speak to Oswald in the Soviet Union, that is not true, by all logic, by everything we know. I can't prove that, and I am not making that as a statement of hard fact, but certainly within the framework of my knowledge of the Soviet Union and the KGB it is not true. Mr. FiTHiAN. Mr. Chairman, you will be happy to know I only have two more questions. Mr. Hart says rather flat out that there was a direct conflict between the two agencies as to interpretation of whether or not Nosenko was bona fide. He indicates the FBI thought Nosenko was bona fide when he arrived and that the CIA assumed he was a plant when he arrived. Is that accurate ? 642 Mr. D. C. Again, I don't like the word "assumed," but changing that word "assumed" to "suspected" I would certainly say yes. Now I don't know the FBI part of it, either. They had no basis to make such a judgment and they had no stake in it, as far as I can tell. They had a source coming here who had told them about a few Ameri- cans who had been recruited as tourists in the Soviet Union. He had a good knowledge as to how the Soviet Union recruited tourists who have been useful to the FBI. But they didn't get into as many fields as we did because Nosenko was a Moscow-based officer. Mr. FiTHiAN. One other question. Is it totally unreasonable to specu- late that the Agency might be in the process of leading Nosenko on at this point, using him even now to pass false information along to the Soviets? Mr. D. C. May I ask your third word there, I think you said "totally" Mr. FiTHiAN. "Totally unreasonable." Mr. D. C. Totally excluded, no, it's not totally excluded because I don't know. I have not been in the Agency and such people within the Agency who have talked with him make me believe it's not so. Mr. FiTHiAN. I was trying to look for other alternatives for the Agency to bristle so intensely as to send over Mr. Hart and sort of throw up the smokescreen and get the Agency in the worst possible light as far as the newspapers are concerned. The whole scenario is so totally unthinkable that I am puzzled. Mr. D. C. The only thing I can say is if they were working on the basis of a hypothesis or knowledge which is most concretely and specifically represented by myself, it would seem to me not terribly unreasonable to let me know that instead of doing what they did to me here. Therefore, all my instincts tell me that isn't it at all. Mr. FiTHiAN. You might be expendable ? Mr. D. C. Yes, but they must get some use out of me before they dispose of me. Mr. FiTHiAN. On page 39 of your testimony I would like for you to look at that again. This is my last point, Mr. Chairman. Down at the last full paragraph, which starts with "However," skipping the first part and dropping down to "Mr. Hart and Admiral Turner may frivolously dismiss them as they have done before your committee but the doubts are still there and it's irresponsible to expose clandestine personnel to this individual." The doubts you refer to are the doubts about Nosenko's authenticity. I guess my question is, do you want to close out the record standing by that statement? Mr. D. C. Well, I must admit your calling attention to that — is it the word "frivolously" ? Mr. FiTHiAN. Both the words "frivolously dismiss them" and the subordinate charge that they are acting frivolously. Mr. D. C. I would be happy because of the emotions involved in the word to retract the word "frivolously." Quite happy. But I sup- pose ithas come through my testimony and what I have said in answer to your questions that I find the use of this man, the positive use of this man vis-a-vis innocents, such as trainees, terribly bothersome. 643 I know — I don't think — I know that the people who are exposed to Nosenko in counterintelligence training are not told — they know there was doubt, but they are being specifically told, as Admiral Turner pointed out in a memo and as Mr. Hart has indicated here, was the work of halfwits. If this man is a Soviet agent and has a mission for the KGB in this country, it's a poor way to have some young man begin his career, to be exposed to him. Mr. FiTHiAN. In an irresponsible way? I am getting to the tre- mendous charge involved in this paragraph. Mr, D. C. I appreciate your concern about that and of course to the contrary I think you are being — Mr. Fithian, and may I ask you for a word, because I think you have offered me an opportunity to withdraw my word from the testimony and I'm certainly not going to say no. Knowing now exactly what I meant by that, can you think of — perhaps "I think it wrong to expose" — perhaps that should be the phraseology there. Mr. Fcthian. I hate to put words in your mouth, but Mr. Hart and Admiral Turner may dismiss them. To say "frivolously dismiss them" might do the admiral injustice here. Maybe Mr. Hart's statement before the committee may well constitute, you know, frivolous treat- ment or something ; I was pretty provoked by it myself. Then the second, that it's irresponsible — it's an error to expose. Mr. D. C. I very definitely will withdraw the word "irresponsible." Mr. FrrHiAN. That is in my reading such a terribly serious charge against the director Mr. D. C. I accept your comment with appreciation. Mr. Fithian. Mr. Chairman, I have no further comments. I would like to say this: I enormously appreciate your witness' time and patience with us in this matter. I think it has been just to me, as an individual Member of the House, just tremendously helpful, perhaps one of the better days I have had on the committee. Mr. D. C. Thank you. Mr. Preyer. I might just a^k one more question which might be more a comment. You raise the question of what the explanation of Mr. Hart's testi- mony was, Mr. Fithian, that where we seem to get a minimum amount of information about Lee Harvey Oswald, which is what we were after, and a maximum amount as to Mr. Nosenko's bona fide in a wide intel- ligence sense, would one explanation be, could it be it was simply the CIA's answer to Mr. Epstein's book, which was current at the time, very much in the news, and in that book, you are left with the thought there is a mole in the CIA ? If you accept Mr. Epstein's thinking, they may have thought it worth a little bad publicity temporarily if it would kill the idea there was a possible mole in the CIA ? Mr. D. C. I would say no one I have talked to has had that reaction to what Mr. Hart did. But on the contrary they are aghast and con- fused by it. I don't think it laid anything to rest. Now, it could very well have been the motive. I have even looked at the motive of their, in a sense, punishing me for having helped Mr. Epstein. I have used the analogy of somebody using a blow on the head, shoots himself in the foot. I don't believe they have helped their cause very much by this sort of reaction. 644 Mr. Preter. Mr. Klein, do you have any further questions ? Mr. Bjlein. No ; I don't, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Preyer. Mr. D. C, when a witness has concluded his testimony, under our rules, he is entitled to make a statement for 5 minutes on any subject that may have come up that he wishes to clarify or any- thing further he wishes to say. If there is anything further you wish to add at this point, we will recognize you for 5 minutes for that purpose. Mr. D. C. Well, Mr. Fithian has made a kind remark and I would like to reciprocate, not as a reciprocation but from the beginning of your work, I got hold of both Mr. Hart's testimony and the staff's work and was deeply impressed with the quality of the work of the com- mit e . Ihave today been treated with immense courtesy and interest and knowing full well at your regular schedule, at a time when you are pressed with some other things, not the least being the Eing mat- ter, I am awed, impressed, and deeply appreciative that you should have given me the time. As you know, I wanted to come and answer those charges, but I also wanted to make some points which I felt important which I do think are pertinent to your mission. Nevertheless, whether they are or not, you have received me with great courtesy and I appreciate it enormously. Mr. Preyer. Your testimony has been helpful and your testimony can add to our knowledge in this area. We appreciate your being here. If there is nothing further, the committee stands adjourned. [Whereupon, at 4:55 p.m., the committee was adjourned, to re- convene upon the call of the Chair.] 645 1 CERTIFICATE OF NOTARY PUBLIC 2 I, Annabelle Short, the officer before whom the fore- 3 going deposition was taken, do hereby certify that the witness whose testimony appears in the foregoing deposition was duly sworn by me; that the testimony of said witness was taken by me in shorthemd to the best of my ability and thereafter reduced to typewriting by me; that said deposition is a true record of the testimony given by said witness; tiiat"^ am neither counsel for, u d related to, nor employed by any of the parties to the action in 2 O 10 which this deposition was taken; and further that I am not a X t- < 11 relative or employee of emy attorney or counsel employed by the o 12 parties thereto, nor financially or otherwise interested in the z 5 =3 13 outcome of the action. ca 14 2 15 [ X/)n-yy^ ■^^CCf^^i^ir^Jt- Notary Public in and for 16 the District of Columbia ad 17 My Commission expires Ed as November 14, 1980 18 X 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 646 THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Congressional Research Service WASHINGTON, D.C. 205« THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY: AN ALPHABETICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Suzanne Cavanagh Analyst in American National Government Government Division and Sherry Shapiro Bibliographer in Government and American Law Library Services Division March 28, 1979 647 FOREWORD This comprehensive bibliography consists of every relevant book citation that could be found in the Library's card catalog and Books in Print. Periodical literature was identified (and selectively in- cluded) from the Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature; Public Affairs Information Service (P.A.I.S.); International Social Science and Humani- ties Index; America: History and Life; Social Science Citation Index; Magazine Index; Psychology Abstracts; Sociological Abstracts; Comprehen- sive Dissertation Abstracts; and the CRS's Bibliographic Citation File. Some of the noted periodical sources are from computerized, on-line data bases external to the Library of Congress. Other sources referred to in compiling the bibliography were: The Kennedy Assassination and the Warren Report; Selected References, by Richard Malow which is a CRS multilith report, GGR-119, published Sept. 23, 1966 (6 p.); American Political Assassinations; A Bibliography of Works Pub- lished 1963-1970 related to the Assassination of John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Robert F. Kennedy, [in pamphlet form] compiled by the Committee to Investigate Assassinations, with a forward by Bernard Fensterwald, Jr., 927 15th St., N.W., Washington, D.C.; 1973, 28 p. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1917-1963; A Chronological List of References, [in pamphlet form] by the Bibliography and Reference Correspondence Section of the Library of Con- gress, Washington, D.C., 1964, 68 p. and also, under the same title, a supple- ment [in monograph form] of, principally, monographs, by William J. Studer which was published by the Library of Congress in 1964 (25 p.); and the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Moves to Reopen the Inves- tigation, by Donald A. Baskerville which appears in the Library of Con- gress Information Bulletin of December 3, 1976. (6 p., 752-757). Credit is due the following people who assisted in the compilation of this bibliography: Sarah Collins, Nancy Fitch, Karen Keesling, Steve Langone, and Daniel Strickland. Jeffrey C. Griffith in CRS's Information Systems Section was instrumental in the retrieval of citations from on-line data bases external to the Library of Congress. Credit is due Robert Amorosi, Linda Bailey, Martha Schweitzer, Cheryl Scott, Lillie Thompson, and Sandra Wallace for the secretarial produc- tion of the bibliography. 648 The Library of Congress Congressional Research Service Washington, D.C. 20540 THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY: AN ALPHABETICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Accused. Time, v. 82, Nov. 29, 1963: 27-28. AP2.T37, V. 82 2. Acoca, Miguel, and Robert Brown. The Bayo-Pawley affair — a plot to destroy JFK and invade Cuba. Soldier of fortune, spring 1976: 12-22, 60-61. [Not in L.C. collection] 3. The Actual voices and events of four days that shocked the world, Nov. 22, 23, 24, 25, 1963; the complete story. (Phonodisc.) Colpix Records, CP 2500, 1964. R65-1928 4. Adams, Perry, and Fred T, Newcomb. Murder from within. Santa Barbara, Cal., Probe, 1974. 423 p. E842.9.N44 5. Adler, Bill, comp. The weight of the evidence, the Warren report and its critics, edited by Jay David. New York, Meredith Press, 1968. 303 p. E842.9.A68 6. After the tragedy. Tablet, v. 217, Nov. 30, 1963: 1181-1182. [Not in L.C. collection] 7. Aftermath of the Warren report. Broadcasting, v. 67, Oct. 5, 1964: 50. TK6540.B85, v. 67 8. Again the assassination. Newsweek, v. 68, Aug. 15, 1966: 30-33. AP2.N6772, v. 68 9. Agee, Phillip. Inside the company — CIA diary. New York, Stonehill Publishing Co., 1975. 639 p. JK468.I6.A75 1975b 10. Agony relived; second installment of the death of a President. Time, v. 89, Jan. 27, 1967: 58. AP2.T37, v. 89 11. Ahler, James G., and Joseph B. Tamney. Some functions of religious ritual in catastrophe: Kennedy assassination. Sociological analysis, v. 25, winter 1964: 212-230. HN51.A7, V. 25 12. All the elements. Newsweek, v. 73, Mar. 10, 1969: 364. AP2.N6772, v. 73 649 13. An almanac of Jim Garrison's investigation into the assassination of John F. Kennedy; the crime of silence. Austin, Tex., Research Publications, 1968. 22 p. E842.9.A7 14. Alsop, Stewart. Johnson takes over. Saturday evening post, V. 237, Feb. 15, 1964: 17-23. AP2.S2, v. 237 15. American Broadcasting Company. November 22, 1963. (Phonodisc.) New York, 1963. Matrix no. ABC-JFK A-D. R64-106 16. American condition. Nation, v. 197, Dec. 21, 1963: 425. AP2.N2, V. 197 17. Amrine, Michael. This awesome challenge. New York, Putnam, 1964. 283 p. E846.A6 18. Andronov, lona. On the trail of a President's killer. New times (Moscow), V. 1, Jan. 1977: 27-30; v. 2, Jan. 1977: 26-30; v. 3 Jan. 1977: 27-30. D839.N483 1977 19. Another assassination attempt by Lee Oswald? U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 16, 1963: 8. JK1.U65, v. 55 20. Anniversary of an assassination. Reconstructionist , v. 30, Nov. 27, 1964: 6. DS133.R4, v. 30 21. Ansbacher, Heinz, Rowena R. Ansbacher, Dsvid Shiver ick, and Kathleen Shiverick. Lee Harvey Oswald: an Adlerian inter- pretation. Psychoanalytic review, v. 53, fall 1966: 55-68. BF1.P5, V. 53 22. Anson, Robert Sam. The greatest cover-up of all. New times (New York), v. 4, Apr. 18, 1975: 16-29. E169.12.N45, v. 4 23. Jack, Judy, Sam and Johnny. ..and Frank, Fidel, Edgar... New times (New York), v. 6, Jan. 23, 1976: 21-23, 27-30, 32-33. E169.12.N45, v. 6 24. Anson, Robert Sam. The man who never was. New times (New York), V. 5, Sept. 19, 1975: 14-16, 21-25. E169.12.N45, v. 5 25. They've killed the President: the search for the murderers of John F. Kennedy. New York, Bantam Books, 1975. 408 p. E842.9.A74 650 26. Any number can play: question of whether the assassination was the work of one man. Newsweek, v. 68, Nov. 7, 1966: 37-38. AP2.N6772, v. 68 27. Appelbaum, Stephen A. The Kennedy assassination. Psychoanalytic review, v. 53, fall 1966: 69-80. BF1.P5, v. 53 28. Are there new leads? Newsweek, v. 89, Apr. 11, 1977: 32-33. AP2.N6772, v. 89 29. Arnoni, M. S. Garrison and Warren, anything in common? Minority of one, V. 9, Oct. 1967: 11-12. AP2.M55985, v. 9 30. As the book appears: a close look at the facts; concerning The death of a President by W. Manchester. U.S. news and world report, v. 62, Jan. 23, 1967: 50-52. JK1.U65, v. 62 31. As Warren inquiry starts; latest on the assassination. U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 30, 1963: 28-30. JK1.U65, V. 55 32. Asbell, B. 10 years later: a legacy of torment haunts those closest to the JFK assassination. Today's health, v. 51, Oct. 1973: 56-60, 62-63, 65. RA421.T6, v. 51 33. Ascoli, M. Interim reflections. Reporter, v. 31, Oct. 22, 1964: 12. D839.R385, v. 31 34. Ashman, Charles. The CIA-mafia link. New York, Manor Books, Inc., 1975. Registration no. A679827 Copyright Office 35. Assassination. Newsweek, v. 64, Oct. 5, 1964: 32-40, 45-52, 57-60, 62-64. AP2.N6772, v. 64 36. The Assassination: a nonentity for history. Time, v. 89, Jan. 13, 1967: 16-17. AP2.T37, v. 89 37. Assassination, as the plot unfolds: case against Oswald: how the President was shot. U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 9, 1963: 68-71. JK1.U65, v. 55 38. Assassination-behind moves to reopen JFK case. U.S. news and world report, v. 78, Jan. 2, 1975: 30-33. JK1.U65, V. 78 651 39. Assassination gives impetus to Dodd's gun bill. Advertising age, V. 34, Dec. 2, 1963: 1-2. HF5801.A276, v. 34 40. Assassination: now a suicide talks. Time, v. 109, Apr. 11, 1977: 20. AP2.T37, V. 109 41. Assassination of John F. Kennedy. (Motion Picture) Thorne Films, 1971. E842.9 42. The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. [Coverage of Soviet newspapers, Nov. 22-28, 1963] Current digest of the Soviet press, v. 15, Dec. 11, 1963: 3-15. D839.C87, V. 15 43. The Assassination of President Kennedy. East Europe, v. 13, Jan. 1964: 25-26. DR1.N363, v. 13 44. Assassination of President Kennedy; with report by T. H. White. Life, V. 55, Nov. 29, 1963: 22-32. AP2.L547, v. 55 45. Assassination syndrome fits Lee Oswald. Science, v. 90, Sept. 24, 1966: 229. Q1.S35, v. 90 46. The Assassination: the reporter's story; what was seen and read; television, newspapers, magazines; journalism's role: unre- solved issues. Columbia journalism review, v. 11, winter 1964: 5-31. PN4700.C64, v. 11 47. Assassination: the trail to a verdict; with report by G. R. Ford. Life, V. 57, Oct. 2, 1964: 40-50B. AP2.L547, v. 57 48. The Assassination: the Warren report. Newsweek, v. 64, Oct. 5, 1964: 32-40, 45-52, 57-60, 63-64. AP2.N6772, v. 64 49. Associated Press. The torch is passed; the Associated Press story of the death of a President. [New York] 1963. 99 p. E842.9.A85 30. Attorney for Oswald. Time, v. 83, Mar. 6, 1964: 47. AP2.T37, V. 83 51. Autopsy. Time, v. 82, Dec. 27, 1963: 18. AP2.T37, V. 82 652 52. Autry, James A. The Garrison investigation: how and why it began. New Orleans, v. 1, Apr. 1967: 8, 50-51. F399.N5, V. 1 53. Awful interval. Newsweek, v. 63, Jan. 6, 1964: 19-20. AP2.N6772, v. 63 54. Aynesworth, Hugh. JFK conspiracy: J. Garrison's investigation of a plot to kill J. F. Kennedy. Newsweek, v. 69, May 15, 1967: 36, 38, 40. AP2.N6772, v. 69 55. Back, Kurt, and Judith Saravay. From bright ideas to social research: the studies of the Kennedy assassination. Public opinion quarterly, v. 31, summer 1967: 253-264. HM261.A1.P8, v. 31 56. Back of the secrecy in the assassination probe. U.S. news and world report, v. 56, Feb. 24, 1964: 52. JK1.U65, V. 56 57. Back to Dallas; theories of J. Thompson and J. Connally. Time, V. 90, Nov. 24, 1967: 54-55. AP2.T37, v. 90 58. Bagdikian, B. H. Assassin. Saturday evening post, v. 236, Dec. 14, 1963: 22-27. AP2.S2, v. 236 59. Baker, Dean C. The assassination of President Kennedy; a study of the press coverage. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Dept. of Journalism [1965] 45 p. E842.9.B3 60. Banned in Moscow: Warren Commission report. Newsweek, v. 68, Sept. 12, 1966: 40. AP2,N6772, v. 68 61. Banta, Thomas J. The Kennedy assassination: early thoughts and emotions. Public opinion quarterly, v. 28, summer 1964: 216-224. HM261.A1.P8, v. 28 62. Baskerville, Donald A., comp. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy: moves to reopen the investigation; a selected list of references. Library of Congress information bulletin, v. 35, Dec. 3, 1976: 752-757. Z733.V57.I6, v. 35 63. Bedford, Subille. Verdict on Jack Ruby. Life, v. 53, Mar. 27, 1963: 32-34, 34B, 70A-71, 79. AP2.L547, v. 53 653 64. Behind the move to reopen JFK case. U.S. news and world report, V. 79, Sept. 15, 1975: 21. JK1.U65, v. 79 65. Belin, David W. Truth was my only goal. Texas observer, v. 63, Aug. 13, 1971: 13-15. F381.T368, v. 63 66. Belin, David W. Nov. 22, 1963; you are the jury. New York, Quadrangle, 1973. 521 p. E842.9.B44 67. They've killed the President. National review, V. 28, Feb. 6, 1976: 81-85, 88-90. AP2.N3545, v. 28 68. Belli, Melvin M. , and M. C. Carroll. Dallas justice; the real story of Jack Ruby and his trial. New York, McKay [1964] 298 p. KF224.R8.B44 69. Berendt, John. If they've found another assassin, let them name names and produce their evidence. Esquire, v. 68, Aug. 1967: 80-82. AP2.E845, v. 68 70. Berkeley, Edmund C. The assassination of President Kennedy: the pattern of coup d'etat and public deception. Computers and automation, v. 20, Nov. 1971: 24-26, 29-30, 48. TJ212.C58, V. 20 71. Berkeley, Edmund C, and Richard E. Sprague. The attempted framing of Jim Garrison. Computers and automation, v. 22, Dec. 1973: 23-29. TJ212.C58, v. 22 72. Bernert, Phillippe, and Camille Gilles. The Frenchman who was to kill Kennedy. Computers and automation, v. 22, Jan. 1973: 37-40. TJ212.C58, v. 22 73. Bethell, Tom. Earl Warren: on the mob's payroll? Washington monthly, v. 8, Mar. 1976: 35-46. E838.W37, v. 8 74. Was Sirhan Sirhan on the grassy knoll. Washington monthly, v. 7, Mar. 1975: 31-39. E838.W37, v. 7 75. Between two fires: Mrs. Oswald's testimony to Warren Commission. Time, v. 83, Feb. 14, 1964: 16-20. AP2.T37, v. 83 76. Bickel, Alexander M. CBS on the Warren report. New republic, V. 157, July 15, 1967: 29-30. AP2.N624, v. 157 654 77. Bickel, Alexander M. Failure of the Warren report. Commentary, V. 43, Apr. 1967: 23-26. DS101.C63, v. 43 78. Leo Sauvage and the Warren Commission. New leader, V. 49, Nov. 21, 1966: 19-21. HX1.N37, v. 49 79. Reexamining the Warren report. New republic, v. 156, Jan. 7, 1967: 25-28. AP2.N624, v. 156 80. Return to Dallas. New republic, v. 157, Dec. 23, 1967: 34. AP2.N624, v. 157 81. Big sale; exclusive photos for Life. Newsweek, v. 63, Mar. 2, 1964: 80. AP2.N6772, v. 63 82. Biller, Owen A. Suicide related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Suicide and life threatening behavior, v. 7, spring 1977: 40-44. RC574.L54, v. 7 83. Bishop, James Alonzo. The day Kennedy was shot. New York, Funk & Wagnalls, 1968. 713 p. E842.9.B5 84. Day in the life of President Kennedy. New York, Random House [1964] 108 p. E842.B5 85. The end of Camelot. Ladies home journal, v. 90, Nov. 1973: 77. AP2.L135, v. 90 86. Biskind, Peter. The FBI's secret soldiers. New times (New York), v. 6, Jan. 9, 1976: 18, 21-25. E169.12.N45, v. 6 87. Bloom tells his public relations role in Ruby case. Editor and publisher, v. 96, Feb. 1, 1964: 58. PN4700.E4, V. 96 88. Bloomgarden Henry S. The gun: a biography of the gun that killed John F. Kennedy. New York, Grossman Publishers, 1975. 152 p. HV8059.B55 1975 89. Blumberg, Rae Lesser, Samuel A. Mueller, Suzanne E. Rocheleau, and Joyce A. Sween [Northwestern Assassination Research Group] Reactions to the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; a prelim- inary report. [Evanston, 111.] Northwestern University, cl969. 1 V. (various pagings) E842.9.N67 655 90. Blumenthal, Sid, and R. D. Rosen. The politics of conspiracy, the conspiracy of politics. Computers and people, v. 24, Apr. 1975: 24-26, 31. • TJ212.C58, v. 24 91. Blumenthal, Sid, and Harvey Yazijian, eds. Government by gunplay: assassination conspiracy theories from Dallas to today. New York, New American Library, 1976. 266 p. E842.9.G65 92. Boeth, R., and others. JFK: what the FBI found. Newsweek, v. 90, Dec. 19, 1977: 28. AP2.N6772, v. 90 93. Bonjean, Charles M. , Richard J. Hill, and Harry W. Martin. Reactions to the assassination by sex and social class. Southwest Sociology Association, v. 15, 1965: 21-37. [Not in L.C. collection] 94. Bonner, Judy Whitson. Investigation of a homicide; the murder of John F. Kennedy. Anderson, S.C, Droke House, 1969. 367 p. E842.9.B6 95. Bonsai, Philip. Cuba, Castro, and the United States. Foreign affairs, v. 45, Jan. 1967: 260-276. D410.F6, v. 45 96. Bonventre, P., and others. Opening the JFK file: FBI file. Newsweek, v. 90, Dec. 12, 1977: 34-35. AP2.N6772, v. 90 97. Bourbon street rococo; J. Garrison's investigation. ' Time, v. 89, Mar. 3, 1967: 26. AP2.T37, v. 89 98. Bowser, Hallowell. The perils of hasty history. Saturday review, v. 49, Dec. 31, 1966: 14. AP2.S273, v. 49 99. Braden, Tom. What's wrong with the CIA. Saturday review, V. 2, Apr. 5, 1975: 14-18. AP2.S273, v. 2 100. Branch, Taylor, and George Crile, III. Kennedy vendetta. Harper's, V. 251, Aug. 1975: 49-63. AP2.H3, v. 251 101. Brave little woman, M. Oswald before Warren's investigating commission. Newsweek, v. 63, Feb. 17, 1964: 17. AP2.N6772, v. 63 102. Breig, Joe. Assassination of a people. Ave Maria, v. 98, Dec. 14, 1963: 10. AP2.A9, v. 98 656 103. President Kennedy's death: why? Ave Maria, v. 99, Jan. 11, 1964: 9. AP2.A9, v. 99 104. Brener, Milton E. The Garrison case; a study in the abuse of power. 1st ed. New York, C. N. Potter [1969] 278 p. E842.9.B7 1969 105. Breslin, J. Death in emergency no. one: Parkland Memorial Hospital. Saturday evening post, v. 236, Dec. 14, 1963: 30-31. AP2.S2, V. 236 106. Bringuier, Carlos. Red Friday, Nov. 22nd, 1963. Chicago, C. Hallberg [1969] 174 p. E842.9.B74 107. Brienberg, Mordecai. Riddle of Dallas. Spectator, v. 212, Mar. 6, 1964: 305-306. AP4.S7, v. 212 108. Brigham, Robert. Russia: no, no, this cannot be true. Life, v. 55, Dec. 6, 1963: 129-130. AP2.L547, v. 55 109. Brogan, Denis W. Death in Dallas. Myths after Kennedy. Encounter (Great Britain), v. 23, no. 135, 1964: 20-26. [Not in L.C. collection] 110. Brooks, Steward M. Our murdered Presidents: the medical story. New York, Fredrick Fell, Inc., 1966. 234 p. RD96.3.B7 111. Broyles, William. The man who saw too much. Texas monthly, v. 4, Mar. 1976: 86, 88-89, 114-122. F381.T84, v. 4 112. Buchanan, Thomas G. Who killed Kennedy? New York, Putnam [1964] 207 p. E842.9.B9 1964 113. Buckley, W. F., Jr. Do they really hate to hate? National review, v. 15, Dec. 31, 1963: 559. AP2.N3545, v. 15 114. Butler, Ed. The great assassin puzzle. The Westwood village square, v. 1, no. 2, 1968: 21-28; no. 1, 1969: 26-27, 37-41. [Not in L.C. collection] 115. Butterfield, Roger. Assassination: some serious exceptions to the Warren report. Harper's, v. 233, Oct. 1966: 122, 124-126. AP2.H3, v. 233 657 116. Cadden, Vivian, and Gerald Caplan. Lessons in bravery. McCalls, V. 95, Sept. 1968: 12, 85, 115. TT500.M2, v. 95 117. Callahan, Dr. John W. Did Jack Ruby kill the wrong man? Argosy, v. 365, Sept. 1967: 29, 96-101. AP2.A7, v. 365 118. Cameron, J. Humane and sane. Commonwealth, v. 79, Dec. 13, 1963: 338-339. AP2.C6897, v. 79 119. Campbell, A. What happened in Dallas? Concerning H. Weisberg and E. J. Epstein°s theories on the Warren report. New republic, v. 154, June 25, 1966: 23-25. AP2.N624, v. 154 120. Campbell, Earl Vendryes. Kennedy's thoughts after he was shot. Bigfork, Minn., Northwoods, cl975. 44 p. E842.1.C35 121. Canfield, Michael, and Allan Weberman. Coup d'etat in America: the CIA and the assassination of John F. Kennedy. New York, The Third Press, Joseph Okpaky Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 314 p. E842.9.C36 122. Caplan, Gerald, and Vivian Cadden. Lessons in bravery. McCall's, V. 95, Sept. 1968: 12, 85, 115. TT500.M2, v. 95 123. Carney, Frederick S. Crisis of conscience in Dallas: Soul- searching VS. new faith in Dallas. Thoughts on the day of the funeral by Tom F. Driver. Christianity and crisis, v. 23, Dec. 23, 1963: 235-241. BR1.C6417, v. 23 124. Carnival in New Orleans: Jim Garrison's Investigation. Newsweek, v. 69, Mar. 6, 1967: 32. AP2.N6772, v. 69 125. Carr, Attorney General (Texas) Waggoner. Texas supplemental report on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the serious wounding of Governor John B. Connally, November 22, 1963. Austin, Tx. , Attorney General's Office, 1964. 20-1. E842.9.T45 126. Cartwright, Gary. Who was Jack Ruby? Texas monthly, v. 3, Nov. 1975: 82-86, 129-130, 132-134. F381T84, v. 3 127. Cartwright, H. L. Justice and Oswald. Nation, v. 197, Dec. 21, 1963: inside cover. AP2.N2, v. 197 658 128. Chambllss, Sanford. Who killed Jack Ruby? Real magazine, Apr. 1967: 40-42. TL789.F57 [Not in L.C. collection] 129. Chapman, Gil. Was Oswald alone? San Diego, Ca. , Publishers Export Co., 1967. 160 p. E842.9.C47 130. Charge of conspiracy. Newsweek, v. 69, Apr. 3, 1967: 36-37. AP2.N6772, v. 69 131. Charged: a cover-up in Kennedy killing. U.S. news and world report, v. 81, July 5, 1976: 21. JK1.U65, v. 81 132. A Child's eye: November 22, 1963 (motion picture). Group VI Productions (released by Pathe Contemporary Films), 1968. 8 min. F1A68-671 133. And a Child's yellow flowers. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 2, 1963: 36-37. AP2.N6772, v. 62 134. Chrlss, Nicholas C, and Jerry Cohen. New Orleans: act one. Reporter, v. 36, Apr. 6, 1967: 17-20. D839.R385, v. 36 135. A Chronology of tragedy. Time and tide, v. 44, Nov. 28, 1963: 7-9. AP4.T445, v. 44 136. The CIA and the man who was not Oswald. New York review of books, V. 22, Apr. 3, 1975: 24-25. AP2.N655, v. 22 137. Clardi, John. November 22, 1963. Saturday review, v. 46, Dec. 7, 1963: 16, 18. Z1219.S25, v. 46 138. Of chaos and courage. Saturday review, Dec. 28, 1963: 25. Z1219.S25, v. 46 139. Clifford, G. Warren Report: a new boost for the Kennedy memorabilia industry. Maclean's magazine, v. 77, Nov. 2, 1964: 3. AP5.M2, v. 77 140. Clinch, Nancy Gager. The Kennedy neurosis - a psychological portrait of an American dynasty. New York, Grosset & Dunlap, 1973. 433 p. E843.C54 1963 141. Cllne, R. A. Postscript to Warren. Spectator, Jan. 27, 1967: 99. AP4.S7, v. 218 142. Warren in the dock. Who killed Kennedy? Spectator, v. 217, Sept. 23, 1966: 371-372. AP4.S7, V. 217 659 143. The Cloak comes off. Newsweek, v. 85, June 23, 1975: 16-27. AP2.N6772, v. 85 144. Closing in; Garrison's unofficial chief investigator quits. Time, v. 90, July 7, 1967: 17. AP2.T37, v. 90 145. Cohen, Jacob. Conspiracy fever. Commentary, v. 60, Oct. 1975: 33-42. DS101.C63, v. 60 146. The Warren Commission report and its critics. Frontier, Nov. 1966: 5-20. F595.2.F7, v. 18 147. -^ What the Warren report omits: vital documents. Nation, V. 203, July 11, 1966: 43-49. AP2.N2, v. 203 148. Cohen, Jeff. The Oswald tapes. Crawdaddy, Aug. 1975: 40-43. ML1.C926 149. Cohen, Jerry, and Nicholas C. Chriss. New Orleans: Act One. Reporter, v. 36, Apr. 6, 1967: 17-20. D839.R385, v. 36 150. Cole, Alwyn. Assassin forger. Journal of forensic sciences, V. 11, July 1966, 272-288. RA1001.A57, v. 11 151. Collective guilt in the U.S.? Take a look at the world: with excerpts from address by Thruston B. Morton. U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 1963: 72-74. JK1.U65, v. 55 152. Collective or individual guilt. U.S. news and world report, V. 55, Dec. 1963: 10. JK1.U65, v. 55 153. Committee to Investigate Assassinations. American political assassinations: a bibliography of works published 1963- 1970 related to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King [and] Robert F. Kennedy. Washington, 1973. 26 p. Z8462.8.C65 1973 154. Compendium of curious coincidences; parallels in the lives and deaths of A. Lincoln and J. F. Kennedy. Time, V. 84, Aug. 21, 1964: 19. AP2.T37, v. 84 155. Condon, R. Manchurian candidate in Dallas. Nation, v. 197, Dec. 28, 1963: 449-451. AP2.N2, v. 197 156. Confusion compounded. National review, v. 18, Oct. 18, 1966: 1032-1033. AP2.N3545, v. 18 660 157 Cook, Fred J. Irregulars take the field. Nation, v. 213, July 19, 1971: 40-46. AP2.N2, v. 213 158 Warren Commission report; some unanswered questions. Nation, V. 202, June 13, 1966: 705-715. AP2.N2, v. 202 159 Warren Commission report: testimony of the eyewitnesses. Nation, V. 202, June 20, 1966: 737-746. AP2.N2. v. 202 150. Warren report and the irreconcilables : theories of Josiah Thompson and Sylvia Meagher. Nation, v. 206, Feb. 26, 1968: 227-281. AP2,N2, v. 206 161 Cooke, Alistair. After the President's assassination. Listener, v. 70, Dec. 5, 1963: 907-908. AP4.L4165, v. 70 162. Death of the young warrior. Listener, v. 70, Nov. 28, 1963: 863-864. AP4.L4165, v. 70 163. Condon, Richard. Winter kills. New York, Dail Press, 1974. 304 p. PZ4.C746Wi 164. Cottrell, John. Assassination. The world stood still. London, New English Library, 1964. 124 p. E176.1.C795 165. Counsel for Oswald. U.S. news and world report, v. 48, Mar. 9, 1964: 16. JK1.U65, v. 48 166. Covering big Jim. Newsweek, v. 73, Mar. 17, 1969: 105. AP2.N6772, v. 73 167. Covering the tragedy: news tragedy. Time, v. 82, Nov. 29, 1963: 84. AP2.T37, v. 82 168. Crawford, K. Warren impeachers. Newsweek, v. 64 Oct. 19, 1964: 40. AP2.N6772, v. 64 169. Crawford, Kenneth. The enemies he made. 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Fresh wave of JFK assassination titles suggest a host of new theories. Publisher's weekly, v. 208, Dec. 1975: 50, 52. Z1219.P98, v. 208 178. Dallas: late casualty. Newsweek, v. 67, Feb. 28, 1966: 31-32. AP2.N6772, v. 67 179. Dallas: new questions and answers. Newsweek, v. 85, Apr. 28, 1975: 36-38. AP2.N6772, v. 85 180. Dallas rejoiner. Nation, v. 198, May 25, 1964: 519. AP2.N2, V. 198 181. Dallas revisited. Time, v. 93, Feb. 21, 1969: 18-19. AP2.T37, V. 93 182. Daniel, J. When Castro heard the news. New republic, v. 149, Dec. 7, 1963: 7-9. AP2.N624, v. 149 183. Daniel, P. Assessing the blame in the President's death: excerpts from addresses. U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 14, 1963: 73. JK1.U65, v. 55 184. David, Jay, ed. The weight of the evidence; the Warren report and its critics, comp. by Bill Adler. New York, Meredith Press, 1968. 303 p. E842.9.A68 662 185. Day JFK died; excerpts from The day Kennedy was shot, by Jim Bishop. Ladies home journal, v. 85, Nov. 1968: 151-157. AP2.L135, V. 85 186. The Day Kennedy died. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 2, 1963: 20-26, AP2.N6772, v. 62 187. Deadly iteration. Time, v. 93, Mar. 7. 1969: 22-23. AP2.T37, V. 93 188. Death in Dallas. Reader's digest, v. 84, Jan. 1964: 39-44. AP2.R255, V. 84 189. Death of a modern. Spectator, v. 211, Nov. 29, 1963: 681. AP4.S7, V. 211 190. Death of a President. Commonweal, v. 79, Dec. 6, 1963: 299-301. AP2.C6897, v. 79 191. Death of a President; excerpt from the introduction to annual report of the Librarian of Congress for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1964. Library journal, v. 90, Aug. 1965: 3173-3176. Z671.L7, v. 90 192. Death of a President: the established facts. Atlantic monthly v, 215, Mar. 1965: 112-118. AP2.A8, v. 215 193. Death of a President: told in direct testimony; excerpts. U.S. news and world report, v. 57, Dec. 7, 1964: 68-70. JK1.U65, v. 57 194. Death of President Kennedy: statements by Sir Robert Menzies and Sir Garfield Barwick on 23rd November. Current notes on international affairs, Nov. 1963: 38-39. [Not in L.C. collection] 195. Decade of unanswered questions. Ramparts, v. 12, Dec. 1973: 42-44. AP2.R19, v. 12 196. Dee, Jay. Lee Oswald did not kill President Kennedy alone. 1st ed. Canoga Park, Calif., N.P., cl967. 49 p. E842.9.D34 197. Deep and growing doubts questioning the verdict of the Warren Commission. Newsweek, v. 68, Oct. 10, 1966: 36, 41. AP2.N6772, v. 68 198. Defiant defendant. Newsweek, v. 73, Feb. 24, 1969: 33. AP2.N6772, v. 73 663 199. Deighton, Len, Michael Rand, and Howard Loxton, comps . The Assass- ination of President Kennedy. London, Cape [1967] 1 v. E842.R32 200. Dellinger, David. Editorial: the Warren report...? Liberation, V. 10, Mar. 1965: 3-5. E838.L5, v. 10 201. The Warren report: the death of a President. Liberation, V. 9. Jan. 1965: 11-12. E838.L5, v. 9 202. Demaris, Ovid, and Gary Willis. Disposal of Jack Ruby. Esquire, V. 67, June 1967: 131-135, 172-174, 176-178, 180-184. AP2.E845, V. 67 203. Jack Ruby. New York, New American Library, 1968. 266 p. E842.9.W47 204. Dempsey, David. Warren report in mass production. Saturday review, V. 47, Nov. 7, 1964: 25, 38. Z1219.S25, v. 47 205. Denson, R. B. Destiny in Dallas: on the scene story in pictures. Dallas, the author, 1964. 64 p. E842.9.D4 206. Did Church panel cover up for JFK? Human events, 7, 1975: 6. D410.H8, v. 35 207. Diehl, William F., Jr. The press: its actions and reactions. New Orleans, v. 1, Apr. 7, 1967: 12-13, 52-53. F379.N5, v. 1 208. Dies, Martin. Assassination and the aftermath. American opinion, V. 7, Mar. 1964: 1-10; Apr. 1964: 33-40. AP2. 04732, V. 7 209. Different look at Dallas. U.S. news and world report, v. 56, Feb. 3, 1964: 42-46. JK1.U65, v. 56 210. Dimona, Joseph. Last man at Arlington. New York, Arthur Fields Books [1973] 315 p. PZ4.D5835 211. Dirix, B. Why was JFK shot? Atlas, v. 13, May 1967: 10-13. 664 AP1.A83, V. 13 212 Disclose the evidence: call for new investigation. 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Spearman (Jersey) Ltd., London, distributed by N. Spearman, 1976. 352 p. E842.9.E32 228. The Oswald file. New York, C. N. Potter, distributed by Crown Publishers, cl977. 240 p. E842.9.E32 1977 229. Eisenhower, D. D. When the highest office changes hands. Saturday evening post, v. 236, Dec. 14, 1963: 15. AP2.S2, V. 236 230. Ellis, William Scott. The Warren report. Jubilee, v. 12, Dec. 1964: 24-27. BX801.J8, v. 12 231. End and a beginning. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 9, 1963: 19-20. AP2.N6772, v. 62 232. The End of Camelot. Playboy, v. 23, Apr. 1976: 125, 127-130, 142, 193, 196, 198-200, 202-204, 206, 208. AP2.P69, V. 23 233. Ephron, N. Twelve years on the assassination beat. Esquire, V. 85, Feb. 1976: 58. AP2.E844, v. 85 234. Epstein, Edward Jay. Counterplot. New York, Viking Press, 1969. 182 p. E842.9.E59 235. Final chapter in the assassination controversy. New York times magazine, Apr. 20, 1969: 30-31, 115-120.1969 AP2.N6573 236. Garrison. 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E842.9.M28 539. Mandel, P. End to nagging rumors: the six critical seconds. Life, v. 55, Dec. 6, 1963: 527. AP2.L547, v. 55 540. Mannes, M. Long vigil. Reporter, v. 29, Dec. 19, 1963: 15-17. D839,R385, v. 29 541. Marchetti, Victor, and John D. Marks. The CIA and the cult of intelligence. New York, Knopf, 1974, 398 p. JK468.I6,M37 542. Marcus, Raymond. The bastard bullet; a search for legitimacy of Commission exhibit 399. Los Angeles, Rendell Publications, 1966. 77 p. E842.9.M34 543. Mardi Gras season. Newsweek, v. 73, Feb. 73, 1969: 34. AP2.N6772, v. 73 544. Marketing shoppers flock back to resume buying. Business week, no. 1787, Nov. 30, 1963: 80-90. HR5001.B89 545. Marks, John. A Kafka story, but its true. Playboy, v. 22, Aug. 1975: 59. AP2.P69, v. 22 546. Marks, John D., and Victor Marchetti. The CIA and the cult of intelligence. New York, Knopf, 1974. 398 p. JK468.I6.M37 695 547. Marks, Stanley J. American dream; American nightmare. 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Esquire, 180-182, 184. V. 67, June 1967: 131-135, 172-174, 176-178,AP2.E845, V. 67 998. Jack Ruby. [New York] New American Library, [1968] 266 p. E842.9.W47 999. Wilson, Richard. What happened to the Kennedy program. Look, V. 28, Nov. 17, 1964: 117-118, 120. 122. AP2.L79, v. 28 1000. Wire services appeal FBI denial of refund. Editor and publisher, V. Ill, Feb. 25, 1978: 17. PN4700.E4, v. Ill 1001. Wise, Dan, and Marietta Maxfield. The day Kennedy died. San Antonio, Tx., Naylor Co. [1964] 137 p. E842.9.W5 1002. Wise David. It will be many years... Good housekeeping, v. 158, 'peb. 1964: 90-91, 150. TX1.G7, v. 158 1003. Secret evidence on the Kennedy assassination. Saturday evening post, v. 241, Apr. 6, 1968: 70-73. AP2.S2, V. 241 736 1004. Wise, David, and Thomas Ross. The espionage establishment. New York, Random House [1967] 308 p. UB270.W56 1005. The espionage establishment. London, Cape, 1968. 308 p. UB270.W56 1969 1006. The invisible government. New York, Random House, 1964. 375 p. JK468.I6.W5 1007. Wolfenstein, Martha, and Gilbert W. Kliman, eds. Children and the death of a President; multidisciplinary studies. New York, Doubleday, 1966. 256 p. BF723.D3.W6 1008. Children and the death of a President; multidisciplinary studies. Gloucester, Mass., P. Smith, 1969 [cl965] 288 p. BF723.D3W6 1009. The World and the White House. New statesman, v. 66, Nov. 29, 1963: 765. AP4.N64, v. 66 1010. World listened and watched: radio-TV meet greatest challenge in wake of JFK tragedy... Broadcasting, v. 65, Dec. 2, 1963: 36-61. TK6540.B85, v. 65 1011. World mourns in doubt, fear, hope. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 9, 1963: 56-58. AP2.N6772, v. 62 1012. World weeps and waits. Business week, no. 1787, Nov. 30, 1963: 30-31. HF5001.B89 1013. Worthington, Peter. The limelight: why Jack Ruby's first trial couldn't happen here. Maclean's, v. 77, Apr. 18, 1964: 3-4. AP5.M2, V. 77 1014. Wrone, David R. The assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy: an annotated bibliography. Wisconsin magazine of history, v. 56, no. 1, 1972: 21-36. F576.W7, v. 56 1015. WQMR (Radio station). Four dark days in November [Phonodisc. Washington, Connie B. Gay Broadcasting Corp., 1964] Matrix no. PB1495-1496. R64-927 737 1016. X marks the spot. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 16, 1963: 27-28. AP2.N6772, v. 62 1017. Yarborough, Ralph. Sensory perception. Newsweek, v. 69, Jan. 16, 1967: 6. AP2.N6772, v. 69 1018. Yazijian, Harvey, and Sid Blumenthal, eds . Government by gunplay: assassination conspiracy theories from Dallas to today. New York, New American Library, 1976. 266 p. E842.9.G65 1019. You all know me. I'm Jack Ruby. Esquire, v. 67, May 1967: 79-87, 153-164. AP2.E845, v. 67 1020. Young, Roger. The investigation: where it stands today. New Orleans, V. 1, July 1967: 16-17, 54-59. F379.N5, v. 1 1021. Zwart, Jacques. Invitation to hairsplitting; a hypercritical invest- igation into the true function of the Warren Commission and the true nature of the Warren report. Amsterdam, Paris. [1970] 40 p. E842.9.Z9 738 INDEX Assassinations 11, 27, 35, 36, 41-44, 46, 55, 58-59, 82, 102, 137-138, 153, 164, 205, 214, 219, 242, 283, 307, 322, 352, 366, 392, 459, 462, 497, 516, 571, 574-575, 577, 580, 582, 584-585, 600, 606, 608, 621, 627, 630, 634, 650-652, 669, 671, 688, 692, 701, 721, 729-730, 734, 752-754, 763-764, 781, 789, 792, 797, 808, 817, 823-825, 832, 839, 841, 843, 846, 852, 871, 890, 900, 931, 973, 977, 1015 Castro, Fidel 95, 182, 429, 745 CIA 9, 34, 99, 121, 136, 218, 256, 310, 398, 456, 492, 530, 541, 546, 638-639, 655, 693, 746, 748, 759, 787, 854, 937, 958, 964 Connally, John 57, 125 Conspiracy 12, 18, 22, 24-26, 28, 54, 57, 69-72, 90-91, 107, 112, 114, 119, 130-131, 145, 174, 177, 196, 212, 215, 225, 234, 235, 237, 245, 255, 263, 273-275, 278, 280, 282, 287, 289, 308, 309, 324-325, 338, 340, 344, 366, 414, 437, 440, 455, 462, 472, 477, 481, 504, 512, 524-525, 527, 529, 548-551, 586, 591, 599, 610-611, 613, 629, 649, 681-682, 690, 696, 705, 716, 728, 739, 741, 743, 756, 762, 775, 780, 791, 796, 800, 842, 855, 864, 872, 875, 904, 941, 960, 963-965, 975, 981, 985-991, 1018 Cuba 95, 365, 414, 595, 656, 783-784, 788 Cuban Exiles 2 FBI 86, 92, 96, 249, 252, 305, 401, 406, 710, 854, 913, 937, 955, 1000 Garrison Investigation 13, 29, 52, 54, 97, 104, 124, 134, 144, 149, 166, 176, 207, 217, 236, 254, 263, 290-295, 362, 411, 416, 458, 531, 589, 619, 680, 685, 722, 727, 811, 813, 815, 859, 862, 874, 897, 899, 936, 940, 976, 1020 Grassy Knoll 74 House Select Committee on Assassinations 331, 371, 483, 908-911, 914-916, 993 Johnson, Lyndon B 14, 248, 257, 268, 333, 413, 415, 426, 460, 470-471, 502 739 Kennedy. John F. (Pres.) 37-38, 41, 49, 51, 54. 59, 62, 64, 83-85. 92. 94, 96, 103, 105-106, 108-109, 120. 125. 161-162. 169-172, 185-186, 188-194. 199. 206, 211, 223. 227. 231-232. 241. 247. 257, 259, 271-272. 286, 288-289, 297-299, 302, 315, 316-317, 324, 328. 332. 338. 342, 350, 353, 369, 372, 381. 391. 393-397, 399-400, 402-407, 412, 418, 424. 427-428. 434. 436, 440. 449-453. 462-464, 467-469, 482, 484, 487. 500, 502. 507. 510-511. 516. 519-520. 527-529. 532. 535. 538-539. 548, 555, 559, 562, 576, 593, 595. 598, 614-615. 618, 623, 625, 632, 633. 636-637, 657-658, 666-667, 670. 672. 678. 686. 714. 715, 725, 731, 758, 760-761, 778, 793, 807, 821, 834-837, 847-848. 850-851, 860, 863, 866, 869, 873, 876, 879-880, 884-885, 888. 891, 895, 906, 912, 917-922, 935, 959, 961-962, 966-968. 971, 974, 980, 984, 994-995, 999, 1001, 1003, 1014 Kennedy, Robert 257, 297, 462, 548, 715 Miscellaneous 4, 8, 10. 20. 30. 33. 40, 80-81, 98, 100, 110, 111. 116. 118. 122. 133, 140, 143, 150, 154-157, 163, 167, 178-181, 183, 187, 195, 198. 209-210. 213. 216. 222, 224, 226, 229, 233, 239, 243, 246, 260, 264-265, 269, 276-277, 284-285, 296, 306, 312, 318-319, 321, 323, 326, 329, 331, 339, 341, 346, 348, 354-355, 357, 360-361, 363-364, 368, 370, 374, 377, 380, 383. 384-386, 388-389, 409-410, 422-423, 430-433, 439, 441-442, 444. 446. 454, 457-458, 465, 476, 479-480. 486. 489-491, 494-496, 501. 503. 508-509. 514-515. 517, 522-523. 536-537. 540. 543-545. 547. 552, 557-558, 560-561. 564-565. 567-568, 572, 579, 583, 587, 588. 590. 594. 602-603, 605, 607, 609, 620. 622, 624, 626, 628, 631, 635, 659. 662-664. 666, 668, 673-674, 677, 679, 683-684, 687, 689, 691. 694, 697. 704, 709, 718. 720. 723. 733. 735-736. 742. 744. 747. 750-751. 765-767, 776-777, 779. 782, 790, 794, 795. 798-799, 802-803, 809, 812, 816. 819. 822. 827-828. 833, 840, 856, 858, 865. 867-868, 878. 883. 892, 894, 896, 898, 902, 903. 905. 932, 934, 942, 972. 992, 996, 1002, 1004-1006, 1009, 1010, 1016-1017 Organized Crime 23, 34, 73, 334-336, 787, 937 Oswald, Lee Harvey 1, 19, 21, 37, 45, 50, 88, 127, 129, 148, 165, 196, 228, 238, 252. 256. 266. 281, 320. 327. 345, 351. 367, 408, 419-421, 425, 445, 447, 474-475, 488, 493, 513, 526, 527. 554. 566. 570. 641-648, 653-654, 675-676. 698, 702-703, 713. 722. 726, 769-772. 806. 814. 818. 826. 831. 838. 849. 877. 882. 886. 933, 964 740 Public Reaction to Kennedy Assassination 3, 6, 15-17, 32, 39, 49, 53, 61, 82, 89, 93, 113, 123, 132, 135, 151-152, 208, 253, 267, 270, 283, 307, 321-322, 330, 343, 350, 358-359, 375-376, 378, 382, 390, 459. 466, 505, 553, 556, 592, 597, 604, 616, 665, 706-708, 724, 804-805, 810, 829, 844-845, 1007-1008, 1011-1012 Ruby, Jack 63, 68, 87, 117, 126, 128, 202-203, 220, 258, 300, 301, 303, 349, 438, 443, 447, 498, 506, 533-534, 660, 695, 699. 700, 712, 737-738, 901, 954, 978, 997-998, 1013, 1019 Single Bullet Theory 175, 373, 755, 979 Texas School Book Depository 244, 473 Warren Commission 31, 56, 65-66, 73, 75, 101, 142, 173, 258, 279, 304, 311, 313-314, 337, 347, 356. 373, 387, 426, 477, 493, 521, 542, 563, 569. 578, 596, 601, 617, 640, 732, 749, 768, 773, 774, 785-786, 820, 857, 861, 887, 893, 907, 923-924, 929, 943, 944, 948-949, 953, 956-957, 983, 1021 Warren Report 5, 7, 29, 47-48, 60, 65-66, 76-79, 115, 139, 141, 146-147, 158-160, 168, 184. 197, 200-201, 204, 221, 230, 240, 250, 261-262, 379, 417, 435, 448, 478, 485. 499. 518. 573, 581, 612, 661, 711, 717, 719, 740, 757, 801, 830, 853, 870, 881, 889, 921. 925-928. 930, 938-939, 945-947, 950-952, 969-970, 982 741 THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Congressional Research Service WASHINGTON. D.C. 205« THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY: A CHRONOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Suzanne Cavanagh Analyst in American National Government Government Division and Sherry Shapiro Bibliographer in Government and American Law Library Services Division March 28, 1979 742 FOREWORB This comprehensive bibliography consists of every relevant book citation that could be found in the Library's card catalog and Books in Print. Periodical literature was identified (and selectively in- cluded) from the Readers ' Guide to Periodical Literature; Public Affairs Information Service (P. A. I . S.); International Social Science and Humani- ties Index; America: History and Life; Social Science Citation Index; Magazine Index; Psychology Abstracts ; Sociological Abstracts; Comprehen- sive Dissertation Abstracts; and the CRS ' s Bibliographic Citation File. Some of the noted periodical sources are from computerized, on-line data bases external to the Library of Congress. Other sources referred to in compiling the bibliography were: The Kennedy Assassination and the Warren Report; Selected References, by Richard Malow which is a CRS multilith report, GGR-119, published Sept. 23, 1966 (6 p.); American Political Assassinations; A Bibliography of Works Pub- lished 1963-1970 related to the Assassination of John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Robert F. Kennedy, [in pamphlet form] compiled by the Conunittee to Investigate Assassinations, with a forward by Bernard Fensterwald, Jr., 927 15th St., N.W., Washington, D.C.; 1973, 28 p. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1917-1963; A Chronological List of References, [in pamphlet form] by the Bibliography and Reference Correspondence Section of the Library of Con- gress, Washington, D.C., 1964, 68 p. and also, under the same title, a supple- ment [in monograph form] of, principally, monographs, by William J. Studer which was published by the Library of Congress in 1964 (25 p.); and the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Moves to Reopen the Inves- tigation, by Donald A. Baskerville which appears in the Library of Con- gress Information Bulletin of December 3, 1976. (6 p., 752-757). Credit is due the following people who assisted in the compilation of this bibliography: Sarah Collins, Nancy Fitch, Karen Keesling, Steve Langone, and Daniel Strickland. Jeffrey C. Griffith in CRS's Information Systems Section was instrumental in the retrieval of citations from on-line data bases external to the Library of Congress. Credit is due Robert Amorosi, Linda Bailey, Martha Schweitzer, Cheryl Scott, Lillie Thompson, and Sandra Wallace for the secretarial produc- tion of the bibliography. 743 CRS - li TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Foreword i 1963 1 1964 7 1965 16 1966 19 1967 24 1968 31 1969 34 1970 36 1971 37 1972 38 1973 39 1974 AO 1975 42 1976 46 1977 50 1978 52 I 744 CRS - 1 1963 Accused. Time, v. 82, Nov. 29, 1963: 27-28. AP2.T37, V, 82 After the tragedy. Tablet, v. 217, Nov. 30, 1963: 1181-1182. [Mot la L.C. collection] American Broadcasting Company. November 22, 1963. (Phonodisc) New York, 1963. Matrix no. ABC-JFK; A-D. R64-106 American condition. Nation, v. 197, Dec. 21, 1963: 425. AP2.N2, V. 197 Another assassination attempt by Lee Oswald? U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 16, 1963: 8. JK1.U65, v. 55 As Warren inquiry starts; latest on the assassination. U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 30, 1963: 28-30. J1C1.U65, v. 55 Assassination, as the plot unfolds: case against Oswald: hov; the President was sliot. U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 9, 1963: 60-71. JK1.U65, v. 55 Assassination gives impetus to Dodd's gun bill. Advertising age, V. 34, Dec. 2, 1963: 1-2. HF5801.A276, v. 34 The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. [Coverage of Soviet newspapers, Nov. 22-23, 1963] Current digest of the Soviet press, v. 15, Dec. 11, 1963: 3-15. D839.C37, V. 15 Assassination of President Kennedy; with report by T. H. White, Life, V. 55, Nov. 29, 1963: 22-32. AP2.L547, v. 55 Associated Press. The torch is passed; the Associated Press story of the death of a President. ['Aew York] 1963. 99 p. E842.9.A85 Autopsy. Time, v. 32, Dec. 27, 1963: IR. AP2.T37, v. 82 Bagdikian, B. H. Assassin. Saturday evening post, v. 236, Dec. 14, 1963: 22-27. AP2.S2, v. 236 Bedford, Subille. Verdict on Jack Ruby. Life, v. 53, "^lar. 27, 1963: 32-34, 34B, 70A-71, 79. AP2.L547, v. 53 Breig, Joe. Assassination of a people. Ave Maria, v. 93, Dec. 14, 1963: 10. AP2.A9, v. 98 Breslin, J. Death in emergency no. one: Parkland 'lemorial Hospital. Saturday evening post, v. 236, Dec. 14, 1963: 30-31. AP2.S2, V. 236 Brigham, Robert. Russia: no, no, this cannot be true. Life, V. 55, Dec. 6, 1963: 129-130. AP2.L547, v. 55 Buckley, W. F. , Jr. Do they really hate to hate? National review, v. 15, Dec. 31, 1963: 559. AP2.N3545, v. 15 Cameron, J. Humane and sane. Commonwealth, v. 79, Dec. 13, 1963: 338-339. AP2.C6897, v. 79 Carney, Frederick S. Crisis of conscience in Dallas: Soul- searching vs. new faith in Dallas. Thoughts on the day of the funeral by Tom F. Driver. Christianity and crisis, v. 23, Dec. 23, 1963: 235-241. BR1.C6417, v. 23 Cart^^ight, H. L. Justice and Oswald. Nation, v. 197, Dec. 21, 1963: inside cover. AP2.N2, v. 197 745 CRS - 2 And a Child's yellow flowers. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 2, 1963: 36-37. AP2.N6772, v. 62 A Chronology of tragedy. Time and tide, v. 4A, Nov. 28, 963: 7-9. AP4.T445, v. 44 Ciardl, John. November 22, 1963. Saturday review, v. 45, Dec. 7, 1963: 16, 18. Z1219.S25, v. 46 Of chaos and courage. Saturday review, Dec. 28, 1963: 25. Z1219.S25, v. 46 Collective guilt in the U.S.? Take a look at the world: with excerpts from address by Thruston B. Morton. U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 1963: 72-74. JK1.U65, V. 55 Collective or individual guilt. U.S. news and world report, V. 55, Condon, R. Dec. 1963: 10. Manchurian candidate in 'Dallas. JK1.U65, Nation, v.v. 55197, Dec. 28, 1963: 449-451. AP2.N2, v. 197 Cooke, Alistair. After the President's assassination. Listener, v. 70, Dec. 5, 1963: 907-908. AP4.U165, v. 70 Death of the young warrior. Listener, v. 70, Nov. 28, 1963: 363-864. AP4.L4165, v. 70 Covering the tragedy: news tragedy. Time, v. 32, Nov. 29, 1963: 84. AP2.T37, v. 82 Crawford, Kenneth. The enemies he made. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 2, 1963: 35. AP2.N6672, v. 62 Daniel, J. When Castro heard the news. New republic, v. 149, Dec. 7, 1963: 7-9. AP2.N624, v. 149 Daniel, P. Assessing the blame in the President's death: excerpts from addresses. U.S. news and world report, v, 55, Dec. 14, 1963: 73. JK1.U65, v. 55 The Day Kennedy died. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 2, 1963: 20-26. AP2.N6772, v. 62 Death of a modem. Spectator, v. 211, Nov. 29, 1963: 681. AP4.S7, v. 211 Death of a President. Commonweal, v. 79, Dec. 6, 1963: 299-301. AP2.C6897, V. 79 Death of President Kennedy: statements by Sir Robert Menzies and Sir Garfield Barwick on 23rd November. Current notes on international affairs, Nov. 1963: 33-39. [Not in L.C. collection] Dudman, R. Commentary of an eyewitness. New republic, v. 149, Dec. 21, 1963: 18. AP2.N624, v. 149 Dulles, Allen. The craft of intelligence. New York, Harper and Row, Publishers, 1963. 277 p. UB270.D8 Economics: a shock, then recovery. Business week, no. 1787, Nov. 30, 1963: 92-93. HF5001.B89 Eisenhower, D. D. When the highest office changes hands. Saturday evening post, v. 236, Dec. 14, 1963: 15. AP2.S2, V. 236 End and a beginning. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 9, 1963: 19-20. AP2.N6772, v. 62 746 CRS - 3 Files of evidence connected with the investigation of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy; 21 vols, in 2 reels micro-film. Washington, Microcard Editions, 1963-64. E842.9F47 Foreign countries, too, mourn first citizen of the world. U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 2, 1963: 48-49. JK1.U65, V. 55 Foreign power: same goals, sterner style. Business week, no. 1787, Nov. 30, 1963: 31-32. HF5001.B89 From friend and foe in America: sense of shock and dismay at the despicable act, statements. U.S. new and world report, V. 55, Dec. 2, 1963: 49. JK1.U65, v. 55 Oilman, R. Facts of mortality. Commonweal, v. 79, Dec. 17, 1963: 337-338. AP2.C6897, v. 79 The Government still lives. Time, v. 32, Nov. 29, 1963: 21-32. AP2.T37, v. 82 Hart, Luke E. The death of President Kennedy. Columbia, v. 43, Dec. 1963: 3. AP2.C67, v. 43 The Hatred that consumes. . .address by Cnief Justice E. G. Warren on the assassination of the President. Hadassah magazine, Dec. 1963: 32. DS141.A2.H3 ['lot in L.C. collection] Have we learned our lessons? Christian century, v. 30, Dec. 18, 1963: 1567-1568. BR1.C45, v. 80 He gave his life; a newspaper's accouiit of the assassination of a President and the two weel.s that followed. Nashville Tennessean, [1963?] Unpaged. E842.".N3 Hercher, W. W. Thousand well-v/ishers, and one assassin. U.S. news and world report, v, 55, Dec. 2, 1963: 34-35. JK1.U65, V. 55 History's jury. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 16, 19C3: 25-27. AP2.N89 Izakow, Boria. The Dallas investigation. New times (Moscow), no. 49, Dec. 11, 1963: 10-12. D839.N483 747 CRS - 4 JFK could lose. Look, v. 27, Dec. 17, 1963: 94, 06, 99, 101-102. AP2.679, v. 27 Joesten, Joachim. They call it intelligence: spies and spy techniques since World War II. London, Abelard-Schuraan [1963] 314 p. UB270.J6 Johnson names commission to probe assassination. CQ weekly report, v. 21, Dec. 6, 1963: 2212-2213. JK1.5.C635, V. 21 Kennedy assassination — communist version. Communist affairs, V. 1, Nov. -Dec. 1963: 3-6. HX1.C717, v. 1 Labor: union rally to Johnson. Business week, no. 1787, :{ov. 30, 1963: 46, 48. HF50ni.B828 Lane, Mark. Oswald innocent? A lawyer's brief. National guardian weekly, Dec. 19, 1963. Microfilm 05144/J Langer, E. Kennedy's assassination: study organized by social scientists. Science, v. 142, Dec. 13, 1963: 1446-1447. Q153j, v. 142 Lasky, Victor. JFK, the man and the myth. New York, MacMillan Co. [1963] 653 p. E842.L3 Lawrence, D. Incredible tragedy. U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 2, 1963: 104. JK1.U65, v. 55 Levin, Bernard. The bell tolls in Dallas. Listener, v. 70, Dec. 5, 1963: 914. AP4.L4165, v. 70 Life. John F. Kennedy memorial edition: all of Life's pictures and text on the most shocking event of our time, includ- ing his biography and his most enduring words. Chicago, Time, Inc. [1963] AP2.L547 Lynd, S. , and J. Minnis. Seeds of doubt: some questions about the assassination. Nev; republic, v. 149, Dec. 21, 1963: 14-17. AP2.N624, v. 149 McGill, P.alp'a i;. Speaking out: hate knows no direction. Saturday evening post, v. 236, Dec. 14, 1963: 3, 10. AP2.S2, V. 236 McGrory, Mary. After great pain; a formal feeling. America, V. 109, Dec. 14, 1963: 764. BX801.A5, v. 109 Man who killed Oswald. Time, v. 32, Dec. 5, 1963: 34-35. AP2.T37, V. 82 Mandel, P. End to nagging ruiaors: the six critical seconds. Life, V. 55, Dec. 6, 19C3: 527. AP2.L547, v. 55 Mannes, H. Long vigil. Reporter, v. 29, Dec. 19, 1963: 15-17. D839.R385, v. 29 Marketing shoppers flock back to resume buying. Business week, no. 1787, Nov. 30, 1963: 80-90. HR5001.B89 Martyred President and nation's journey. Reconstruct ionist, v. 29, Dec. 13, 1963: 3. DS133.R4, v. 29 Marxist marine. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 2, 1963: 27. AP2.N6772, v. 62 Matthews, James P. Four dark days in history: Nov. 22-25, 1963. Los Angeles, the author, cl963. 63 p. E842.9.F6 Rare book collection 748 CRS Mayes, Stanley. I'Jhat they are saying. Listener, v. 70, Nov. 28, 1963: 868. AP4.L4165, v. 70 Minnis, J., and S. Lynd. Seeds of doubt: some questions about the assassination. New republic, v. 149, Dec. 21, 1963: 14-17. AP2.N624, v. 149 ftoment of tragedy. U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 2, 1963: 6. JK1.U65, v. 55 >fc)re than one man. America, v. 109, Dec. 7, 1963: 722. BX801.A5, V. 109 A Nation grieves. Interracial review, v. 36, Dec. 1963: 232. E1S5.5.I6, V. 36 Notes and comment. New Yorker, v. 39, Dec. 7, 1963: 45. AP2.N6763, v. 39 Now the trumpet summons again... Business week, no. 1787, Nov. 30, 1963: 21-23. HF5001.B89 On the far right: the assassination. Commonweal, v. 79, Dec. 27, 1963: 384-385. AP2.C6897, v. 79 Oswald and the weight of evidence. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 9, 1963: 36, 41-42. AP2.N6772, v. 62 Oswald killing discussed. Science news letter, v. 84, Dec. 7, 1963: 355. Q1.S76, v. 84 Other guns. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 30, 1963: 15. AP2.N6772, v. 62 Pacis, Vicente A. Hate campaign did it. Weekly graphic, v. 30, Dec. 25, 1963: 2, 3, 98. AP8.G7, v. 30 Panter-Downee, Mollle. Letter from London. New Yorker, v. 39, Dec. 7, 1963: 196-198. AP2.N6763, v. 39 Paris: le coup de Dallas. New statesman, v. 66, Dec. 6, 1963: 817. AP4.N64, V. 66 Phelan, James. The vice man cometh. Saturday evening post, v. 236, June 8, 1963: 67-71. AP2.S2, v. 236 Pity of it. Jewish frontier, v. 30, Dec. 1963: 3. DS149.A324, v. 30 Portrait of a psychopath. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 16, 1963: 83-84. AP2.Nfi772, v. 62 President assassinated by a gunman in Dallas. Illustrated London news, v. 243, Nov. 30, 1963: 887-839. AP4.I3, v. 243 Priceless role. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 16, 1963: 56. AP2.N6772, v. 62 Public relations firm sets press rules for Ruby's trial. Editor and publisher, v. 96, Dec. 23, 1963: 9. PH4700.E4, v. 96 A Quiet and sad day. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 30, 1963: 34. AP2.N6772, v. 62 Radio-TV barred from Ruby trial. Broadcasting, v. ?5, Pec. 23, 1963: 56. TK6540.B35, v. 65 Reaction in the South. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 16, 1963: 27. AP2.:J6772, v. 62 Reaction to killings. Science news letter, v. 84, Dec. 7, 1963: 358. ni.S76, v. 84 Reaction to the assassination; excerpts from reports to Christian century's news correspondents. Christian century, v. 80, Dec. 25, 1963: 1618-1619. BR1.C45, v. 80 749 CRS - 6 Report from the FBI. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 23, 1963: 19-20. AP2.N6772, v. 62 Royster, V. No time for collective guilt. U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 9, 1963: 72. Jl<;l.U65, v. 55 Sad and solemn duty; commission to investigate the assassination of J. Kennedy. Time, v. 87, Dec. 13, 1963: 26-27. AP2.T37, V. 87 Schlesinger, Arthur M. , Jr. A eulogy: John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Saturday evening post, v. 236, Dec. 14, 1963: 32-32A. AP2.S2, v. 236 Senseless tragedy. Saturday evening post, v. 236, Dec. U, 1963: 19. AP2.S2, v. 236 Seventy-two hours and what they can teach us. Life, v. 55, Dec. 6, 1963: 4. AP2.L547, v. 55 Shame of Dallas. Saturday review, v. 46, Dec. 28, 1963: 26. AP2.S273, V. 46 Shayon, Robert Lewis. The relevant question. Saturday review, v. 46, Dec. 14, 1963: 23. Z1219.S25, v. 46 Shock, then recovery: impact of the assassination of Pres. Kennedy, opinions of U.S. economists. Business week, no. 1787, Nov. 30, 1963: 92-93. HF5n01.B89 Tixe Shot that changed our future. Time and tide, '.'lov. 28, 1963: 4. [Not in L.C. collection] Soviet press comment following Kennedy's death. Current digest of the Soviet press, v. 15, Dec. 13, 1963: 3-7. D839.C87, V. 15 Strange world of Lee Oswald: more ll^^ht on the assassination. U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 16, 1963: 60-62. Teamsters: limit of devotion. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 16, 1963: 75-76. AP2.H6772, v. 62 Tebbel, John. JFK: the magazines and peace. Saturday review, V. 46, Dec. 14, 1963: 56-57. AP2.S273, v. 46 Temple, Wayne C. Two martyrs. Lincoln herald, v. 65, winter 1963: 165. E457.M887, v, 65 Thompson, T. Assassin: the raan held and killed for murder. Life, v. 55, Nov. 29, 1963: 37-39. AP2.L547, v. 55 Tobin, R. L. If you can keep your head when all about you: television and news magazine coverage of the Kennedy assassin- ation story. Saturday review, v. 46, Dec. 14, 1963: 53-54. AP2.S273, V. 46 Tragic end of John F. Kennedy. U.S. news and world report, v. 55, Dec. 2, 1963: 31-33. JK1.U65, v. 55 Turnbull, J. W. Note from Texas. Commonweal, v. 79, Dec. 13, 1963: 337. AP2.C68P7.V. 7Q TV sees it now, for seventy hours. Business week, no. 1787, Nov. 30, 1963: 34. HF5001.B89 The Actual voices and events of four days that shocked the world, Nov. 22, 23, 24, 25, 1963; the complete story. (Phonodisc.) Colpix Records, CP 2500, 1964, R65-1928 Warren Commission. Nation, v. 197, Dec. 28, 1963: 445. AP2.N2, V. 197 750 CRS - 7 Where the shots came from. New republic, v. 149, Dec. 28, 1963: 7. AP2.N624, V. 149 For President Kennedy: an epilogue. Look, v. 55, Dec. 6, 1963: 158-159. AP2,L79, v. 55 Who killed President Kennedy: soviet condolences. New times Oloscow), no. 48, Dec. 4, 1963: 5-7. D839.N483 Who was to blame? Economist, v. 209, Dec. 7, 1963: 1022. HG11.E2, V. 209 The World and the \^iite House. New statesman, v. 66, Nov. 29, 1963: 765. AP4.N64, v. 66 World listened and watched: radio-TV meet greatest challenge in wake of JFK tragedy... Broadcasting, v. 65, Dec. 2, 1963: 36_61. TK6540.B85, v. 65 World mourns ia doubt, fear, hope. Newsweek, v. 62, Dec. 9, 1963: 56-58. AP2. 146772, v. 62 Vtorld weeps and waits. Business week, no. 1787, Nov. 30, 1963: 30-31. HF5001.B89 X marks the spot. Newsweel-,, v. 62, Dec. 16, 1963: 27-28. ftP9 M(;779, w ft? 1964 Aftermath of the Warren report. Broadcasting, v. 67, Oct. 5, 1964: 50. TK6540.B85, v. 67 Aliler, James G. , and Joseph B. Tamney. Some functions of religious ritual in catastrophe: Kennedy assassination. Sociological analysis, v. 25, winter 1964: 212-230. HN51.A7, V. 25 Alsop, Stewart. Johnson takes over. Saturday evening post, V. 237, Feb. 15, 1964: 17-23. AP2.S2, v. 237 Amrine, flichael. This awesome challenge. New York, Putnam, 1964. 283 p. E846.A6 Anniversary of an assassination. Reconstructionist, v. 30, Nov. 27, 1964: 6. DS133.R4, v. 30 Ascoli, M. Interim reflections. Reporter, v. 31, Oct. 22, 1964: 12. D839.R385, v. 31 Assassination. Newsweek, v. 64, Oct. 5, 1964: 32-40, 45-52, 57-60, 62-64. AP2.N6772, v. 64 Tlie Assassination of President Kennedy. East Europe, v. 13, Jan. 1964: 25-26. DR1.N363, v. 13 The Assassination: the reporter's story; what was seen and read; television, newspapers, magazines; journalism's role: unre- solved issues. Columbia journalism review, v. 11, winter 1964: 5-31. PN4700.C64, v. 11 Assassination: the trail to a verdict; with report by G. R. Ford. Life, V. 57, Oct. 2, 1964: 40-50B. AP2.L547, v. 57 The Assassination: the Warren report. Newsweek, v. 64, Oct. 5, 1964: 32-40, 45-52, 57-60, 63-54. AP2.N6772, v. 64 Attorney for Oswald. Time, v. 83, Mar. 6, 1964: 47. AP2.T37, V. 83 Awful interval. Newsweek, v. 63, Jan. 6, 1964: 19-20. AP2.N6772, V. 63 Back of the secrecy in the assassination probe. U.S. news and world report, v. 56, Feb. 24, 1964: 52. JK1.U65, V. 56 751 CRS - 8 Banta, TlioiTias J. The Kennedy assassination: early thoughts and eraotioas. Public opinion quarterly, v. 28, summer 1964: 216-224. h;:261.A1.P8, v. 28 Belli, "ielvin ;i. , and U. C. Carroll. Dallas justice; the real story of Jack. Ruby and his trial. Nev; York, McKay [1964] 298 p. KF224.P.S.344 Between two fires: '!rs. Os\;ald's testinony to Warren Coranission. Tirae, v. 33, Feb. 14, 1964: 16-20. AP2.T37, v. 83 Big sale; exclusive pnotos for Life. Ncwswee'.c, v. 63, >'ar. 2, 1964: 30. AP2.N6772, v. 63 Bisnop, James Alonzo. Day in the life of President Kennedy. :iew Yorl;, Random House [1964] 103 p. E342.B5 Sloom tells his public relations role in Ruby case. Editor and publisher, v. 96, Feb. 1, 1^64: 58. p-}470n.E4, V. 96 Brave little v/oiaan, M. Oswald before Warren's investigating commission. Newsweek, v. 53, Feb. 17, 1964: 17. AP2.N6772, v. 63 Breig, Joe. President Kennedy's deatii: vjhy? Ave Maria, v. 99, Jau. 11, 1964: 0. AP2.A9, v. <59 Urieubers, Mordecai. Riddle of Dallas. Spectator, v. 212, ■far. 6, 1964: 305-306. /sP4.S7, v. 212 Brogaii, Dtsnis W. Deata in Dallas. Myths after Kennedy. Encounter (Great Britain), v. 23, no. 135, l'^64: 20-26. [Jot in L.C. collection] Buchanan, T.ionas C. lJ;io killed ICennedy? '.Jew York, Putnam [1964] 207 p. E842.9.B9 19f.4 Carr, Attorney Oeneral (Texas) 'Jaggoner. Texas supplemental report on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the- serious v-ounding of Governor John B. Connally, "lovember 22, 1963. Austin, Tx. , Attorney Generil's Office, 1964. 20-1. n842.9.T45 Clifford, G. Uarren Report: a nev^ boost for t'le Kennedy memorabilia industry, i'aclean's magazine, v. 77, iHOV. 2, 1964: 3. AP5.M2, v. 77 Compendium of curious coincidences; parallels in the lives and deaths of A. Lincoln and J. F. ICeanedy. Time, v. 84, Aug. 21, 1Q.',4: 19. A1'2.T37, v. ?M Cottrell, John. Assassination. The. vorld ;^tood still. London, .Jew Euglish Library, 19''^4. l''A p.E176.1.C795 Counsel for Osv/ald. U.S. ne\;s and world report, v. 48, "'ar. 9, 1964: 16. JK1.D55, v. 43 Crawford, K. Warren impeachsrs. IJ^vjswc^;-., v. 64 Oct. 19, 1964: 40. ..\P2.N6772, v. 64 Dallas rejoiner. Mation, v. lOri, May 25, 1.'('4: 510. /P2.M2, V. 19S Death in Dallaa. R<;ad".r's digest, v, "4, Jan. 1964: 39-44. AP2.R255, V. S4 Death of a President: told in direct tcstiiiony; excerpts. i;.S. nevjs and vjorld report, v. 57, Dec. 7, 1964: 68-70. JK1.U65, V. 51 752 CRS Dempsey, David. Warren report in mass production. Saturday review, V. 47, Nov. 7, 1964: 25, 38. Z1219.S25, v. 47 Denson, R. B. Destiny in Dallas: on the scene story in pictures. Dallas, the author, 1964. 64 p. E342.9.D4 Dies, Martin. Assassination and the aftermath. American opinion, V. 7, 'lar. 1964: 1-10; Apr. 1964: 33-40. AP2. 04732, v. 7 Different look at Dallas. U.S. news and world report, v. 56, Feb. 3, 1964: 42-46. JK1.U65, v. 56 Donovan, Robert J. The assassins. New York, Popular Library, 1964. 254 p. UV6278.D6 1964 Drury, Hichael, ed. Since that day in Dallas. KcCalls, v. 91, Aug. 1964: 78-79, 141-142. 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Foreword: posficript. /^nnals of the Anerican Academy of Political and Social Scic:nces, v. 351, Jan. 1964: X. }il.A4, V, 351 Four days. Television, v. 21, Jan. 1964: 27-33. HE869.0T4, v. 21 Four days in November ('totion Picture). Uolper Productions, released by United Artist, 1964. Four days; the historical record of the doata of President Kennedy. Compiled by United Press International and American Heritage 143 p. ' E842.9.U55 Ilagazine. New York, American Heritage Publishing Co., 1964. Friends of Lee Oswald. National review, v. 16, !lar. 10, 1964: 183-185. AP2.N3545, v. 16 From Washington straight. National review, v. 16, Apr. 21, 1964: 311. AP2.N3545, v. 16 Gales, Robert Robinson. The assassination of the President: jurisdictional problems. Syracuse law review, v. 16, fall 1964: 69-31. K23.Y7, v. 16 753 CRS - 10 Gellner, John. Who killed John Kennedy? Saturday night, v. 79, July 1964: 11-14. AP5.S27, v. 79 Gershenson, Alvin. Kennedy and big business. Beverly Hills, Calif. , Book Company of America, 1964. 256 p. E341.G43 Gordon, William E. The assassination of President Kennedy. Contemporary review, v. 205, Jan. 1964: 8-13. AP4.C7, V. 205 Greenberg, Bradley S. The diffusion of news of the Kennedy assass- ination. Public opinion quarterly, v. 28, summer 1964: 225-232. HM261.A1.P8, V. 28 Grosvenor, Melville Bell. The last full measure. National geo- graphic, V. 125, Mar. 1964: 307-355. G1.N27, v. 125 Grove, L. Did press pressure kill Oswald? U.S. news and world report, v. 56, Apr. 6, 1964: 78-79. JK1.U65, v. 56 Gun, Nerin E. Red roses from Texas. London, Frederick ?Iuller, Ltd., 1964. 208 p. E842.9.G8 Habe, Hans. The wounded land: journey through a divided America. Mew York, Coward-McCann, 1964. 310 p. E169.02.H293 Haley, J. Evetts. A Texan looks at Lyndon: a study in illegitimate povfer. Cayon, Tex., Palo i)uro Press, 1964. 256 p. E847.U3 Harris, T. George. Memo about a Dallas citizen. Look, v. 28, Aug. 11, 1964: 64, 67-68, 70. 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P-J4700.E4, v. ^7 Inquest on Dallas: the right to bear ams. Tablet, v. 218, Oct. 3, 1964: 1101-1102. BXS01.T3 [Mot in L.C. collection] 754 CRS - 11 JFK memorial issue. Look, v. 28, Nov. 17, 1964: 122. AP2.L79, V. 28 JFK: the murder and the myths. Time, v. 83, June 12, 1964: 44, 47. AP2.T37, v. 83 JFK's murder: sowers of doubt. Newsweek, v. 63, Apr. 6, 1964: 22-24. AP2.N6772, v. 63 Jackson, Donald. The evolution of an assassination. Life, V. 58, Feb. 21, 1954: 68A-80. AP2.L547, v. 58 Joesten, Joachim. Oswald: assassin or fall guy? New York, Morzani [1964] 158 p. E842.9.J6 John Fitzgerald Kemiedy. Look, v. 28, Nov. 17, 1964: the JFK memorial issue, 33-36. AP2.L79, v. 28 Johnson, Priscilla. Osv/ald in Moscow. Harper's magazine, v. 228, Apr. 1964: 46-50. AP2.H3, v. 223 Jones, 'J. .November in Dallas. Library journal, v. 89, Jan, 1, 1964: 72. Z671.L7, v. 39 Jumping the gun; premature disclosures. Newsweek, v. 64, July 13, 1964: 50. AP2.N6772, v. 64 Kavanaugh, J. A visit to the grave. 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HX1.D58, v. 13 Popkin, Richard U. The second Oswald. New York, Avon Books, 1966. 174 p. E842.9.P6 The second Oswald: the case for conspiracy theory. New York review of books, v. 7, July 28, 1966: 11-22. AP2.N655, V. 7 Primer of assassination theories. Esquire, v. 66, Dec. 1966: 205-210. AP2.E845, v. 66 Roberts, Charles. Eyewitness in Dallas. Newsweek, v. 68, Dec. 5, 1966: 26-29. AP2.N6772, v. 68 Ruby and the king of torts. Times literary supplement, no. 3,342, Mar. 17, 1966: 221. AP4.T45 43-792 0-79-1+9 766 CRS - 23 Russell, Francis. Doubts about Dallas. National review, v. 18, Sept. 6, 1966: 887-888, 890-893. AP2.N3545, v. 18 Salandrla, Vincent J. The impossible tasks of one assassin- ation bullet. Minority of one, v. 8, Mar. 1966: 12-18. AP2.M55985, v. 8 The separate Connally shot. Minority of one, v. 8, Apr. 1966: 9-13. AP2.M55985, v. 8 Salisbury, Harrison. Who killed President Kennedy? Progressive magazine, v. 30, Nov. 1966: 36-39. AP2.P8655, v. 30 Sauvage, Leo. As I was saying. New leader, v. 49, Nov. 21, 1966: 21-22. HX1.N37, V. 49 """ The case against Mr. X. New leader, v. 49, Jan. 3, 1966: 13-18. HX1.N37, V. 49 The Oswald affair: an examination of the contradictions and omissions of the Warren report. Cleveland, World Publish- ing Co., 1966. 418 p. E842.9.S243 -'■ Prof. Blckel and the Warren Commission. New leader, v. 49, Nov. 7, 1966: 16-19. HX1.N37, v. 49 Schwartz, Jay. A legal demurrer to the report of the Warren Conmission. Journal of forensic sciences, v, 11, July 1966: 318-329. RA1001.A57, v. 11 The Second Oswald: an exchange of letters. New York review of books, V. 7, Oct. 6, 1966: 29-34. AP2.N655, v. 7 Shannon, W. V. Enough is enough. Commonweal, v. 85, Nov. 18, 1966; 191-192. AP2.C6897, v. 85 Sbiverick, David, Kathleen Shiverick, Henry Ansbacher, and Rowena Ansbacher. Lee Harvey Oswald: an Adlerian interpretation. Psychoanalytic review, v. 53, fall 1966: 55-68. BF1.P5, V. 53 Smith, R. H. Thinking the unthinkable: the Warren Commission books. Publishers weekly, v. 190, Oct. 10, 1966: 55. Z1219.P98, V. 190 Smith, William Rochelle. Assassination by consensus: the story behind the Kennedy assassination. Washington, L'Avant Garde Publications [1966] 240 p. E842.9.S6 Tastmona, Thothnu [pseud]. It is as if: a solution of the President Kennedy death mystery. New York, Exposition Press, 1966. [Not in L.C. collection] Those missing exhibits; photographs and X-rays turned over to National Archives. Nation, v. 203, Nov. 14, 1966: 500. AP2.N2, V. 203 Truth about Kennedy assassination: questions raised and answered. U.S. news and world report, v. 61, Oct. 10, 1966: 44-50. JK1.U65, V. 61 Tuchler, Maier. Psychiatric observation on the Warren Com- mission report. Journal of forensic sciences, v. 11, July 1966: 289-299. RA1001.A57, v. 11 U.S. Library of Congress. Legislative Reference Service. The Kennedy assassination and the Warren report, selected references [by] Richard Malow. Washington [1966] 6 p. 767 CRS - 24 Walnwrlght, L. Warren report is not enough; voices speaking in contradiction of report; call for investigation. Life, v. 61, Oct. 7, 1966: 38. AP2.L547, v. 61 Wecht, Cyril H. A critique of the medical aspects of the investigation into the assassination of President Kennedy. Journal of forensic sciences, v. 11, July 1966: 300-317. RA1001.A57, v. 11 Weisberg, Harold. Whitewash: the report on the Warren report. [Hyattstown, Md., 1966, cl965] 224 p. E842.9.W4 1966ab Who killed Kennedy? Fact, v. 3, Nov.-Dec. 1966: 3-17. AP2.F142, V. 3 Why has file no. 3106 not be publicized? Human events, v. 26, Dec. 17, 1966: 805. D410.H8, v. 26 Wolfenstein, Martha, and Gilbert W. Kliman, eds. Children and the death of a President; multidisciplinary studies. New York, Doubleday. 1966. 256 p. BF723.D3.W6 1967 Agony relived; second installment of the death of a President. Time, v. 89, Jan. 27, 1967: 58. AP2.T37, v. 89 Amoni, M. S. Garrison and Warren, anything in common? Minority of one, V. 9, Oct. 1967: 11-12. AP2.M55985, v. 9 As the book appears : a close look at the facts ; concerning The death of a President by W. Manchester. U.S. news and world report, v. 62, Jan. 23, 1967: 50-52. JK1.U65, v. 62 The Assassination: a nonentity for history. Time, v. 89, Jan. 13, 1967: 16-17. AP2.T37, v. 89 Autry, James A. The Garrison investigation: how and why it began. New Orleans, v. 1, Apr. 1967: 8, 50-51. F399.N5, v. 1 Aynesworth, Hugh. JFK conspiracy: J. Garrison's investigation of a plot to kill J. F. Kennedy. Newsweek, v. 69, May 15, 1967: 36, 38, 40. AP2.N6772, v. 69 Back, Kurt, and Judith Saravay. From bright ideas to social research: the studies of the Kennedy assassination. Public opinion quarterly, v. 31, summer 1967: 253-264. HM261.A1.P8, V, 31 Back to Dallas; theories of J. Thompson and J. Connally. Time, V. 90, Nov. 24, 1967: 54-55. AP2.T37, v. 90 Berendt, John. -If they've found another assassin, let them name names and produce their evidence. Esquire, v. 68, Aug. 1967: 80-82. AP2.E845, v. 68 Blckel, Alexander M. CBS on the Warren report. New republic, V. 157, July 15, 1967: 29-30. AP2.N624, v. 157 — — Failure of the Warren report. Commentary, V. 43, Apr. 1967: 23-26. DS101.C63, v. 43 __ Reexamining the Warren report. New republic, v. 156, Jan. 7, 1967: 25-28. AP2.N624, v. 156 Return to Dallas. New republic, v. 157, Dec. 23, 1967: 34. AP2.N624, v. 157 Bonsai, Philip. Cuba, Castro, and the United States. Foreign affairs, v. 45, Jan. 1967: 260-276. D410.F6, v. 45 768 CRS - 25 Bourbon street rococo; J. Garrison's investigation. Time, V. 89, Mar. 3, 1967: 26. AP2.T37, v. 89 Callahan, Dr. John W. Did Jack Ruby kill the wrong man? Argosy, v. 365, Sept. 1967: 29, 96-101. AP2.A7, v. 365 Carnival in New Orleans: Jim Garrison's investigation. Newsweek, V. 69, Mar. 6, 1967: 32. AP2.N6772, v. 69 Chambliss, San£ord. Who killed Jack Ruby? Real magazine, Apr. 1967: 40-42. TL789.F57 [Not in L. C. collection] Chapman, Gil. Was Oswald alone? San Diego, Ca. , Publishers Export Co., 1967. 160 p. E842.9.C47 Charge of conspiracy. Newsweek, v. 69, Apr. 3, 1967: 36-37. AP2.N6772, v. 69 Chriss, Nicholas C. , and Jerry Cohen. New Orleans: act one. Reporter, v. 36, Apr. 6, 1967: 17-20. D839.R385, v. 36 Cline, R. A. Postscript to Warren. Spectator, Jan. 27, 1967: 99. AP4.S7, v. 218 Closing in; Garrison's unofficial chief investigator quits. Time, V. 90, July 7, 1967: 17. AP2.T37, v. 90 Cohen, Jerry, and Nicholas C. Chriss. New Orleans: Act One. Reporter, v. 36, Apr. 6, 1967: 17-20. D839.R385, v. 36 D. A. wins a round; Jim Garrison's investigation. Time, v. 39, Mar. 24, 1967: 17-18. AP2.T37, v. 89 Dee, Jay. Lee Oswald did not kill President Kennedy alone. 1st ed. Canoga Park, Calif., N.P., cl967. 49 p. E842.9.D34 Deighton, Len, Michael Rand, and Howard Loxton, comps. The Assass- ination of President Kennedy. London, Cape [1967] 1 v. E842.R32 Demaris, Ovid, and Gary Willis. Disposal of Jack Ruby. Esquire, V. 67, June 1967: 131-135, 172-174, 176-178, 180-184. AP2.E845, V. 67 Dlehl, William F. , Jr. The press: its actions and reactions. New Orleans, v. 1, Apr. 7, 1967: 12-13, 52-53. F379.N5, V. 1 Dlrlx, B. Why was JFK shot? Atlas, v. 13, May 1967: 10-13. AP1.A83, V. 13 Dugger, Ronnie. The last madness of Jack Ruby. New republic, V. 156, Feb. 11, 1967: 19-25. AP2.N624, v. 156 Epstein, Edward Jay. Manchester unexpurgated. Commentary, v. 44, 1967: 25-31. DS101.C63, v. 44 Fein, Arnold L. JFK in Dallas: the Warren report and its critics. Saturday review, v. 49, Jan. 21, 1967: 36. AP2.S273, V. 49 Fonzi, Gaetano. Loose ends. Greater Philadelphia magazine, V. 58, Jan. 1967: 66-69, 88, 90, 106-108. HC108.P5G7, V. 58 Frontek, T. An American view. Tablet, Apr.BX801.T3 8, 1967: 382-383. [Not in L.C. collection] 769 CRS - 26 Garrison under fire. The economist, v. 22, Feb. 25, 1967: 730. HG11.E2, V. 22 Garson, Barbara. MacBlrd. New York, Grove Press, 1967. 109 p. PS3557.A78.M3 [Not in L.C. collection] Elmer, and Wayne B. Giampietro. Gertz,a postscript The trial of 'State cases': on the Ruby trial. DePaul law review, v. 16, spring-summer 1967: 285-308. Law Giampietro, Wayne B., and Elmer Gertz. The trial of 'State cases': a postscript on the Ruby trial. DePaul law review, v. 16, spring-summer 1967: 285-308. Law Goodhart, Arthur L. The mysteries of the Kennedy assassination and the English press. Law quarterly review, v. 83, Jan. 1967: 23-63. Law Graham, J. J. Acquittal for Oswald: concerning the movie Rush to judgment. Commonweal, v. 86, Apr. 21, 1967: 149-151. AP2.C6897, v. 86 He was my brother: excerpts from Lee (R. L. Oswald and others). Look, V. 31, Oct. 17, 1967: 62-66, 71-74. AP2.L79, V. 31 History or headlines? New Orleans investigation. Newsweek, v. 69, Mar. 13, 1967: 44, 47. AP2.N6772, v. 69 Houts, Marshall. Warren Commission one-bullet theory exploded. Argosy, v. 365, July 1967: 108-116. AP2.A7, v. 365 Where death delights; the story of Dr. Milton Helpem and forensic medicine. New York, Coward-McCann [1967] 317 p. RA1025.H4.H6 Itek Corporation. Life-Itek Kennedy assassination film analysis. Lexington, Ms., Itek Corporation [1967] 24 p. E842.9.I8 JFK death: a new investigation but... U.S. news and world report, v. 62, Mar. 13, 1967: 16. JK1.U65, v. 62 James, Rosemary, and Jack Wardlaw. Plot or politics. The Garrison case and its cast. New Orleans, Pelican Publishing House [1967] 167 p. E842.9.J3 Joesten, Joachim.of President Lyndon B. Johnson in the assas- The case against Munich, sination Kennedy. Dreschstr [1967] 2 V. E842.9.J573 The Garrison enquiry: truth and consequences. London, Dawnay [1967] 158 p. E842.0.J58 Marina Oswald. London, Dawnay [1967] 165 p. E842.9.J59 Oswald: the truth. London, Dawnay [1967] 372 p. E812.9.J62 Jones, Penn. Forgive my grief. Midlothian, Texas, Midlothian mirror [1967] 193 p. E842.9.J65, v. 2 Forgive my grief vol. 3. Midlothian, Texas, the Midlothian mirror [1967] 88 p. E842.9.J65, v. 3 Kaplan, John. Controversy: the assassins. American scholar, V. 36, spring 1967: 271-308. AP2.A4572, v. 36 770 CRS - 27 Kempton, Murray. The disposable Jack Ruby. Spectator, v. 218, Jan. 13, 1967: 35. APA.S7, v. 218 Rage greater than grief. Atlantic monthly, v. 219, May 1967: 98-100. AP2.A8, v. 219 Kennedy assassination: something rotten... Saturday evening post, V. 240, Dec. 2, 1967: 88. AP2.S2, v. 240 Kilgallen, Dorothy. Murder one. New York, Random House, 1967. 304 p. HV6529.K5 Lane, Mark. The man in the doorway. Film comment, v. 4, fall/ winter 1967: 20-21. PN1993.F438, v. 4 Playboy interview: Mark Lane. Playboy, v. 14, Feb. 1967: 41-42, 44-64, 66-68. AP2.P69, v. 14 Who killed Kennedy? CBS is wrong. True magazine, v. 48, Dec. 1967: 34-36. AP2.T76127, v. 48 Lawrence, Lincoln [pseud. ] Were we controlled. New Hyde Park, N.Y., University Books [1967] 173 p. E842.9.L36 Lewis, Richard Warren. The scavengers and critics of the Warren report; the endless paradox. New York, Delacorte Press [1967] 188 p. Logan, Andy. JFK: the stained-glass image. American heri- tage, v. 18, Oct. 1967: 4-7, 75-78. E171.E43, v. 18 Loxton, Howard, Len Deighton, and Michael Rand, comp. The assassination of President Kennedy. London, Cape ] 1967 1 1 V. E842.R32 Rare book collection MacCloskey, Monro. The American Intelligence community. New York, Rosen Press, Inc., 1967. 190 p. JK468.I6.M28 Maddox, Henry. The plot according to Garrison. New Orleans, V. 1, July 1967: 18-19, 52-53. F379.N5, v. 1 Marks, Stanley J. Murder most foul. The conspiracy that murdered President Kennedy: 975 questions and answers. Los Angeles, Bureau of International Affairs, 1967. 149 p. E842.9.M35 Manchester, William R. The death of a President, November 20- November 25, 1963. New York, Harper's, 1967. 710 p. E842.9.M28 Mayo, John B. Bulletin from Dallas: the President is dead; the story of John F. Kennedy's assassination as covered by radio and TV. [1st ed] New York, Exposition Press [1967] 157 p. E842.9.M37 Meagher, Sylvia. After the battle, the book. Minority of one, v. 9, June 1967: 25-27. AP2.M55985, v. 9 Post-assassination credibility chasm. Minority of one, v. 9, Mar. 1967: 21-22. AP2.M55985, v. 9 Mills, Andrew. Who killed Kennedy? The Warren report is right. True magazine, v. 48, Dec. 1967: 32, 72, 75-77. AP2.T76127, v. 48 More on the Kennedy assassination charges, concerning Jim Garrison's TV broadcast. U.S. news and world report, v. 62, June 12, 1967: 55-56. JK1.U65, v. 62 771 CRS - 28 Mosk, Richard M. The Warren Commission and the legal process. Case and comment magazine, v. 72, May-June 1967: 13-20. Law Mystery makers; J. Sparrow's evaluation of the Warren Commission report and its critics. Time, v. 90, Dec. 22, 1967: 21. AP2.T37, V. 90 New assassination theory: theory of J. Thompson. Newsweek, v. 70, Nov. 27, 1967: 29-30, 35. AP2.N6772, v. 70 New light on second assassin theory. U.S. news and world report, V. 62, May 29, 1967: U. JK1.U65, v. 62 Nichols, John. President Kennedy's adrenals. Journal of the American Medical Association, v. 201, July 10, 1967: 129-130. R15.A48, V. 201 Norden, Eric. Jim Garrison: a candid conversation with the embattled district attorney of New Orleans. Playboy, v. 14, Oct. 1967: 59-60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 156-163, 165-168, 170-172, 174-176, 178. AP2.P69, v. 14 November 22, 1963, Dallas: photos by nine bystanders. Life, V. 63, Nov. 25, 1967: 87-97. AP2.L547, v. 63 O'Brien, Conor Cruise. Veto by assassination? Minority of one, v. 9, Dec. 1967: 16-18. AP2.M55985, v. 9 Odd company. Time, v. 89, Mar. 10, 1967: 24. AP2.T37, v. 89 Orren, Karen, and Paul Peterson. Kennedy assassination: case study in dynamics of political socialization. Journal of politics, V. 29, May 1967: 388-404. JA1.J6, v. 29 Oswald, Robert L. Lee: a portrait of Lee Harvey Oswald. New York, Coward-McCann, 1967. 246 p. E842.9.08 Pathologist sleuth reopens Kennedy controversy; suggest JFK suffered from Addison's disease. Science news, v. 92, July 22, 1967: 79-80. Q1.S76, v. 92 Peterson, Paul, and Karen Orren. Presidential assassination: case study in dynamics of political socialization. Journal of politics, V. 29, May 1967: 388-404. JA1.J6, v. 29 Phelan, James. Plot to kill Kennedy? Rush to judgment in New Orleans. Saturday evening post, v. 240, May 6, 1967: 21-25. AP2.S2, V. 240 Popkin, Richard H. Garrison's case. New York review of books, V. 9, Sept. 14, 1967: 19-29. AP2.N655, v. 9 Powledge, Fred. Is Garrison faking? New republic, v. 156, June 17, 1967: 13-18. AP2.N624, v. 156 Rabasseire, Henri. Let's talk sense about Oswald. Dissent, V. 14, Mar. -Apr. 1967: 205-210. HX1.D58, v. 14 Rajski, Raymond B., comp. A nation grieved: the Kennedy assassin- ation in editorial cartoon. Rutland, Vt., C. E. Tuttle Co., 1967. 134 p. E842.9.R28 Rand, Michael, Howard Loxton, and Len Deighton, comps. The ass- assination of President Kennedy. London, Cape [1967] 1 v. (various pagings) E842.9.R32 Raskin, Marcus. Rush to judgement. Yale law journal, v. 75, Jan. 1967: 581-597. KF29.A4, v. 75 772 CRS - 29 Revere, Guy. Jack Ruby: the Mafia's man In Dallas. Saga, v. 33, Mar. 1967: 28-31, 86-88, 90. AP2.S127, v. 33 Reynolds, Ruth. The Oswald riddle. Coronet, v. 5, Mar. 1967: 122-127. AP2.C768, v. 5 Roberts, Charles. The truth about the assassination. New York, Grosset and Dunlap, 1967. 128 p. E8A2.9.R57 [Not in L.C. collection] Roberts, Gene. The case of Jim Garrison and Lee Oswald. New York times magazine. May 21, 1967: 32-35. AP2.N6575 Ross, Thomas, and David Wise. The espionage establishment. New York, Random House, 1967. 308 p. JK468.I6.W5 Ruddy, Jon. Did this man happen upon John Kennedy's assassins? Maclean's magazine, v. 80, Nov. 1967: 2-3. AP5.M2, v. 80 Rush to Judgment: a conversation with Mark Lane and Emile de Antonio. Film comment, v. A, fall/winter 1967: 2-18. PN1993.FA38, v. 4 Stewart, Charles J. Catholic and Jewish pulpit reaction to the Kennedy assassination. Western speech, v. 32, spring 1967: 131-139. PN4071.W45, v. 32 Saravay, Judith, and Kurt Back. From bright ideas to social research; The studies of the Kennedy assassination. Public opinion quarterly, v. 31, summer 1967: 253-264. HM261.A1P8, v. 31 Sauvage, Leo. A few questions for the Warren Commission. Dissent, v. 14, Mar. -Apr. 1967: 200-205. HX1.D58, v. 14 Scene of the crime. Newsweek, v. 70, Dec. 4, 1967: 31B-32. AP2.N6772, v. 70 Schiller, Lawrence. The controversy. [Phonodisc] Capitol KA02677 [1967] R6 7-300 Schlesinger, Arthur M. , Jr. On writing of contemporary history. Atlantic, V. 219, Mar. 1967: 69-74. AP2.A8, v. 219 Second primer of assassination theories. Esquire, v. 67, May 1967: 104-107. AP2.E845, v. 67 Shadow on a grassy knoll: photographic-analysis shows no new evidence. Time, v. 89, May 26, 1967: 21. AP2.T37, v 89 Shayon, Robert Lewis. Persistent devils; CBS news inquiry: the Warren report. Saturday review, v. 50, July 22, 1967: 46. AP2.S273, V. 50 Shutting up big mouth. Time, v. 90, Aug. 25, 1967: 48-51. AP2.T37, v. 90 Sifting fact from fantasy: use of truth drugs in Jim Garrison's investigation. Time, v. 89, Mar. 31, 1967: 41. AP2.T37, V. 89 Sites, Paul. Lee Harvey Oswald and the American dream. [1st ed. ] New York, Pageant Press, 1967. 261 p. E842.9.S5 Sleight of hand: Jim Garrison's assassination investigation extends to FBI and CIA. Newsweek, v. 69, May 22, 1967: 40, 42 AP2.N6772, v. 69 773 CRS - 30 n. Smith. Sandy. From a governor and a D.A. an offer of resignatio ilfe. V. 63. Sept. 29, 1967: 3A-36. AP2.L547. v. 63 Snider Arthur J. Assassination, a new medical opinion. Science digest, V. 61, Feb. 1967: 35-36. Q1.S383, v. 61 Solved: mystery of the missing frames. Newsweek, v. 69, ^eb. 6, 1967' 17 AP2.N6772, v. 69 Something'of a shambles. Time, v. 89, June AP2.T37, 30, 1967:v. 42. 89 Sparrow, John Hanbury Anges. After the assassination: a positive appraisal of the Warren report. New York, Chilmark Press, 1967. 77 p. E842.9.S6 5 Svme. Anthony V. The assassins. London, Melbourne [etc.] Horwitz, [1967] 162 p. HV6278.S95 Tales of Garrison. The economist, v. 222, Mar. 25, 1967: 1145. HG11.E2, v. 222 Taste of conspira cy: European newsmen are leery of Garrison's Investig * 1967: 76. ation. Newsweek, v. 69, Mar. 20, AP2.N6772, v. 69 33. Theory of an Oswald conspiracy. Life, v. 62, Mar. 3, 1967: AP2.L547, V. 62 Thickening the plot: Judges 27, support Jim Garrison's plot theory. Newsweek, V. 69, Mar. 1967: 37. A2.N6772, v. 69 Kennedy: Thompson, Josiah. The cross fire that killed President excerpts from six seconds in Dallas. Saturday evening post, V. 240, Dec. 2, 1967: 27-31. AP2.S2, v. 240 Tinder, Glenn. Death of a President and the problem of meaning. Review of politics, v. 29, July 1967: 407-415. JA1.R4, V. 29 Tonahill, Joe H. Why Lee Harvey Oswald would have been acquitted for the murder of President John F. Kennedy, [n.p., 1967] 1 V. (various paglngs) KF224.08.T6 on and the Towne. Anthony. The assassination, the Warren Commissi "public interest . Notice, v. 27, Feb. 1967: 6-14. BV4531.A1.M76, v. 27 Trillin, Calvin. Reporter at large; the buffs New Yorker v. 43, Truth vs. death; views of C. Roberts. Time, ^- J^I^^^'^J'^g^^" ' *The inquest. 17-29. Ramparts, v. 5, June 1967: AP2.R19, V. 5 Press vs. Garrison. Ramparts, v. 6, Sept. 1967: 8, 10, 12. AP2.R19, V. 6 TWO for the seesaw. Newsweek, v. 70, July 3, 1^7=^82.^^ ^^ ^^ Orleans,Plot New James. Rosemary and cast. Pelica Pub. cs? or nPoliti The'carrison House, Wardlacase and its w, Jack, E842.9.J3 1Q67 167 o Warren report wrong. College teacher says. N^wsp Los Angeles times, Nov. 17, 1967: 18. 774 CRS - 31 Weaver, John Downing. Warren; the man, the court, the era. Boston, Little Brown, 1967. 406 p. KF8745.W3W4 Welsberg, Harold. Kennedy murder: buried proof of a conspiracy. Saga, V. 34, Apr. 1967: 28-31, 89-90, 92, 94-96. AP2.S127, V. 34 — — Oswald in New Orleans; case of conspiracy with the CIA. New York, Canyon Books [1967] 404 p. E342.9.W38 1968 Whalen, R. J. Kennedy assassination. Saturday evening post, v. 240, Jan. 14, 1967: 19-25. AP2.S2, v. 240 Willis, Gary, and Ovid Demaris. Disposal of Jack Ruby. Esquire, v. 67, June 1967: 131-135, 172-174, 176-178, 180-182, 184. AP2.E845, V. 67 Wise, David, and Thomas Ross. The espionage establishment. New Tork, Random House 4.1967] 308 p. UB270.W56 Yarborough, Ralph. Sensory perception. Newsweek, v. 69, Jan. 16, 1967: 6. AP2.N6772, v. 69 You all know me. I'm Jack Ruby. Esquire, v. 67, May 1967: 79-87, 153-164. AP2.E845, v. 67 Young, Roger. The investigation: where it stands today. New Orleans V. 1, July 1967: 16-17, 54-59. F379.N5, v. 1 1968 Adler, Bill, comp. The weight of the evidence, the Warren report and its critics, edited by Jay David. New York, Meredith Press, 1968. 303 p. E842.9.A68 An almanac of Jim Garrison's investigation into the assassination of John F. Kennedy; the crime of silence. Austin, Tex., Research Publications, 1968. 22 p. E842.9.A7 Bishop, James Alonzo. The day Kennedy was shot. New York, Funk & Wagnalls, 1968. 713 p. E842.9.B5 Butler, Ed. The great assassin puzzle. The Westwood village square, v. 1, no. 2, 1968: 21-28; no. 1, 1969: 26-27, 37-41. [Not in L.C. collection] Cadden, Vivian, and Gerald Caplein. Lessons in bravery. McCalls, V. 95, Sept. 1968: 12, 85, 115. TT500.M2, v. 95 Caplan, Gerald, and Vivian Cadden. Lessons in bravery. McCall's, V. 95, Sept. 1968: 12, 85, 115. 71500. M2, v. 95 A Child's eye: November 22, 1963 (motion picture). Group VI Productions (released by Pathe Contemporary Films), 1968. 8 min. FIA68-671 Cook, Fred J. Warren report and the irreconcilables : theories of Josiah Thompson and Sylvia Meagher. Nation, v. 206, Feb. 26, 1968: 227-281. AP2.N2, v. 206 Crown, James T. The Kennedy literature: a bibliographical essay on John F. Kennedy. New York, New York University Press, 1968. 181 p. Z8462.8.C7 David, Jay, ed. The weight of the evidence; the Warren report and its critics, comp. by Bill Adler. New York, Meredith Press, 1968. 303 p. E842.9.A68 Day JFK died; excerpts from The day Kennedy was shot, by Jim Bishop. Ladies home Journal, v. 85, Nov. 1968: 151-157. AP2.L135, V. 85 \ 775 CRS - 32 Demarls, Ovid, and Garry Willis. Jack Ruby. New York, New American Library, 1968. 266 p. E8A2.9.W47 Epstein, Edward Jay. Garrison. New Yorker, v. 44, July 13, 1968: 35-40, 42, 49-52, 54-56, 58-60, 62-76, 79-81. AP2.W6772, v. 44 The usurpers. Boston, Western Islands, 1968. 249 p. E846.E9 Ferrari, Alfred John. Kennedy assassinations and political detours. Minority of one, v. 10, Nov. 1968: 7-9. AP2.M55985, v. 10 Garrison, Jim. New Orleans evidence; excerpts from statements. Reporter, V. 38, Feb. 8, 1968: 10. D839.R385, v. 38 Gertz, Elmer. Moments of madness: people vs. Jack Ruby. Chicago, Follett Pub. Co., 1968. 564 p. KF224.R8.G4 Goldberg, Arthur. Conspiracy interpretations of the assassination of President Kennedy: international and domestic. Los Angeles, University of California, 1968. 30 p. E842.9.G58 Gordon, Bruce. One and one make two sometimes: the Kennedy assassination. Fullerton, Calif., N.P., 1968. 28 p. E842.9.G6 Henderson, Bruce E. 1:33. Ist ed. New York, Cowles, 1968. 243 p. E842.9.H4 Hepburn, James. Farewell America. Vaduz, Frontiers, 1968. 418 p. E842.H46 Horowitz, Irving L. Kennedy's death, myths, and realities. Trans-action, v. 5, July-Aug. 1968: 3-5. H1.T72, V. 5 Houts, Marshall. President Kennedy's autopsy was bungled. Medical economics, v. 45, Mar. 4, 1968: 248-249, 252-253, 257, 260-261, 264-266, 272-275, 278-279, 282-283, 286-287. R723.5.M4, v. 45 Howard, Anthony. Logistics of the funeral. Esquire, v. 70, Nov. 1968: 119-122. AP2.E845, v. 70 Inconceivable connivance. Time, v. 91, Jan. 12, 1968: 14. AP2.T37, V. 91 Joesten, Joachim. The biggest lie ever told. The Kennedy murder fraud, and how I helped expose it. [Munich, Dreschstr. 5, Selbstverlag] 1968-69. 4 v. E.842.0.J57 ■ The dark side of Lyndon B. Johnson. London, Peter Dawnay [1968] 272 p. E847.J56 — — How Kennedy was killed: the full appalling story. London, Dawnay; London, Tandem [1968] 192 p. E842.9.J583 Trilogy of murder. Munich [1968-70?] N.P. 5 V. E842.9.J63 Rare book collection Karp, Irwin. Debate over Dallas: theories of John Sparrow and Sylvia Meagher. Saturday review, v. 51, Mar. 9, 1968: 113-114. AP2.S273, v. 51 776 CRS - 33 Klrkpatrlck, Lyman B., Jr. The real CIA. New York, MacMlllan, 1968. 312 p. JK468.X6.K5 Lane, Mark. A citizen's dissent: Mark Lane replies. New York, Holt, Reinhart, and Winston [1968] 290 p. E842.9.L29 Law unto himself. Newsweek, v. 71, Jan. 8, 1968: 25-26. AP2.N6772, v. 71 Lincoln, Evelyn. Kennedy and Johnson. New York, Rinehart and Winston [1968] 207 p. E842.1.LA7 McDade, Thomas M. The assassination Industry: a tentative check- list of publications on the murder of John F. Kennedy. American book collector, v. 18, no. 10, 1968: 8-lA. Z990.A5, V. 18 Mader, Julius. Who's who in the CIA. Berlin, West Germany, Mader, 1968. 604 p. JK468. I6.M323 Meagher, Sylvia. Three assassinations. Minority of one, v. 10, Sept. 1968: 13-16. AP2. 55985, v. 10 Two assassinations. Minority of one, v. 10, June 1968: 9-10, AP2.M55985, v. 10 Wheels with deals: how the Kennedy investigation was organized. Minority of one, v. 10, Jtily-Aug. 1968; 23-27. AP2.M55985, v. 10 Missing link: photos and X-rays of autopsy. Newsweek, v. 72, Nov. 14, 1968: 30-31. AP2.N6772, v. 72 ^torln, Relman. Assassination: the death of President John F. Kennedy. New York, New American Library, 1968. 191 p. E842.9.M6 Nierenberg, Harry H. Ego disturbance following a national trauma. Psychoanalytic review, v. 55, no. 1, 1968: 128-134. BF1.P5, V. 55 Seth, Ronald. The executioners: the story of SMERSH. New York, Hawthorn Books, [1968, cl967] 199 p. DK266.3.S44 1968 Smith, William Rochelle. A hog story from the aftermire of the Kennedy, assassination. Washington, L'Avant Garde Publications, [1968] 55 p. fl E842.9.S62 Thompson, Josiah. Six seconds in Dallas; a micro-study of the Kennedy ass- assination. [New York] B. Gels Associates, distributed by Random House, [1968, cl967] 323 p. E842.9.T49 Thompson, William Clifton. A bibliography of literature relating to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Revised ed. San Antonio, Tx. , [cl968] 40 p. Z8462.8.T45 1968b Turner, William W. Garrison commission on the assassination of President Kennedy. Ramparts, v. 6, Jan. 1968: 43-68. AP2.R19, V. 6 Turner, William W. Some disturbing parallels: assassinations of M. L. King and J. F. Kennedy. Ramparts, v. 6, June 29, 1968: 33-46. AP2.R19, V. 6 Weaver, John Downing. Warren: the man, the court, the era. London, Gollancz, 1968. 406 p. KF8745.W3W4 1968 777 CRS - 34 White, Stephen. Should we believe the Warren report? New York, MacMillan, [1968] 309 p. E842.9.W46 Who killed Kennedy? National review, v. 20, July 2, 1968: 642. AP2.N3545, v. 20 — — Jack Ruby. [New York] New American Library, [1968] 266 p. E842.9.W47 — — Secret evidence on the Kennedy assassination. Saturday evening post, v. 241, Apr. 6, 1968: 70-73. AP2.S2, V. 241 Wise, David, and Thomas Ross. The espionage establishment. London, Cape, 1968. 308 p. UB270.W56 1968 T5I5 All the elements. Newsweek, v. 73, Mar. 10, 1969: 364. i^^ AP2.N6772, v. 73 Blumberg, Rae Lesser, Samuel A. Mueller, Suzanne E. Rocheleau, and Joyce A. Sween [Northwestern Assassination Research John F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; a prelim- Group] Reactions to the assassinations of President inary report. [Evanston, 111.] Northwestern University, cl969. 1 V. (various paglngs) E842.9.N67 Bonner, Judy Whit son. Investigation of a homicide; the murder of John F. Kennedy. Anderson, S.C. , Droke House, 1969. 367 p. E842.9.B6 Brener, Milton E. The Garrison case; a study In the abuse of power. 1st ed. New York, C. N. Potter [1969] 278 p. E842.9.B7 1969 Bringuier, Carlos. Red Friday, Nov. 22nd, 1963. Chicago, C. Hallberg [1969] 174 p. E842.9.B74 Covering big Jim. Newsweek, v. 73, Mar. 17, 1969: 105. AP2.N6772, V. 73 Curry, Jesse E. Retired Dallas police chief, Jesse Curry reveals his personal JFK assassination file. [Dallas, 1969] 133 p. E842.9.C78 Curtains for the DA; physicians examine photographs and X-rays. Newsweek, v. 73, Jan. 27, 1969: 27. AP2.N6772, v. 73 Cutler, Robert Bradley. The flight of CE399: evidence of conspiracy by R. B. Cutler. Beverly, Mass., printed by Omni-Print, 1959, E842.9.C8 Dallas revisited. Time, v. 93, Feb. 21, 1969: 18-19. AP2.T37, v. 93 Deadly iteration. Time, v. 93, Mar. 7, 1969: 22-23. AP2.T37, V. 93 Defiant defendant. Newsweek, v. 73, Feb. 24, 1969: 33. AP2.N6772, v. 73 Epstein, Edward Jay. Counterplot. New York, Viking Press, 1969. 182 p. E842.9.E59 Final chapter in the assassination controversy. New York times magazine, Apr. 20, 1969: 30-31, 115-120. AP2.N6573 1969 The Fateful trip to Texas: the assassination of a President, 1963 (motion picture) ed. by Fred Israel. Chelsea House Educational Communications, 1969. 778 CRS - 35 Flaomonde, Paris. The Kennedy conspiracy; an uncommissioned report on the Jim Garrison Investigation. New York, Meredith Press, 1969. 348 p. E8A2.9.F54 Garrison under pressure. Newsweek., v. 74, Oct. 27, 1969: 42. AP2.N6772, v. 74 Garrison vs. the people. Time, v. 93, Mar. 14, 1969: 29. AP2.T37, v. 93 Garrison's last gasp. Time, v. 93, Mar. 7, 1969: 23. AP2.T37, v. 93 Glnsparg, Sylvia L., and Alice E. Moriarty. Reactions of young people to the Kennedy assassination: the significance of characteristic patterns of individual responses. Mennlnger Clinic bulletin, v. 33, no. 5, 1969: 295-309. RC321.M4 Hanson, William H. The shooting of John F. Kennedy; one assassin, three shots, three hits, no misses. San Antonio, Tx. , The Naylor Company, 1969. 203 p. E842.9.H28 Heaps, Willard Allison. Assassination; a special kind of murder. New York, Meredith Press, 1969. 218 p. HV6278.H38 JFK assassination; Justice Department publishes a report by doctors. New republic, v. 160, Feb. 1, 1969: 9-10. AP2.N624, v. 160 JFK killing: new findings. U.S. news and world report, v. 66, Jan. 27, 1969: 4. JK1.U65, v. 66 Levy, Sheldon G. How population subgroups differed in knowledge of six assassinations. Journalism quarterly, v. 46, winter, 1969: 685-698. K10.U27, v. 46 The Man who loved Kennedy. Time, v. 93, Feb. 21, 1969: 18. AP2.T37, V. 93 Mardl Gras season. Newsweek, v. 73, Feb. 3, 1969: 34. AP2.N6772, v. 73 Marks, Stanley, J. TWo days of infamy: November 22, 1963 and September 28, 1964. [1st U.S. ed. Los Angeles, Bureau of International Affairs] 1969. 178 p. E842.9.M353 1969 More than a man in the dock. Time, v. 93, Feb. 14, 1969: 26-29. AP2.T37, V. 93 Moriarty, Alice E., and Sylvia Glnsparg. Reactions of young people to the Kennedy assassination: the significance of characteristic patterns of Individual responses. Mennlnger Clinic bulletin, V. 33, no. 5, 1969: 295-309. RC321.M4, v. 33 Mueller, Samuel A., Suzanne E. Rocheleau, Joyce A. Sween, and Rae Lesser Blumberg [Northwestern Assassination Research Group] Reactions to the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; a preliminary report. [Evanston, 111.] Northwestern University, cl969. 1 v. (various paglngs) E842.9.N67 Olds, Greg. In my opinion: the Zapruder film. Texas observer, V. 61, Nov. 21, 1969: 16. F381.T368, v. 61 779 CRS - 36 Roucheleau, Suzanne E., Joyce A. Sween, Samuel A. Mueller, and Rae Lesser Blumberg [Northwestern Assassination Research Group) Reactions to the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; a preliminary report. [Evanston, 111.] Northwestern University, cl969. 1 v. (various pagings) E8A2.9.N67 Rogers, Warren. Persecution of Clay Shaw. Look, v. 33, Aug. 26, 1969: 53-56, 58-60. AP2.L79, v. 33 Round one. Newsweek, v. 73, Feb. 3, 1969: 33. AP2.N6772, v. 73 Siclnski, A. Dallas and Warsaw: impact of a major national political event on public opinion abroad. Public opinion quarterly, v. 33, summer 1969: 190-196. HM261.A1.P8, v. 33 Sideshow in New Orleans. Time, v. 93, Jan. 31, 1969: 40. AP2.T37, V. 93 Smiling through. Newsweek, v. 73, Jan. 27, 1969: 27-28. AP2.N6772, v. 73 Smith. L. Dealey plaza. Holiday, v. 46, Nov. 1969: 78-79. AP2.H592, V. 46 Stop the press. Front page coverage of ths Kennedy assassinations (Filmstrip). Visual Education Consultants, 1969. Sween, Joyce A., Rae Lesser Blumberg, Samuel A. Mueller, and Suzanne E. Rocheleau [Northwestern Assassination Research Group] Reactions to the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; a preliminary report. [Evanston, 111.] Northwestern University, cl969. 1 V. (various pagings) E842.9.N67 Thompson, T. In Texas a policeman and an assassin are laid to rest too. Life, V. 55, Dec. 6, 1969: 52B-52E. AP2.L547, v. 55 Turner, W. , and D. Welsh. In the shadow of Dallas. Ramparts, v. 7, Jan. 25, 1969: 61-71. AP2.R19, v. 7 Verdict in New Orleans. Nation, v. 208, Mar. 17, 1969: 324. AP2.N2, V. 208 Weisberg, Harold. Post-mortem; suppressed Kennedy autopsy. Frederick, Md., n.p., 1969. 650 p. E8A2.9.W393 Post-mortem; suppressed Kennedy autopsy. [Frederick, Md., 1969] 144 p. E842.9.W39 Post-mortem III; secrets of the Kennedy autopsy. Frederick, Md., n.p., [1969] 1 V. (various pagings) E842.9.W4 1969a Welsh, D., and W. Turner. In the shadow of Dallas. Ramparts, v. 7, Jan. 25, 1969: 61-71. AP2.R19, v. 7 What conspiracy? Testimony of Perry Russo. Newsweek, v. 73, Feb. 24, 1969: 33. AP2.N6772, v. 73 What Garrison proved. New republic, v. 160, Mar. 15, 1969: 9. AP2.N624, V. 160 Wolfenstein, Martha, and Gilbert W. Kliman, eds. Children and the death of a President; multidisciplinary studies. Gloucester, Mass., P. Smith, 1969 [cl965] 288 p. BF723.D3W6 TEJ?) Garrison. Jim. A heritage of stone. New York, Putnam, [1970] "^^^ 253 p. E842.9.G34 780 CRS - 37 Goranoff, Kyrlll. Why did you kill your President? Berlin, N.P., 1970. 1544 p. D24.G75 Klrkwood, James. American grotesque; ofan New account of the Clay Shaw- Jlm Garrison affair In the city Orleans. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1970. 669 p. KF224.S45.K5 LBJ on the assassination. Newsweek, v. 75, May 11, 1970: 41. AP2.N6772, v. 75 MacDonald, Neil. Confidential and secret documents of the Warren Commission deposited in the U.S. Archives. Computers and automation, V. 19, Nov. 1970: 44-47. TJ212.C58, v. 19 Marks, Stanley J. Coup d'etat: November 22, 1963; the conspiracies that murdered President John F. Kennedy, the Rev. I'lartin Luther King, and Senator Robert F. Kennedy. Los Angeles, Bureau of International Affairs, 1970. 201 p. E842.9.M348 Meagher, Sylvia. Johnnies-come- lately to Dealey Plaza. Texas observer, V. 62, July 24, 1970: 11-13. F381.T368, v. 62 Newman, Albert H. The assassination of John F. Kennedy: the reasons why. New York, C. N. Potter, 1970. 622 p. E842.9.N46 1970 Olds, Greg. The official doubters. Texas observer, v. 62, Feb. 6, 1970: 9-11. F381.T368, v. 62 Payne, Darwin. The press corps and the Kennedy assassination. Lexington, Ky., Association for Education in Journalism, 1970, cl969. 53 p. PN4722.J6 no. 15/E842.9 Ransom, Harry H. The intelligence establishment. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1970. 309 p. JK468.I6.R3 1970 Sprague, Richard E. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy: the application of computers to the photographic evidence. Computers and automation, v. 19, May 1970: 29-60. TJ212.C58, v. 19 Stephens, Eve. The assassin. [1st Amer. ed. ] New York, Coward- McCann [1970] 253 p. PZ4.S832.A53 Zwart, Jacques. Invitation to hairsplitting; a hypercritical invest- igation into the true function of the Warren Commission and the true nature of the Warren report. Amsterdam, Paris. [1970] 40 p. E842.9.Z9 1971 Assassination of John F. Kennedy. (Motion Picture) Thome Films, 1971. E842.9 Belin, David W. Truth was my only goal. Texas observer, v. 63, Aug. 13, 1971: 13-15. F381.T368, v. 63 Berkeley, Edmund C. The assassination of President Kennedy: the pattern of coup d'etat and public deception. Computers and automation, v. 20, Nov. 1971: 24-26, 29-30, 48. TJ212.C58, v. 20 Cook, Fred J. Irregulars take the field. Nation, v. 213, July 19, 1971: 40-46. AP2.N2, v. 213 Fensterwald, Bernard, Jr. Jim Garrison, District Attorney, Orleans Parish vs. the Federal Government. Computers and automation, v. 20, Aug. 1971: 37-42. TJ212.C58, v. 20 781 CRS - 38 Knight, Janet M. , ed. Three assassinations: the deaths of John and Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King. New York, Facts on File, 1971. 266 p. E842.9.K55 Kublcek, Earl C. The legend of John F. Kennedy. American book collector, V. 22, no. 1, 1971: 25. Z990.A5, v. 22 Marks, Stanley J. American dream; American nightmare. Los Angeles Bureau of International Affairs, 1971. [Not In L.C. collection] ---- Watch what we do, not what we say. Los Angeles, Bureau of International Affairs, 1971. [Not In L.C. collection] Meagher, Sylvia. The curious testimony of Mr. Given. Texas observer, v. 63, August 1971: 11-12. F381.T368, v. 63 Olson, Don, and Ralph Turner. Photographic evidence and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Journal of forensic sciences, v. 16, Oct. 1971: 399-419. RA1001.A57, V. 16 Sprague, Richard E. The assassination of President Kennedy — declassification of relevant documents from the National Archives. Computers and automation, v. 20, Oct. 1971: 41-45. TJ212.C58, v. 20 Thompson, William Clifton. A bibliography of literature relating to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy; 1971 Suppl. San Antonio Tex., distributed by W. C. Thompson & Son, 1971. Z8462.8.T45 1968b Suppl. Turner, Ralph F., and Don Olson. Photographic evidence and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Journal of forensic sciences, v. 16, Oct. 1971: 399-419. RA1001.A57. V. 16 1972 Gareth, Jenkins. Who shot President Kennedy — or fact and fable in history. Computers and automation, v. 21, Feb, 1972: 43-46. TJ212.C58, v. 21 Joesten, Joachim. Cuba, Vietnam, oil; three reasons why President John F. Kennedy had to die. Gutenburg uber Waldshut, Joesten [1972, cl971] 1 p. E842.9.J575 Kublcek, Earl C. Bibliography of books, brochures and magazines dealing with events prior and subsequent to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. American book collector, v. 22, no. 1, 2 and 3, 1971: 26-27, 23-26, and 23-25; and v. 22, no. 4, 1972: 21-29. Z990.A5, v. 22 Sagatelyan, Mikhail. Dallas: who, how, why?— Part I. Computers and automation, v. 21, Mar. 1972: 28-32, 34-36. TJ212.C58, V. 21 Dallas: who, how, why? — Part II. Computers and auto- mation, V. 21, Apr. 1972: 37-43. TJ212.C58, v. 21 Dallas: vAo, how, why? — Part III. Computers and auto- mation, V, 21, May 1972: 34-40. TJ212.C58, v. 21 Dallas: who, how, why? — Part IV: conclusion. Computers and automation, v. 21, June 1972: 34-43. TJ212.C58, v. 21 Smirnova, L. I was hired to assassinate him. New times (Moscow), no. 46, Nov. 1972: 27. E169.12.N45 U3-792 0 - 79 - 50 782 CRS - 39 Wecht, Cyril H. Pathologist's view of JFK autopsy: an un- solved case. Modem medicine, v. 40, Nov. 27, 1972: 28-32. R11.M85, V. 40 Wrone, David R. The assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy: an annotated bibliography. Wisconsin magazine of history, v. 56, no. 1, 1972: 21-36. F576.W7, v. 56 1973 Asbell, B. 10 years later: a legacy of torment haunts those closest to the JFK assassination. Today's health, v. 51, Oct. 1973: 56-60, 62-63, 65. RA421.T6, v. 51 Belin, David W. Nov. 22, 1963; you are the jury. New York, Quadrangle, 1973. 521 p. E842.9.B44 Berkeley, Edmund C. , and Richard E. Sprague. The attempted framing of Jim Garrison. Computers and automation, v. 22, Dec. 1973: 23-29. TJ212.C58, v. 22 Bemert, Phillippe, and Camille Gilles. The Frenchman who was to kill Kennedy. Computers and automation, v. 22, Jan. 1973: 37-40. TJ212.C58, v. 22 Bishop, James Alonzo. The end of Camelot. Ladies home journal, v. 90, Nov. 1973: 77. AP2.L135, v. 90 Clinch, Nancy Gager. The Kennedy neurosis - a psychological portrait of an American dynasty. New York, Grosset i Dunlap, 1973. 433 p. E843.C54 1963 Committee to Investigate Assassinations. American political assassinations: a bibliography of works published 1963- 1970 related to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King [and] Robert F. Kennedy. Washington, 1973. 26 p. Z8462.8.C65 1973 Decade of unanswered questions. Ramparts, v. 12, Dec. 1973: 42-44. AP2.R19, v. 12 Dimona, Joseph. Last man at Arlington. New York, Arthur Fields Books [1973] 315 p. PZ4.D5835 Dymond, F. Irving. The New Orleans portion of the conspiracy to assassinate President John F. Kennedy-II. Computers and automation, v. 22, May 1973: 30-32. TJ212.C58, v. 22 Fensterwald, Bernard, Jr. A legacy of suspicion. Esquire, v. 80, Nov. 1973: 141,143, 265. AP2.E845, v. 80 Freed, Donald, and Mark Lane. Executive action. New York, Dell Publishing Co., inc., [1973]. 251 p. No. 2348 Rare book collection From Dallas to Watergate: the longest cover-up. Ramparts, V. 12, Nov. 1973: 12-17, 20, 53-54. AP2.R19, v. 12 Cillers, Stephen, and Pat Watters, eds. Investigating the FBI. New York, Doubleday, 1973. 518 p. HV8138.I58 Hammer, Richard. Organized crime: part I: the American dream. Playboy, v. 20, Aug. 1973: 89-94, 166-174. AP2.P69, V. 20 Hlnckle, Warren, III. The mystery of the black books. Esquire, v. 79, Apr. 1973: 128-131, 170, 172, 174. AP2.E845, v. 79 Hopkins, Robert S. The killer elite. New York, Delacorte Press, 1973. 234 p. P24.H7955 Ki 783 CRS - 40 Klrkpatrick, Lyiiman B., Jr. The U.S. Intelligence community: foreign policy and domestic activities. New York, Hill & Wang, 1973. 212 p. JK468.I6.K53 Kurland, Gerald. Th^ atsasslnatlon of John F. Kennedy. Charlottes- ville, N.Y., SamHar Press, 1973. 31 p. E8A2.9.K87 Lane, Mark, and Donald Freed. Executive action. New York, Dell Publishing Co., Inc. [1973] 251 p. No. 2348 Rare book collection Manchester, William. Then. New York times magazine, Nov. 4, 1973: 36-37, 123-124, 126-130, 132-136. AP2.N6573 Martin, William C. Welcome to the Lee Harvey Oswald Memorial Library and Research Institute, Marguerite C. Oswald, director. Esquire, v. 79, Jan. 1973: 142-143, 160. AP2.E845, v. 79 Noyes, Peter. Legacy of doubt. New York, Pinnacle Books, 1973. 2A9 p. E842.9.N69 O'Toole, George. Assassination tapes. Penthouse, v. 4, July 1973: 44-47, 112-114, 124-126. AP2.P413, v. 4 Prouty, L. Fletcher. The secret team: the CIA and its allies in control of the United States and the world. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice Hall, 1973. 496 p. JK468.I6.P76 Roaenbaum, Ron. The assassination labyrinth. The Village voice, V. 72, Mar. 8, 1973: 5, 5, 8, 10, 24. microfilm Rothsteln, David A. Reflections on a contagion of assassination. Life-threatening behavior, v. 3, summer 1973: 105-130. RC574.L54, V. 3 Scott, Peter Dale. From Dallas to Watergate: the longest cover-up. Ram- parts, V. 12, Nov. 1973: 12-17, 20, 53-54. AP2.R19, V. 12 Sprague, Richard E. The American news media and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy: accessories after the fact — conclusion. Computers and automation, v. 22, July 1973: 31_38. TJ212.C58, v. 22 The framing of Lee Harvey Oswald. Computers and automation, V. 22, Oct. 1973: 21-24, 34-36. TJ212.C58, v. 22 Stolley, Richard B. What happened next; film of John Kennedy's assassination. Esquire, v. 80, Nov. 1973: 134-135, 262-263. AP2.E845, v. 80 Tackwood, Louis E. The glass house tapes. New York, Avon Books, 1973 284 p. HV8143.L552C65 1973 U.S. National Archives. of the President's Inventory of the records Kennedy. Commission on the Assassination of President Comp. by Marion Johnson, Record Group 272. Washington, [1973] Watters, Pat, and Stephen Cillers, eds. Investigating the FBI. New York, Doubleday and Co., 1973. 518 p. HV8138.I58 Willis. Gary. Ten years after. Playboy, v. 20, Nov. 1973: 169, 212. ^__ AP2.P69, y. 20 T974 Adams, Perry, and Fred T. Newcomb. Murder from within. Santa Barbara, Gal., Probe, 1974. 423 p. E842.9.N44 784 CRS - Al Condon, Richard. Winter klUs. New York, Dail Press, 1974. 304 p. PZ4.C746Wi Dryer, Ivan. The framing of Jim Garrison, Pt. 3. Computers and people, v. 23, Jan. 1974: 33-38. TJ212.C58, v. 23 Evans, Hedford. Fit to kill; the Presidency and political assass- ination. American opinion, v. 17, May 1974: 35-37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47-48. AP2. 04732, v. 17 Hajsner, Richard. Playboy's history of organized crime, part XI: attack on a hoodlum empire. Playboy, v. 21, June 1974: 133-136, 173- 175, 178-183. AP2.P69, v. 21 . ■. - Playboy's history of organized crime presents part XII: the American nightmare. Playboy, v. 21, July 1974: 123-126, 148, 204-215. AP2.P69, v. 21 Hinckle, Warren, III. If you have a lemon, make lemonade. New York, Putnam Son, 1974. 370 p. PN4874.H49. A34 Hougan, Jim. Surfeit of spies. Harper's, v. 249, Dec. 1974: 51-54, 58, 63-64, 66-67. AP2.H3, v. 249 Joesten, Joachim. Gerald Ford: coverup artist par excellence: how he misused his power and prestige to shield the assassins of President John F. Kennedy and cover up the Dallas coup d'etat: a public indictment before the high court of world opinion. Bobins uber weilheim, Joesten [1974] 18 p. E842.9.J583 Jones, Penn. Forgive my grief vol. 4. Midlothian, Texas: the Midlothian mirror. [1974] E842.9.J65, v. 4 Lillard, Richard G. Confrontation and innovation on the campus: and eventful decade for western universities. American west, v. 11, no. 1, 1974: 10-17, 62-64. F591.A4, V. 11 McCarry, Charles. The tears of autumn. New York, Saturday Review Press, 1974. 276 p. PZ4.M12265Te MacParlane, Ian Colin A. The assassination of John F. Kennedy: a new review. Koogons, Vic, I. C. A. MacParlane, 1974. 60 p. E842.9.M25 Rare book collection Marchetti, Victor, and John D. Marks. The CIA and the cult of Intelligence. New York, Knopf, 1974. 398 p. JK468.I6.M37 Marks, John D. , and Victor Marchetti. The CIA and the cult of intelligence. New York, Knopf, 1974. 398 p. JK468.I6.M37 Newcomb, Fred T. , and Perry Adams. Murder from within. Santa Barbara, Calif., Probe, cl974. 423 p. E842.9.N44 Pabst, Ralph M. Plodding toward terror: a personal look at the Jack Ruby case. New York, Vantage Press, cl974. 174 p. E842.9.P32 Prouty, L. Fletcher. Dallas Watergate connection. Genesis, Aug. 1974: 27-29. AP2.G33 [Not in L.C. collection] 785 CRS - 42 The greatest coverup. Genesis, Oct. 1974: 25-28. AP2.G33 [Not In L.C. collection] The shadow of Dallas. Genesis, Jan. 1974: 25-27. AP2.G33 [Not in L.C. collection] Smith, R. P., and Cyril Wecht. The nedlcal evidence In the assassin- ation of President John F. Kennedy. Forensic science, v. 3, Apr. 1974: 105-128. RA1001.F65, v. 3 Teutsch, Joel M. , and Champion K. Teutsch. Victimology: an effect of consciousness, interpersonal dynamics and human physics. International journal of criminology and penology, v. 2, Aug. 1974: 249-274. [Not in L.C. collection] Tuteur, Werner. Dialogue in Dallas: psychiatric examination of Jack Ruby. Mental health, v. 58, spring 1974: 6-10. [Not in L.C. collection] Wecht, Cyril H. New evidence rekindles old doubts — JFK assassination: 'a prolonged and willful cover-up.' Modern medicine, v. 42, Oct. 28, 1974: 40X-40Z. R11.M85, v. 42 Wecht, Cyril, and R.P. Smith. The medical evidence in the assassin- ation of President John F. Kennedy. Forensic science, v. 3, Apr. 1974: 105-128. RA1001.F65, v. 3 Weisberg, Harold, and Jim Lesser. Whitewash IV: top secret JFK assassination transcript. Frederick, Md., Weisberg [1974] 224 p. E842.9.W415 1975 Agee, Phillip. Inside the company — CIA diary. New York, Stonehlll Publishing Co., 1975. 639 p. JK468.I6.A75 1975b Anson, Robert Sam. The greatest cover-up of all. New times (New York), v. 4, Apr. 18, 1975: 16-29. E169.12.N45, v. 4 Anson, Robert Sam. The man who never was. New times (New York), V. 5, Sept. 19, 1975: 14-16, 21-25. E169.12.N45, v. 5 They've killed the President: the search for the murderers of John F. Kennedy. New York, Bantam Books, 1975. 408 p. Ashman, Charles. The CIA-mafia link. New York, Manor Books, Inc., 1975. Registration no. A679827 Copyright Office Assassination-behind moves to reopen JFK case. U.S. news and world report, v. 78, Jan. 2, 1975: 30-33. JK1.U65, V. 78 Behind the move to reopen JFK case. U.S. news and world report, V. 79, Sept. 15, 1975: 21. JK1.U65, v. 79 Bethell, Tom. Was Sirhan Sirhan on the grassy knoll. Washington monthly, v. 7, Mar. 1975: 31-39. E838.W37, v. 7 Bloomgarden Henry S. The gun: a biography of the gun that killed John F. Kennedy. New York, Grossman Publishers, 1975. 152 p. HV8059.B55 1975 Blumenthal, Sid, and R. D. Rosen. The politics of conspiracy, the conspiracy of politics. Computers and people, v. 24, Apr. 1975: 24-26, 31. TJ212.C58, v. 24 786 CRS - 43 Braden, Tom. What's wrong with the CIA. Saturday review, V. 2, Apr. 5, 1975: 14-18. AP2.S273, v. 2 Branch, Taylor, and George Crile, III. Kennedy vendetta. Harper's, V. 251, Aug. 1975: 49-63. AP2.H3, v. 251 Campbell, Earl Vendryes. Kennedy's thoughts a£ter he was shot. Blgfork, Minn., Northwoods, cl975. 44 p. C842.1.C35 Canfleld, Michael, and Allan Weberman. Coup d'etat in America: the CIA and the assassination of John F. Kennedy. New York, The Third Press, Joseph Okpaky Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 314 p. E842.9.C36 Cartwrlght, Gary. Who was Jack Ruby? Texas monthly, v. 3, Nov. 1975: 82-86, 129-130, 132-134. F381T84, v. 3 The CIA and the man who was not Oswald. New York review of books, v. 22, Apr. 3, 1975: 24-25. AP2.N655, v. 22 The Cloak cones off. Newsweek, v. 85, June 23, 1975: 16-27. AP2.N6772, v. 85 Cohen, Jacob. Conspiracy fever. Commentary, v. 60, Oct. 1975: 33-42. DS101.C63, v. 60 Cohen, Jeff. The Oswald tapes. Crawdaddy, Aug. 1975: 40-43. ML1.C926 Cutler, Robert Bradley. Crossfire: evidence of conspiracy. Danvers, Mass. Betts's and Mirror Press, 1975.E842.9.C74 99 p. Dahlin, Robert. Fresh wave of JFK assassination titles suggest a host of new theories. Publisher's weekly, v. 208, Dec. 1975: 50, 52. Z1219.P98, v. 208 Dallas: new questions and answers. Newsweek, v. 85, Apr. 28, 1975: 36-38. AP2.N6772, v. 85 Did Church panel cover up for JFK? Human events, 7, 1975: 6. D410.H8, v. 35 Disclose the evidence: call for new Investigation. Nation, v. 221, Dec. 13, 1975: 611-612. AP2.N2, v. 221 The Documents. New republic, v. 173, Sept. 27, 1975: 12-48. AP2.N624, V. 173 Dreifus, Claudia. Who stole John Kennedy's brains and other questions on the assassination of the President; an inter- view with Mark Lane. Playgirl, v. 3, Aug. 1975: 50-51, 58-59, 80-81, 92, 100-101, 140-141. AP2.P695, v. 3 Farrell, Barry. Running with Dick Gregory. Ramparts, v. 13, Aug. -Sept. 1975: 26-28, 56-58. AP2.R19, v. 13 Fensterwald, Bernard, and George 0' Toole. The CIA and the man who was not Oswald. New York review of books, v. 22, Apr. 3, 1975: 24-25. AP2.N655, v. 22 Fresh doubts on JFK assassination: forensic experts call for a new investigation of all the evidence. Medlceil world news, v. 16, June 2, 1975: 25-28. R11.M864, v. 16 The Ghost will not rest. New republic, v. 173, Sept. 27, 1975: 7. AP2.N624, v. 173 Goldman, P., and J. J. Lindsay. Dallas: new questions and answers. Newsweek, v. 85, Apr. 28, 1975: 36-38. AP2.N6772, v. 85 787 CRS - 4A Goulden, Joseph C. Gun barrel politics. Washlngtonlan, v. 10, Feb. 1975: 46-52. F191.W37, v. 10 Groden, Robert. A new look at the Zapruder film. Rolling stone, no. 185, Apr. 2A, 1975: 35-36. ML1.R65 Hale, Hazel, and Thomas Henry Irwin. A bibliography of booka, news- paper and magazine articles, published in English outside the United States of America, related to the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Belfast, the authors, 1975. 19 p. Z8462.8.I79 Irwin, Thomas Henry, and Hazel Hale. A bibliography of books, newspaper and magazine articles, published in English outside the United States of America, related to the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Belfast, the authors, 1975. 19 p. Z8462.8.I79 Jollng, R. J. JFK assassination still an unsolved murder mystery. Saturday evening post, v. 247, Dec. 1975: 44-46. AP2.S2, v. 247 Kaiser, Robert Blair. The JFK assassination: why Congress should reopen the Investigation. Rolling stone, no. 185, Apr. 24, 1975: 27-28, 30-31, 33, 37-38. ML1.R65 Leaf, Jesse James. The war inside the CIA. Genesis, Dec. 5, 1975: 22-24, 40, 44. AP2.G33 Lindsay, J. J., and P. Goldman. Dallas: new questions and answers. Newsweek, v. 85, Apr. 28, 1975: 36-38. AP2.N6772, v. 85 McDonald, Hugh C. Appointment in Dallas: the final solution to the assassination of JFK. New York, The Hugh McDonald Publishing Corporation, 1975. 211 p. E842.9.?123 MacDonald, Neil. The assassination of President Kennedy. The 'Oswald window'. People and the pursuit of truth. May 1975: 7. [Not in L.C. collection] MacParlane, Ian Colin A. Proof of conspiracy in the assassination of President Kennedy. Melbourne, Book Distributors, 1975. 160 p. E842.9.M26 Rare book collection Marks, John. A Kafka story, but its true. Playboy, v. 22, Aug. 1975: 59. AP2.P69, v. 22 Marshall, Eliot. Aftermath; how the survivors feel now. New republic, v. 173, Sept. 27, 1975: 48-51. AP2.N624, v. 173 Model, F. Peter. Killing the Kennedy's: the case for conspiracy. Argosy, v. 382, July 1975: 34-41, 64-66. AP2.A7, v. 382 Murphy, Charles J. V. Assassination plot that failed. Time, V, 105, June 30, 1975: 28. AP2.T37, v. 105 New JFK evidence unearthed. Guardian, v. 28, Nov. 26, 1975: 7. AP8.G78, V. 28 Osbom, Kenneth. The CIA scalpel cut deep. Playboy, v. 22, Aug. 1975: 58. AP2.P69, v. 22 Oswald cover-up: accusing the FBI of concealing Oswald's visit to Dallas headquarters. Time, v. 106, Sept. 15, 1975: 19. AP2.T37, V. 106 788 CRS - 45 O'Toole, George. The assassination probe. Saturday evening post, V. 247, Nov. 1975: 45-48, 112. AP2.S2, v. 247 The assassination tapes: an electronic probe into the murder of John F. Kennedy and the Dallas cover-up. New York, Penthouse Press, 1975. 265 p. E842.9.082 Lee Harvey Oswald was Innocent. Penthouse, v. 6, Apr. 1975: 45-46, 124-129, 132. AP2.P413, v. 6 The Oswald-FBI coverup. Penthouse, v. 6, Aug. 1975: 48-51, 62, 89-90, 123. AP2.P413, v. 6 O'Toole, George, and Bernard Fensterwald. The CIA and the man who was not Oswald. New York review of books, v. 22, Apr. 3, 1975: 24-25. AP2.N655, v. 22 O'Toole, George, and others. Unsolved JFK murder mystery: special issue. Saturday evening post, v. 247, Sept. 1975: 44-53. AP2.S2, V. 247 Penthouse interview: Victor Marchetti. Penthouse, v. 6, Jan. 1975: 60-62, 91-98. AP2.P413, v. 6 Phelan, James. The assassination that will not die. New York times magazine, Nov. 23, 1975: 27-28, 109-111, 119-123, 126, 132-133. AP2.N6575 Policoff, Jerry. The media and the murder of John Kennedy. New times (New York) , v. 5, Aug. 8, 1975: 29-32, 34-36. E169.12.N45, v. 5 Pomerance, Jo. Some questions to be answered. Nation, v. 220, Feb. 22, 1975: 204-205. AP2.N2, v. 220 Prouty, L. Fletcher. An introduction to the assassination business. Gallery, Sept. 1975: 73-74, 86-87. [Not In L.C. collection] Questions that won't go away. Saturday evening post, v. 247, Dec. 1975: 38-39. AP2.S2, v. 247 Ralston, Ross F. History's verdict: the acquittal of Lee Harvey Oswald. N.P., Ralston, cl975. 269 p. E842.9.R286 Rice, William R. , comp. John F. Kennedy-Robert F. Kennedy: assassin- ation bibliography. Orangevale, Calif., Rice, 1975. 62 p. Z8462.8.R53.E842.9 Richler, Mordecai. It's a plot. Playboy, v. 22, May 1975: 132-133, 179-185, 188-190. AP2.P69, v. 22 Rosen, R. D. and Sid Blumenthal. The politics of conspiracy, the conspiracy of politics. Computers and people, v. 24, Apr. 1975: 24-26, 31. TJ212.C58, v. 24 Rosenbaum, Ron. Turning point for the assassination buffs. The Village voice, V. 20, May 5, 1975: 46, 50, 52. microfilm Russell, Richard. CBS leaves a skeptic skeptical. The Village voice, V. 20, Dec. 8, 1975: 156-157. microfilm The finger points to Fidel, but should it? The Village voice, V. 20, Dec. 15, 1975: 29-37. microfilm Salisbury, Harrison. The gentlemen killers of the CIA. Pent- house, V. 6, May 1975: 46-48, 51, 144-156. AP2.P413, V. 6 Sanford, David. The death of TrujUlo: Kennedy compllcityT New republic, v. 172, June 28, 1975: 7-8. AP2.N624, V. 172 789 CRS - 46 Scaduto, Tony. Blood money scandal: President Ford's assassination coverup. Genesis, Oct. 1975: 24-27, 33. AP2.G33 [Not In L.C. collection] Schonfeld, Maurice W. The shadow of a gunman. Columbia Jour- nalism review, v. 14, July-Aug. 1975: 46-50. PN4700.C64, V. 14 Smith, Eliot Fremont. Who killed Kennedy? Oswald did. The Village voice, v. 20, Dec. 8, 1975: 57-58. microfilm Sprague, Richard E. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy: in the plans and the coverup. People and the pursuit of truth. May 1975: 3-5, 7. [Not in L.C. collection] Nixon, Ford, and the political assassinations in the United States. Computers and people, v. 24, Jan. 1975: 27-31. TJ212.C58, V. 24 Szulc, Ted. Murder by proxy. Penthouse, v. 6, AP2.P413,Aug. 1975: 44-46, 124-132. v. 6 The spy among us. Penthouse, v. 6, July 1975: 44-46, 92-93, 123-125, 132-135. AP2.P413, v. 6 The Warren Commission in its own words. New republic, V. 173, Sept. 27, 1975: 9-48. AP2.N624, v. 173 Taylor, Henry J. Facts belle 'plot' charges in JFK assassination. Human events, v. 35, Apr. 12, 1975: 9. D410.H8, v. 35 U.S. Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States. Allegations concerning the assassination of President Kennedy. In its Report to the President [Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off.] 1975: 251, 269. JK458.I6.U54 1975 U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Sub- committee on Government Information and Individual Rights. National Archives — security classification problems involving Warren Commission files and other records. Hearing, 94th Congress, 1st session. Nov. 11, 1975. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1975. 98 p. KF27.G6628 1975d U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights. FBI oversight. Hearings, 94th Congress., 1st and 2d sessions. Parts 1-3. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1975-1976. 628 p. KF27.J847 1975 Viorst, Milton. The Mafia, the CIA, and the Kennedy assassination. Washlngtonian, v. 11, Nov. 1975: 113-118. F1191.W3, v. 11 Weberman, Alan, and Michael Canfield. Coup d'etat in America: the CIA and the assassination of John F. Kennedy. New York, Third Press, 1975. 314 p. E842.9.C36 Weisberg, Harold. Post mortem: JFK assassinatio n cover-up smashed. Frederick, Md., Weisberg, cl975. 650 p. E842.9.W393 Who killed JFK? Skeptic, no. 9, Sept. -Oct. 1975: whole issue. D1.S485, 1975 Who killed JFK? Just one assassin. Time, v. 106, Nov. 24, 1975: 32-34. 37-38. AF2.T37. v. 106 1976 Acoca, Miguel, and Robert Brown. The Bayo-Pawley affal plot to destroy JFK and invade Cuba. Soldier of fortune, spring 1976: 12-22, 60-61. [Not in L.C. collection] 790 CRS - 47 Anson, Robert Sam. Jack, Judy Sam and Johnny... and Frank, Fidel, Edgar. New times (New York), v. 6, Jan. 23, 1976: 21-23, 27-30, 32-33. E169.12.N45, v. 6 Baskerville, Donald A., comp. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy: moves to reopen the investigation; a selected list of references. Library of Congress information bulletin, V. 35, Dec. 3, 1976: 752-757. Z733.V57.I6, v. 35 Belin, David W. They've killed the President. National review, V. 28, Feb. 6, 1976: 81-85, 88-90. AP2.N3545, v. 28 Bethell, Tom. Earl Warren: on the mob's payroll? Washington monthly, v. 8, Mar. 1976: 35-46. E838.W37, v. 8 Biskind, Peter. The FBI's secret soldiers. New times (New York), v. 6, Jan. 9, 1976: 18, 21-25. E169.12.N45, v. 6 Blumenthal, Sid, and Harvey Yazijian, eds. Government by gunplay: assassination conspiracy theories from Dallas to today. New York, New American Library, 1976. 266 p. E842.9.G65 Broyles, William. The man who saw too much. Texas monthly, v. 4, Mar. 1976: 86, 88-89, 114-122. F381.T84, v. 4 Charged: a cover-up in Kennedy killing. U.S. news and world report, v. 81, July 5, 1976: 21. JK1.U65, v. 81 DuBois, Larry, and Laurence Gonzales. The puppet .. .uncovering the secret world of Nixon, Hughes, and the CIA. Playboy, v. 23, Sept. 1976: 74-77, 82, 112, 180-190. AP2.P69, v. 23 Eddowes, Michael. November 22: how they killed Kennedy. St. Helier, Jersey, N. Spearman (Jersey) Ltd., London, distributed by N. Spearman, 1976. 352 p. E842.9.E32 The End of Camelot. Playboy, v. 23, Apr. 1976: 125, 127-130, 142, 193, 196, 198-200, 202-204, 206, 208. AP2.P69, V. 23 Ephron, N. Twelve years on the assassination beat. Esquire, V. 85, Feb. 1976: 58. AP2.E844, v. 85 Evans, M. Stanton. Coverup proved in JFK murder probe. Human events, v. 36, July 24, 1976: 13, 15. D410.H8, v. 36 Fraker, S., and S. Lesher. Back to square one. Newsweek, v. 88, Dec. 6, 1976: 32, 35. AP2.N6772, v. 88 Gatti, Arthur. The Kennedy curse. Chicago, Regnery, cl976. 264 p. BF1728.K46.G37 Gonzales, Laurence, and Larry IXiBois. The puppet .. .uncovering the secret world of Nixon, Hughes, and the CIA. Playboy, V. 23, Sept. 1976: 74-77, 82, 112, 180-190. AP2.P69, V. 23 Guldry, Vernon A., Jr. Coverup in slaying of JFK. Washington post, June 24, 1976: A-3. Newsp Harris, Irving. Little brother. Psychology today, v. 10, Oct. 1976: 48-51, 103. BF1.P855, v. 10 Harris Larry R. , and J. Gary Shaw. Cover-up: the governmental conspiracy to conceal the facts about the public execution of John Kennedy. Cleburne, Tex., Shaw, 1976. 227 p. E842.9.S44 791 CRS - 48 Hoch, Paul, and George O'Toole. Dallas: the Cuban connection. Saturday evening post, v. 248, Mar. 1976: 44-45, 96. AP2.S2, V. 248 Hoch, Paul L. , Peter Dale Scott, and Russell Stetler, eds. The assassinations: Dallas and beyond: a guide to cover-ups and investigations. Ist ed. New York, Random House, cl976. 552 p. E842.9.A8 JFK: clean bill for CIA. Newsweek, v. 87, June 23, 1976: 21. AP2.N6772, v. 87 Jones, K. Unlikely assassin; question of F. Castro's Involve- ment. New republic, v. 175, July 3, 1976: 5-6. AP2.N624, V. 175 Lesher, S. and S. Fraker. Back to square one. Newsweek, V. 88, Dec. 6, 1976: 32, 35. AP2.N6772, v. 88 Lowenstein, Allard. The Kennedy killings. Argosy, v. 383, Feb. 1976: 28-33, 86. AP2.A7, v. 383 McKlnley, James. Cries of conspiracy. Playboy, v. 23, May 1976: 122-127, 130, 132, 200-208. AP2.P69, v. 23 The end of Camelot. Playboy, v. 23, Apr. 1976: 125, 127-130, 142, 193, 196, 198-200, 202-204, 206, 208. AP2.P69, V. 23 Meagher, Sylvia. Accessories after the fact; the Warren Commission, the authorities, and the report. New York, Vintage Books [1976, cl967] 477 p. E842.9.M36 1976 [Not in L.C. collection] Meunier, Robert F. Shadows of doubt: the Warren Commission cover- up. Hicksvllle, N.Y., Exposition Press, cl976. 165 p. E842.9.M45 Model, F. Peter. The assassinationist business — an Investigation of the investigators. Qui, v. 5, Feb. 1976: 17-18, 123-124. AP2.063, v. 5 Morrow, Robert. Betrayal: a reconstruction of certain clandestine events from the Bay of Pigs to the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Chicago, Henry Regnery Co., 1976. 229 p. E842.9.N44 Mobile, Phillip and Ron Rosenbaum. The curious aftermath of JFK s best and brightest affair. New times (New York), v. 8, July 9, 1976: 22-34. E169.12.N45, v. 8 Oglesby, Carl. The yankee and cowboy war: conspiracies from Dallas to Watergate. Mission, Kan., Sheed Andrews and McMeel, cl976. 355 p. E842. 9.034 On the trail of the rogue. Saturday evening post, v. 248, Dec. 1976: 74. AP2.S2, v. 248 Orth, Maureen. Memoirs of a CIA psychologist. New York times magazine, June 25, 1976: 18-24. AP2.N6575 O'Toole, George, and Paul Hoch. Dallas: the Cuban connection. Saturday evening post, v. 248, Mar. 1976: 44-45, 96. AP2.S2, v. 248 Prouty.' L. Fletcher. The guns of Dallas: update. Gallery, May 1976: 19-22. [Not in L.C. collection] 792 CRS - 49 Roffman, Howard. Presumed guilty: Lee Harvey Oswald In the assassination of President Kennedy. South Brunswick, N.J. A.S. Barnes, 1976. 299 p. E8A2.9.R58 1976 Rosenbaum, Ron, and Phillip Nobile. The curious aftermath of JFK's best and brightest affair. New times (New York), v. 8, July 9, 1976: 22-34. E169.12.W45, v. 8 Russell, Richard. Interview with Gerry Hemming: An ex-CIA man's stunning revelations on 'the company,' JFK's murder and the plot to kill Richard Nixon. Argosy, v. 383, ^r. 1976: 25-28, 52-54. AP2.A7, V. 383 What was in the CIA's declassified JFK file? The Village voice, V. 21, Apr. 26, 1976: 17-20. microfilm Schulz, Donald E. Kennedy and the Cuban connection. Newsweek, V. 88, Sept. 6, 1976: 9. AP2.N6772, v. 88 Scott, Peter Dale, Paul L. Hoch, and Russell Stetler, eds. The assassinations: Dallas and beyond: a guide to cover-ups and investigations. Ist ed. New York, Random House, cl976. 552 p. E842.9.A8 1976 Shales, Tom. When good assassinationists get together. . .they seldom get together. Oui, v. 5, Feb. 1976: 78-79, 121-122. AP2.063, V. 5 Shaw, J. Gary, and Larry R. Harris. Cover-up: the governmental conspiracy to conceal the facts about the public execution of John Kennedy. Ist ed. Cleburne, Tex., Shaw, 1976. 227 p. E842.9.S44 Stang, Alan. They killed the President. American opinion, v. 19, Feb. 1976: 1-8, 59-61, 63, 65, 67,69, 71-72. AP2. 04732, v. 19 Stetler, Russel, Peter Dale Scott, and Paul L. Hoch. The ass- assinations: Dallas and beyond: a guide to cover-ups and investigations. 1st ed. New York, Random House, cl976. 552 p. E842.9.A8 Szulc, Ted. Death of JFK; CIA and FBI failure to report anti- Castro conspiracies. New republic, v. 174, June 5, 1976: 6-8. AP2.N624, v. 174 They've killed the President. National review, v. 28, Feb. 6, 1976: 81-85, 88-90. AP2.N3545, v.28 U.S. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Pro- viding funds for the expenses of the investigations and studies to be conducted by the Select Committee on Assassinations; report to accompany H. Res. 1557. [Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off.] 1976. 3 p. (94th Congress., 2d session. House. Report no. 94-1685) U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Rules. Creating a select com- mittee to conduct an investigation and study of the circumstances surrounding the death of John F. Kennedy and the death of Martin Luther King, Junior, and of any others the select com- mittee shall determine; report to accompany H. Res. 1540. [Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off.] 1976. 2 p. (94th Congress., 2d session. House. Report no. 94-1566) 793 CRS - 50 U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Assassinations. Report together with additional and supplemental views, of the Select Committee on Assassinations, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. 18 p. 94th Congress., 2d session. House. Report no. 94-1781) U.S. Congress. Senate. Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. The Investi- gation of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy: per- formance of the Intelligence agencies. Final report; Book V. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. 106 p. (94th Congress., 2d session. Senate. Report no. 94-755) Yazljlan, Harvey, and Sid Blumenthal, eds. Government by gunplay: assassination conspiracy theories from Dallas to today. New York, New American Library, 1976. 266 p. E842.9.G65 1977 Andronov, lona. On the trail of a President's killer. New times (Moscow), V. 1, Jan. 1977: 27-30; v. 2, Jan. 1977: 26-30; v. 3 Jan. 1977: 27-30. D839.N483 1977 Are there new leads? Newsweek, v. 89, ^r. 11, 1977: 32-33. AP2.N6772, v. 89 Assassination: now a suicide talks. Time, v. 109, Apr. 11, 1977: 20. AP2.T37, V. 109 Blller, Owen A. Suicide related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Suicide and life threatening behavior, V. 7, spring 1977: 40-44. RC574.L54, v. 7 Boeth, R. , and others. JFK: what the FBI found. Newsweek, v. 90, Dec. 19, 1977: 28. AP2.N6772, v. 90 Bonventre, P., and others. Opening the JFK file: FBI file. Newsweek, v. 90, Dec. 12, 1977: 34-35. AP2.N6772, v. 90 Eddowes, Michael. The Oswald file. New York, C. N. Potter, distributed by Crown Publishers, cl977. 240 p. E842.9.E32 1977 FBI story on JFK's death: with report by H. Gorey. Time, v. 110, Dec. 19, 1977: 18. AP2.T37, v. 110 Gallup [Poll] Inc. (American Institute of Public Opinion). Were Kennedy, King conspiracy victims? Gallup opinion index, report no. 139, Feb. 1977: 1-4. HM261.A1G34 Hager, Barry. House move reflects questions on cost of assassination probe. CQ weekly report, v. 35, Jan. 8, 1977: 46-48. JKl.C15,v. 35 JFK killing: FBI files raise questions, give no answers. U.S. news and world report, v. 83, Dec. 19, 1977: 15. JK1.U65, V. 83 JFK: what the FBI found. Newsweek, v. 90, Dec. 19, 1977: 28-29. AP2.N6772, v. 90 Johnston, Edmund. 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